Foreign relations of the Netherlands

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Template:Short description Template:Use mdy dates Template:Politics series sidebarThe foreign policy of the Netherlands is based on four basic commitments: to the Atlantic cooperation, to European integration, to international development and to international law. While historically the Kingdom of the Netherlands was a neutral state, since 1945 it has become a member of NATO, the United Nations, the European Union and many other international organizations. The Dutch economy is very open and relies on international trade. During and after the 17th century—its Golden Age—the Dutch built up a commercial and colonial empire. It was a leading shipping and naval power and was often at war with England, its main rival. Its main colonial holding was Indonesia, which fought for and achieved independence after 1945. The historical ties inherited from its colonial past still influence the foreign relations of the Netherlands. Foreign trade policy is handled by the European Union. The Dutch have been active in international peacekeeping roles.

History

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File:Verwantschapslanden.png
Former colonial possessions of the Dutch Empire.

In the Dutch Golden Age, which had its zenith around 1667, there was a flowering of trade, industry, the arts and the sciences. A rich worldwide Dutch empire developed and the Dutch East India Company became one of the earliest and most important of national mercantile companies based on entrepreneurship and trade.

During the 18th century, the power and wealth of the Netherlands declined. A series of wars with the more powerful British and French neighbors weakened it. Britain seized the North American colony of New Amsterdam, turning it into New York. There was growing unrest and conflict between the Orangists and the Patriots. The French Revolution spilled over after 1789, and a pro-French Batavian Republic was established in 1795–1806. Napoleon made it a satellite state, the Kingdom of Holland (1806–1810), and later simply a French imperial province.

In 1815–1940 it was neutral and played a minor role in world diplomacy, apart from a failed effort to control the seceding Southern provinces that became Belgium before giving up in 1839.[1]

Unlike most European countries, the Netherlands succeeded in remaining neutral throughout The Great War. This approach failed during the Second World War however and the kingdom quickly fell to an unprovoked German invasion in 1940 and would remain under Nazi occupation until being liberated by the allies in 1945. After the war, as a member of the allies, the Netherlands was included in the first class of U.N. members. During the Cold War like most Western European countries, the Dutch aligned with the United States against the Soviet Union, co-founding the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), in 1949.[2][3] The Dutch were also at the forefront of promoting European cooperation and integration during this time period; co-founding the European Coal and Steel Community and becoming one of the European Union's (EU) original members.[4]

European integration

The Dutch have been strong advocates of European integration, and most aspects of their foreign, economic, and trade policies are coordinated through the European Union (EU). The Dutch postwar customs union with Belgium and Luxembourg (the Benelux group) paved the way for the formation of the European Community (precursor to the EU), of which the Netherlands was a founding member. Likewise, the Benelux abolition of internal border controls was a model for the wider Schengen Accord, which today has 29 European signatories (including the Netherlands) pledged to common visa policies and free movement of people across common borders.

The Dutch stood at the cradle of the 1992 Maastricht Treaty and have been the architects of the Treaty of Amsterdam concluded in 1998. The Dutch have thus played an important role in European political and monetary integration; indeed, until the year 2003, Dutchman Wim Duisenberg headed the European Central Bank. In addition, Dutch financial minister Gerrit Zalm was the main critic of the violation of the Stability and Growth Pact by France and Germany in 2004 and 2005.[5]

Involvement in developing countries

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The Netherlands was the 9th-largest donor country in 2021, giving about $5 billion, about 0.5% of its gross national income (GNI), in official development assistance (ODA).[6] The country contributes through multilateral channels, especially the United Nations Development Programme, the international financial institutions, and EU programs. A large portion of Dutch aid funds is also channeled through private ("co-financing") organizations that have almost total autonomy in choice of projects.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".

The Netherlands is a member of the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, which recently initiated economic reforms in central Europe. The Dutch strongly support the Middle East peace process and in 1998 earmarked $29 million in contributions to international donor-coordinated activities for the occupied territories and also for projects in which they worked directly with Palestinian authorities. These projects included improving environmental conditions and support for multilateral programs in cooperation with local non-governmental organizations. In 1998, the Dutch provided significant amounts of aid to the former Yugoslavia and Africa. The Dutch consistently provide significant amounts of humanitarian relief aid to the victims of the worst natural disasters, such as Hurricane Mitch in Central America in 1998, the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami in South and Southeast Asia, Hurricane Katrina in the United States in 2005, the 2010 Haiti earthquake, and more recent catastrophes in Pakistan and Burma including Typhoon Haiyan in the Philippines in 2013, and the 2015 Nepal earthquake.[7]

Export assistance grants

"Developing countries aspiring to purchase foreign goods and services to invest in, inter alia, port facilities, roads, public transport, health care, or drinking water facilities may be eligible for a special Dutch grant facility. The grant facility, known as ORET (a Dutch acronym for Ontwikkelingsrelevante Exporttransacties, or Development-Related Export) serves to award grants to governments of developing countries for making payments to foreign suppliers."[8]

International organizations

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As a relatively small country, the Netherlands generally pursues its foreign policy interests within the framework of multilateral organizations. The Netherlands is an active and responsible participant in the United Nations system as well as other multilateral organizations such as the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), World Trade Organization (WTO),[9] and International Monetary Fund.[10]

The Netherlands is one of the founding members of what today is the European Union. It was one of the first countries to start European integration, through the Benelux in 1944 and the European Coal and Steel Community in 1952. Being a small country with a history of neutrality it was the host country for the important Maastricht Treaty and Amsterdam Treaty and is the seat of the International Court of Justice.[11]

International issues

File:Nord Stream ceremony.jpeg
Nord Stream 1 opening ceremony on 8 November 2011 with Angela Merkel, Dmitry Medvedev, Mark Rutte and François Fillon.

The Dutch work with the U.S. and other countries on international programs against drug trafficking and organized crime. The Dutch-U.S. cooperation focuses on joint anti-drug operations in the Caribbean, including an agreement establishing Forward Operating Locations on the Dutch Kingdom islands of Curaçao and Aruba. The Netherlands is a signatory to international counter-narcotics agreements, a member of the United Nations International Drug Control Program, the UN Commission on Narcotic Drugs, and is a contributor to international counter-narcotics.

From June 26 until December 22, 2006, two children, Ammar (12–13) and Sara (10–11), lived in the Dutch embassy in Damascus because of a child custody dispute between the Dutch mother, supported by Dutch law and the Hague Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction, and the Syrian father, supported by Syrian law (Syria is no participant of this convention). The children had been living in Syria since 2004, after an alleged international child abduction by the father from the Netherlands to Syria, during a family contact in which he supposedly would visit Paris with them. The children fled to the embassy because they would like to live with their mother in the Netherlands. Minister of Foreign Affairs Ben Bot traveled to Damascus, negotiated and on December 22 the children finally could return to the Netherlands.

The father claims that the Dutch government has promised not to prosecute him for the abduction. However, a Dutch prosecutor claims that he is free to prosecute the father and may well do that and that the Dutch have only retracted the international request to arrest him outside the Netherlands.[12]

Mark Rutte's government provided materials to the Levant Front rebel group in Syria.[13] In September 2018, the Dutch public prosecution department declared the Levant Front to be a "criminal organisation of terrorist intent", describing it as a "salafist and jihadistic" group that "strives for the setting up of the caliphate".[14]

In July 2019, the UN ambassadors from 22 nations, including the Netherlands, signed a joint letter to the UNHRC condemning China's mistreatment of the Uyghurs as well as its mistreatment of other minority groups, urging the Chinese government to close the Xinjiang internment camps.[15][16]

Diplomatic relations

List of countries which the Netherlands maintains diplomatic relations with:

File:Diplomatic relations of the Netherlands.svg
# Country Date
1 Template:Country data United Kingdom Template:DTS[17]
2 Template:Country data Denmark Template:Dts[18]
3 Template:Country data Russia Template:Dts[19]
4 Template:Country data Sweden Template:Dts[20][21]
5 Template:Country data Portugal Template:Dts[22]
6 Template:Country data Spain Template:Dts[23]
7 Template:Country data France Template:Dts[24]
8 Template:Country data United States Template:Dts[25]
9 Template:Country data Switzerland Template:Dts[26]
10 Template:Country data Argentina Template:DTS[27]
11 Template:Country data Brazil Template:DTS[28]
12 Template:Country data Mexico Template:Dts[29]
13 Template:Country data Colombia Template:DTS[30]
— Template:Country data Holy See Template:Dts[31][32]
14 Template:Country data Belgium Template:Dts[33]
15 Template:Country data Costa Rica Template:Dts[34]
16 Template:Country data Japan Template:Date table sorting[35]
17 Template:Country data Venezuela Template:Dts[36]
18 Template:Country data Guatemala Template:Dts[37]
19 Template:Country data Greece Template:Dts[38]
20 Template:Country data Dominican Republic Template:Date table sorting[39]
21 Template:Country data El Salvador Template:Date table sorting[40]
22 Template:Country data Italy Template:Dts[41]
23 Template:Country data Thailand Template:Dts[42]
24 Template:Country data Peru Template:Dts[43]
25 Template:Country data Chile Template:Dts[44]
26 Template:Country data Ecuador Template:Dts[45]
27 Template:Country data Romania Template:Dts[46]
28 Template:Country data Iran Template:Dts[47]
29 Template:Country data Luxembourg Template:DTS[48]
30 Template:Country data Uruguay Template:Dts[49][50]
31 Template:Country data Serbia Template:Dts[51]
32 Template:Country data Cuba Template:Dts[52]
33 Template:Country data Paraguay Template:Date table sorting[53]
34 Template:Country data Panama Template:Dts[54]
35 Template:Country data Norway Template:Dts[55]
36 Template:Country data Bulgaria Template:Dts[56]
37 Template:Country data Bolivia Template:Dts[57]
38 Template:Country data Haiti Template:Dts[58]
39 Template:Country data Finland Template:Dts[59]
40 Template:Country data Poland Template:Dts[60]
41 Template:Country data Czech Republic Template:Dts[61]
42 Template:Country data Austria Template:Dts[62]
43 Template:Country data Hungary Template:Dts[63]
44 Template:Country data Egypt Template:Dts[64]
45 Template:Country data Turkey Template:Dts[65]
46 Template:Country data South Africa Template:Dts[66][67]
47 Template:Country data Saudi Arabia Template:Dts[68]
48 Template:Country data Iraq Template:Dts[69]
49 Template:Country data Canada Template:Dts[70]
50 Template:Country data Australia Template:Dts[71]
51 Template:Country data Ireland Template:Dts[72]
52 Template:Country data Iceland Template:Dts[73]
53 Template:Country data Honduras Template:Dts[74]
54 Template:Country data India Template:Dts[75]
55 Template:Country data New Zealand Template:Dts[76]
56 Template:Country data Myanmar Template:Date table sorting[77]
57 Template:Country data Pakistan Template:Date table sorting[78]
58 Template:Country data Liberia Template:Dts[79]
59 Template:Country data Israel Template:Dts[80]
60 Template:Country data Indonesia Template:Dts[81][82]
61 Template:Country data Lebanon Template:Dts[79]
62 Template:Country data Ethiopia Template:Dts[79]
63 Template:Country data Germany Template:Dts[83]
64 Template:Country data Philippines Template:Dts[84]
65 Template:Country data Sri Lanka Template:Dts[85]
66 Template:Country data Jordan Template:Dts[86]
67 Template:Country data Syria Template:Dts[87]
68 Template:Country data China Template:Dts[88][89]
69 Template:Country data Libya Template:Dts[90]
— Template:Country data Nicaragua (suspended) Template:Dts[91]
70 Template:Country data Sudan Template:Dts[92]
71 Template:Country data Afghanistan Template:Dts[93]
72 Template:Country data Morocco Template:Dts[94]
73 Template:Country data Malaysia Template:Dts[95]
74 Template:Country data Cambodia Template:Date table sorting[96]
75 Template:Country data Tunisia Template:Dts[97]
76 Template:Country data Ghana Template:Dts[98]
77 Template:Country data Guinea Template:Date table sorting[99]
78 Template:Country data Nepal Template:DTS[100]
79 Template:Country data Somalia Template:Dts[101]
80 Template:Country data Democratic Republic of the Congo Template:Dts[102]
81 Template:Country data Cyprus Template:Dts[103]
82 Template:Country data Nigeria Template:Dts[104]
83 Template:Country data Madagascar Template:Dts[104]
84 Template:Country data South Korea Template:Date table sorting[105]
85 Template:Country data Republic of the Congo Template:Date table sorting[106]
86 Template:Country data Gabon Template:Date table sorting[107]
87 Template:Country data Togo Template:Date table sorting[108]
88 Template:Country data Senegal Template:Date table sorting[106]
89 Template:Country data Cameroon Template:Date table sorting[106]
90 Template:Country data Burkina Faso Template:Date table sorting[107]
91 Template:Country data Niger Template:Date table sorting[106]
92 Template:Country data Benin Template:Date table sorting[107]
93 Template:Country data Ivory Coast Template:Date table sorting[106]
94 Template:Country data Sierra Leone Template:Dts[108]
95 Template:Country data Mauritania Template:Dts[106]
96 Template:Country data Tanzania Template:Dts[106]
97 Template:Country data Chad Template:Dts[106]
98 Template:Country data Burundi Template:Date table sorting[109]
99 Template:Country data Jamaica Template:Date table sorting[110]
100 Template:Country data Algeria Template:Dts[111]
101 Template:Country data Trinidad and Tobago Template:Date table sorting[112]
102 Template:Country data Kenya Template:Date table sorting[113]
103 Template:Country data Mali Template:Date table sorting[114]
104 Template:Country data Rwanda Template:Dts[115]
105 Template:Country data Kuwait Template:DTS[116]
106 Template:Country data Malta Template:Dts[117]
107 Template:Country data Zambia Template:Dts[118]
108 Template:Country data Singapore Template:Dts[119]
109 Template:Country data Central African Republic Template:Dts[120]
110 Template:Country data Malawi Template:Dts[121]
111 Template:Country data Uganda Template:Dts[122]
112 Template:Country data Gambia Template:Dts[123]
113 Template:Country data Monaco Template:Dts[124]
114 Template:Country data Botswana Template:Dts[125]
115 Template:Country data Lesotho Template:Dts[126]
116 Template:Country data Eswatini Template:Dts[127]
117 Template:Country data Mauritius Template:Dts[128]
118 Template:Country data Barbados Template:Date table sorting[129]
119 Template:Country data Equatorial Guinea Template:Dts[130]
120 Template:Country data Guyana Template:DTS[131]
121 Template:Country data Albania Template:Dts[132]
122 Template:Country data Yemen Template:DTS[133]
123 Template:Country data Oman Template:DTS[134]
124 Template:Country data Bangladesh Template:DTS[135]
125 Template:Country data Fiji Template:DTS[136]
126 Template:Country data Mongolia Template:Date table sorting[137]
127 Template:Country data Bahrain Template:Dts[138]
128 Template:Country data United Arab Emirates Template:Dts[139]
129 Template:Country data Qatar Template:Dts[140]
130 Template:Country data Vietnam Template:Dts[141]
131 Template:Country data Bahamas Template:Dts[142]
132 Template:Country data Mozambique Template:Dts[143]
133 Template:Country data Guinea-Bissau Template:Dts[144]
134 Template:Country data Tonga Template:Dts[145]
135 Template:Country data Laos Template:Dts[146]
136 Template:Country data Suriname Template:Dts[147]
137 Template:Country data Angola Template:Date table sorting[148]
138 Template:Country data Samoa Template:Dts[149]
139 Template:Country data Papua New Guinea Template:Date table sorting[150]
140 Template:Country data Cape Verde Template:Dts[151]
141 Template:Country data Seychelles Template:Dts[152]
142 Template:Country data Comoros Template:Dts[153]
143 Template:Country data Maldives Template:Dts[154]
144 Template:Country data Grenada Template:Dts[155]
145 Template:Country data Zimbabwe Template:Dts[156]
146 Template:Country data Kiribati Template:Dts[157]
147 Template:Country data Dominica Template:DTS[158]
148 Template:Country data Saint Lucia Template:DTS[159]
149 Template:Country data Djibouti Template:Dts[160]
150 Template:Country data Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Template:Date table sorting[161]
151 Template:Country data Solomon Islands Template:Dts[162]
152 Template:Country data Tuvalu Template:Date table sorting[163]
153 Template:Country data Vanuatu Template:Dts[164]
154 Template:Country data Antigua and Barbuda Template:Dts[165]
155 Template:Country data Nauru Template:Date table sorting[166]
156 Template:Country data Saint Kitts and Nevis Template:Dts[167]
157 Template:Country data Brunei Template:Dts[168]
158 Template:Country data Bhutan Template:Dts[169]
159 Template:Country data Belize Template:Date table sorting[170]
160 Template:Country data Namibia Template:Date table sorting[171]
161 Template:Country data Latvia Template:Dts[172]
162 Template:Country data Estonia Template:Dts[173]
163 Template:Country data Liechtenstein Template:Dts[174]
164 Template:Country data Lithuania Template:Dts[175]
165 Template:Country data Slovenia Template:Dts[176]
166 Template:Country data Armenia Template:Dts[177]
167 Template:Country data Croatia Template:Dts[178]
168 Template:Country data Belarus Template:Dts[179]
169 Template:Country data Azerbaijan Template:Dts[180]
170 Template:Country data Ukraine Template:Dts[181]
171 Template:Country data Georgia Template:Dts[182]
172 Template:Country data Turkmenistan Template:Dts[183]
173 Template:Country data Kyrgyzstan Template:Date table sorting[184]
174 Template:Country data Moldova Template:Dts[185]
175 Template:Country data Tajikistan Template:Dts[186]
176 Template:Country data Kazakhstan Template:Date table sorting[187]
177 Template:Country data Uzbekistan Template:Date table sorting[188]
178 Template:Country data Bosnia and Herzegovina Template:Date table sorting[189]
179 Template:Country data Slovakia Template:Dts[190]
180 Template:Country data Marshall Islands Template:DTS[191]
181 Template:Country data Andorra Template:Dts[192]
182 Template:Country data North Macedonia Template:Date table sorting[193]
183 Template:Country data Eritrea Template:Dts[194]
184 Template:Country data San Marino Template:Dts[195]
185 Template:Country data Federated States of Micronesia Template:Date table sorting[196]
186 Template:Country data Palau Template:Date table sorting[197]
187 Template:Country data North Korea Template:Dts[198]
188 Template:Country data Timor-Leste Template:Date table sorting[199]
189 Template:Country data Montenegro Template:Dts[200]
— Template:Country data Kosovo Template:Date table sorting[201]
— Template:Country data Cook Islands Template:Dts[202]
190 Template:Country data South Sudan Template:Dts[203]
191 Template:Country data São Tomé and Príncipe Unknown

Bilateral relations

Africa

Country Formal relations began Notes
Template:Country data Burkina Faso 14 December 1961 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 14 December 1961[107]
Template:Country data Comoros
Template:Country data Egypt 16 November 1922 See Egypt–Netherlands relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 16 November 1922 when Mr. J. P. graaf van Limburg Stirum was accredited as Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of the Netherlands to Egypt.[208]

  • Egypt has an embassy in The Hague.
  • Netherlands has an embassy in Cairo.
Template:Country data Ethiopia 6 November 1950 See Ethiopia–Netherlands relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 6 November 1950[79]

  • Ethiopia is accredited to the Netherlands from its embassy in Brussels.
  • Netherlands has an embassy in Addis Ababa.
Template:Country data Ivory Coast 9 January 1962 See Ivory Coast–Netherlands relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 9 January 1962[106]

  • Ivory Coast has an embassy in The Hague.
  • Netherlands has an embassy in Abidjan.
Template:Country data Kenya 3 February 1964 See Kenya–Netherlands relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 3 February 1964[113]

  • Kenya has an embassy in The Hague.
  • the Netherlands has an embassy in Nairobi.
Template:Country data Liberia 3 May 1949 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 3 May 1949.[79] Also both countries established diplomatic relations on 27 March 1936 when has been accredited Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of Liberia to the Netherlands Baron Otto van den Bogaerde van Terbrugge.[209]
Template:Country data Mauritania 9 March 1962 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 9 March 1962[106]
Template:Country data Morocco See Morocco–Netherlands relations
Template:Country data South Africa See Netherlands–South Africa relations

Americas

Country Formal relations began Notes
Template:Country data Argentina 24 January 1896 See Argentina–Netherlands relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 24 January 1896.[214]

Template:Country data Bolivia 21 July 1911 See Bolivia–Netherlands relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 21 July 1911.[217][57]

  • Bolivia has an embassy in The Hague.
  • Netherlands is accredited to Bolivia from its embassy in Lima, Peru.
Template:Country data Brazil See Brazil–Netherlands relations
Template:Country data Canada 3 January 1939 See Canada–Netherlands relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 3 January 1939[220]

Canada has an embassy in The Hague and the Netherlands has one in Ottawa, and three Consulates-General in Toronto, Montreal and Vancouver. Canada and the Netherlands have worked closely together on many foreign issues and enjoy an especially close relationship. To foster business and commercial relations between the Netherlands and Canada, the Dutch business community set up the Netherlands-Canadian Chamber of Commerce.[221] They are both members of the United Nations (and its Specialized Agencies), the World Trade Organization, and Interpol; they are both founding members of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), the Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council (EAPC), the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE), and the Stability Pact for South Eastern Europe. Canada and the Netherlands also work together on such issues as the prohibition and elimination of anti-personnel mines, the control of the proliferation of small arms and light weapons, eradicating the worst forms of child labour, the provision of rapid reaction peacekeeping forces to the United Nations (SHIRBRIG) and regional security issues such as Bosnia (SFOR) and Ethiopia and Eritrea (UNMEE).

Template:Country data Chile 10 June 1872 See Chile–Netherlands relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 June 1872.[224]

  • Chile has an embassy in The Hague and a consulate-general in Amsterdam.
  • Netherlands has an embassy in Santiago.
Template:Country data Colombia 1829 See Colombia–Netherlands relations

Relations between Colombia and the Netherlands were established in 1829.

Template:Country data Costa Rica 12 July 1852 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 12 July 1852.[227]
  • Costa Rica has an embassy in The Hague.
  • Netherlands has an embassy in San José.
Template:Country data Cuba 20 May 1902 See Cuba–Netherlands relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 20 May 1902.[228]

  • Cuba has an embassy in The Hague and two consulates-general in Amsterdam and Rotterdam.
  • Netherlands has an embassy in Havana.
Template:Country data Dominica
Template:Country data Dominican Republic 18 March 1892 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 18 March 1892[231]
Template:Country data El Salvador
  • El Salvador has an embassy in The Hague.
  • Netherlands is accredited to El Salvador from its embassy in San José, Costa Rica.
Template:Country data Guyana 15 May 1970

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 May 1970.[232]

Guyana was made up of three former Dutch colonies: (Berbice, Demerara and Essequibo (colony)) which were brought together by the British and renamed collectively British Guiana.

Template:Country data Honduras 16 May 1946 See Honduras–Netherlands relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 16 May 1946 when has been accredited Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of the Netherlands to Hohduras with residence in Guatemala Mr. G. M. Bijvanck.[233]

  • Honduras is accredited to Netherlands from its embassy in Brussels, Belgium.
  • Netherlands is accredited to Honduras from its embassy in San José, Costa Rica. and an honorary consulates in Tegucigalpa.
Template:Country data Mexico 16 June 1828 See Mexico–Netherlands relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 16 June 1828.[234]Template:Npsn

On September 27, 1993, the Netherlands Ministry of Finance announced The Netherlands – Mexico Tax Treaty and Protocol. The regulations detail the formalities residents of the Netherlands must observe "in order to be exempt from, or obtain a refund of, the Mexican withholding taxes on dividends, interest and royalties."[235] In 2008 Mexico and the Netherlands modified their existing tax treaty, initially signed in 1993 to strength cooperation to curb tax evasion.[236][237]

Template:Country data Peru See Netherlands–Peru relations
  • Netherlands has an embassy in Lima.
  • Peru has an embassy in The Hague.
Template:Country data Suriname 1975-25-11 See Netherlands–Suriname relations
Template:Country data United States 19 April 1782 See Netherlands–United States relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 19 April 1782[242]

The bilateral relations between the two nations are based on historical and cultural ties as well as a common dedication to individual freedom and human rights. The Netherlands shares with the United States a liberal economic outlook and is committed to free trade. The Netherlands is the third-largest direct foreign investor in the United States,[243] and Dutch holding companies employ more than 650,000 Americans.[244] The United States is the third-largest direct foreign investor in the Netherlands.

The United States and the Netherlands often have similar positions on issues and work together both bilaterally and multilaterally in such institutions as the United Nations and NATO. The Dutch have worked with the United States at the World Trade Organization, in the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, as well as within the European Union to advance the shared U.S. goal of a more open and market-led global economy.

The United States and the Netherlands joined NATO as charter members in 1949. The Dutch were allies with the United States in the Korean War and the first Gulf War and have been active in global peacekeeping efforts in the former Yugoslavia, Afghanistan and Iraq. Netherlands also support and participate in NATO and EU training efforts in Iraq. They are active participants in the International Security Assistance Force and Operation Enduring Freedom in Afghanistan.

Template:Country data Uruguay 15 April 1896 See Netherlands–Uruguay relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 April 1896[49][247]

  • Netherlands is accredited to Uruguay from its embassy in Buenos Aires.[248]
  • Uruguay has an embassy in The Hague.[249]
Template:Country data Venezuela See Netherlands–Venezuela relations

Asia

Country Formal relations began Notes
Template:Country data Afghanistan 2 August 1956 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 2 August 1956 when first Envoy of Afgnanistan Dr. Sardir Najib-Ullah Khan presented his credentials to Queen of the Netherlands.[93]
  • Afghanistan has an embassy in The Hague.
  • The Netherlands closed its embassy in Kabul in 2021.[250][251]
Template:Country data Armenia 30 January 1992 See Armenia–Netherlands relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 30 January 1992.[252]

Template:Country data Azerbaijan 1 April 1992 See Azerbaijan–Netherlands relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 April 1992.[256]

  • Azerbaijan has an embassy in The Hague.
  • The Netherlands has an embassy in Baku.
  • Both countries are full members of the Council of Europe.
Template:Country data Bangladesh 1971-01-04 See Bangladesh–Netherlands relations
  • Bangladesh has an embassy in The Hague.
  • Netherlands has an embassy in Dhaka.
Template:Country data Bhutan 10 June 1985 See Foreign relations of Bhutan

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 June 1985[257]

  • Bhutan is represented to the Netherlands through embassy in Brussels.
  • Netherlands is represented to Bhutan through embassy in Delhi.
Template:Country data China 18 May 1972[258] See China–Netherlands relations
Template:Country data Georgia 22 April 1992 See Georgia–Netherlands relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 22 April 1992.[259]

Template:Country data India 17 April 1947 See India–Netherlands relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 17 April 1947[260]

  • India has an embassy in The Hague.
  • Netherlands has an embassy in Delhi and consulates-general Bangalore and Mumbai.
Template:Country data Indonesia 1949 See Indonesia–Netherlands relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1949[261]

Template:Country data Iran 5 January 1883 See Iran–Netherlands relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 5 January 1883 when Mirza Jawad Khan, Persian Minister in Belgium, was also accredited to the Netherlands.[265][266]

  • Iran has an embassy in The Hague.
  • Netherlands has an embassy in Tehran.
Template:Country data Iraq 10 May 1935 See Iraq–Netherlands relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 May 1935 when has been accredited Chargé d'Affaires of Netherlands to Jeddah (Saudi Arabia) C. Adriaanse also to Iraq.[69]

  • Iraq has an embassy in The Hague.
  • Netherlands has an embassy in Baghdad and a consulate-general in Erbil.
Template:Country data Israel 1949 See Israel–Netherlands relations

In 1947, the Netherlands voted in favor of the United Nations Resolution 181. Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1949.[267]

Template:Country data Japan 1609 See Japan–Netherlands relations

Relations between Japan and the Netherlands date back to 1609, when the first formal trade relations were established.[270][271] The relations between Japan and the Netherlands after 1945 have been a triangular relationship. The invasion and occupation of the Netherlands East Indies during World War II, brought about the destruction of the colonial state in Indonesia, as the Japanese removed as much of the Dutch government as they could, weakening the post war grip the Netherlands had over the territory. Under pressure from the United States, the Netherlands recognised Indonesian sovereignty in 1949 (see United States of Indonesia).

  • Japan has an embassy in The Hague.
  • Netherlands has an embassy in Tokyo and a consulate-general in Osaka.
Template:Country data Kazakhstan 10 September 1992 See Kazakhstan–Netherlands relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 September 1992.[272]

The Netherlands is Kazakhstan's largest foreign investor and the second largest European Union partner in terms of foreign trade turnover with Kazakhstan.[273]

  • Kazakhstan has an embassy in The Hague.
  • Netherlands has an embassy in Astana.
Template:Country data Kyrgyzstan
  • Kyrgyzstan is accredited to the Netherlands from its embassy in Brussels, Belgium.
  • the Netherlands is accredited to Kyrgyzstan from its embassy in Astana, Kazakhstan.
Template:Country data Malaysia 31 August 1957 See Malaysia–Netherlands relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 31 August 1957.[274]

File:Melaka-St-Paul-Dutch-graves-2183.jpg
The graves of Dutch dignitaries in Melaka's ruined St. Paul's Church.

The Dutch involvement in the Malay Peninsula used to be much more extensive than it is now. The Dutch established relations with the Sultanate of Johor in the early 17th century, and in 1641 they captured the Portuguese colony of Malacca (on the south-eastern coast of today's Peninsular Malaysia). With a long interruption during the Napoleonic Wars, the Dutch Malacca era lasted until 1824. In the 20th century, the Netherlands established diplomatic relations with Malaysia soon after the Asian state became independent. The erudite Dutch Sinologist and author Robert van Gulik (who was raised in the former Dutch East Indies himself) served as the ambassador of the Netherlands in Kuala Lumpur in the early 1960s. During his diplomatic service there he became closely acquainted with Malaysia's gibbons (he kept a few in his ambassadorial residence) and became sufficiently interested in this ape species to start the study of its role in ancient Chinese culture, the results of which he later published in his last book (Gibbon in China).[275]

Template:Country data Oman See Foreign relations of Oman
  • Netherlands has an embassy in Muscat.
  • Oman has an embassy in The Hague.
Template:Country data Pakistan 1947-15-8 See Netherlands–Pakistan relations
  • Netherlands has an embassy in Islamabad and a consulate-general in Karachi.
  • Pakistan has an embassy in The Hague.
Template:Country data Philippines 20 May 1947 See Netherlands–Philippines relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 20 May 1947.[276]

  • Netherlands has an embassy in Manila.
  • Philippines has an embassy in The Hague.
Template:Country data Saudi Arabia 9 June 1930 See Netherlands–Saudi Arabia relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 9 June 1930 when first the Netherlands Chargé d'Affaires, M. Van de Meulen, presented letters of credence to King Ibn Saud.[68]

  • Netherlands has an embassy in Riyadh.
  • Saudi Arabia has an embassy in The Hague.
Template:Country data Singapore 7 December 1965 See Netherlands–Singapore relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 7 December 1965.[277]

  • Netherlands has an embassy in Singapore.
  • Singapore is represented in the Netherlands through its embassy in Brussels, Belgium.
Template:Country data South Korea 1961-01-04[278] See Netherlands–South Korea relations

The establishment of diplomatic relations between the Republic of Korea and the Kingdom of the Netherlands began on April 1, 1961.

  • Relations between the Netherlands and South Korea are excellent. The Netherlands are known in the country, thanks to increasing trade and the investments made by Dutch businesses.
  • Political relations
    • South Koreans still appreciate the contribution made by Dutch troops, serving under the UN flag, during the Korean War of 1950–1953. The Netherlands was an ally to South Korea throughout the war, against communist North Korea (backed by the Soviet Union). The Netherlands still monitors developments between South Korea and North Korea with interest, and remain an ally. In 2011 the Netherlands and South Korea marked 50 years of diplomatic relations.
    • The Netherlands frequently serves as an example to South Korea, for example in the areas of development cooperation and water management. In 2011, for instance, a South Korean delegation visited parts of the Room for the River project – designed to make the Dutch river delta safer by 2015 – to gain inspiration for a South Korean water management plan.[279]
  • The Netherlands has a Working Holiday Program Agreement with South Korea. Citizens of both countries can live and work in the other for up to two years.
  • The number of the South Korean citizens living in the Netherlands in 2012 was about 2,602.
Template:Country data Syria 24 January 1952 See Netherlands–Syria relations
Template:Country data Taiwan See Netherlands–Taiwan relations
Template:Country data Turkey 1612 See Netherlands–Turkey relations
Template:Country data Turkmenistan
  • the Netherlands is accredited to Turkmenistan from its embassy in Astana, Kazakhstan.
  • Turkmenistan is accredited to the Netherlands from its embassy in Brussels, Belgium.
Template:Country data United Arab Emirates
  • the Netherlands has an embassy in Abu Dhabi and an consulate-general in Dubai.
  • United Arab Emirates has an embassy in The Hague.
Template:Country data Vietnam
  • the Netherlands has an embassy in Hanoi.
  • Vietnam has an embassy in The Hague.

Europe

Country Formal relations began Notes
Template:Country data Albania 17 November 1970 See Albania–Netherlands relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 17 November 1970[132]

  • Albania has an embassy in The Hague.
  • Netherlands has an embassy in Tirana.
  • Both countries are full members of NATO.
  • Albania is an EU candidate and The Netherlands is an EU member.
Template:Country data Austria See Austria–Netherlands relations
Template:Country data Belarus 24 March 1992 See Belarus–Netherlands relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 24 March 1992[288]

Template:Country data Belgium 3 August 1839 See Belgium–Netherlands relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 3 August 1839.[33]

Relations were established after the independence of Belgium. Both nations are allies and have cultural similarities.

  • Belgium has an embassy in The Hague.[289]
  • Netherlands has an embassy in Brussels and a consulate-general in Antwerp.[290]
  • Both nations are members of the European Union and NATO.
Template:Country data Bosnia & Herzegovina 15 December 1992 See Bosnia and Herzegovina–Netherlands relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 December 1992[291]

  • Bosnia and Herzegovina has an embassy in The Hague.
  • Netherlands has an embassy in Sarajevo.
Template:Country data Bulgaria See Bulgaria–Netherlands relations
  • Bulgaria has an embassy in The Hague.[292]
  • The Netherlands has an embassy in Sofia.[293]
  • Both countries are full members of the European Union and NATO.
Template:Country data Croatia 11 February 1992 See Croatia–Netherlands relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 11 February 1992.[294]

  • Croatia has an embassy in The Hague.
  • Netherlands has an embassy in Zagreb.
  • Both countries are full members of the European Union and NATO.
Template:Country data Cyprus See Cyprus–Netherlands relations
  • Cyprus has an embassy in The Hague.
  • Netherlands has an embassy in Nicosia.
  • Both countries are full members of the European Union and of the Council of Europe.
Template:Country data Czech Republic 13 November 1919 See Czech Republic–Netherlands relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 13 November 1919[295]

  • Czech Republic has an embassy in The Hague.
  • Netherlands has an embassy in Prague.
  • Both countries are full members of the European Union and NATO.
Template:Country data Denmark See Denmark – Netherlands relations
Template:Country data Estonia Template:Dts
  • The Netherlands recognized Estonia on 5 March 1921. After the end of Soviet occupation the Netherlands re-recognised Estonia on 2 September 1991.
  • Estonia has an embassy in The Hague.
  • Netherlands has an embassy in Tallinn.
  • Both countries are full members of NATO and of the European Union.
Template:Country data Finland 14 August 1918 See Finland–Netherlands relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 14 August 1918[298]

  • Finland has an embassy in The Hague.
  • the Netherlands has an embassy in Helsinki.
  • Both nations are members of the European Union, NATO and the Council of Europe.
  • the Netherlands fully supported Finland's application to join NATO, which resulted in membership on 4 April 2023.
Template:Country data France See France–Netherlands relations
Template:Country data Germany 1871 See Germany–Netherlands relations
Template:Country data Greece See Greece–Netherlands relations
Template:Country data Hungary See Hungary–Netherlands relations
Template:Country data Iceland 9 January 1946 See Iceland–Netherlands relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 9 January 1946[303]

  • Iceland is represented in the Netherlands by its embassy in Oslo, Norway.[304]
  • The Netherlands is represented in Iceland by its embassy in Brussels, Belgium.[305]
  • Both countries are full members of NATO.
Template:Country data Ireland See Ireland–Netherlands relations
Template:Country data Italy See Italy–Netherlands relations
  • Italy has an embassy in The Hague.
  • the Netherlands has an embassy in Rome and a consulate-general in Milan.
  • Both countries are full members of the European Union and NATO.
Template:Country data Kosovo See Kosovo–Netherlands relations
  • Kosovo has an embassy in The Hague.
  • Netherlands has an embassy in Pristina.
Template:Country data Latvia 24 September 1991 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 24 September 1991.[308]
  • Latvia has an embassy in The Hague.
  • Netherlands has an embassy in Riga.
  • Both nations are members of the European Union, NATO and the Council of Europe.
Template:Country data Lithuania 3 December 1991 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 3 December 1991.[309]
  • Lithuania has an embassy in The Hague.
  • Netherlands has an embassy in Vilnius.
  • Both nations are members of the European Union, NATO and the Council of Europe.
Template:Country data Luxembourg See Luxembourg–Netherlands relations
Template:Country data Malta
  • Malta has an embassy in The Hague.
  • the Netherlands has an embassy in Valletta.
  • Both countries are full members of the European Union.
Template:Country data Moldova 10 July 1992 See Moldova–Netherlands relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 July 1992[310]

Template:Country data Montenegro
  • Montenegro has an embassy in The Hague.
  • the Netherlands is accredited to Montenegro from its embassy in Belgrade, Serbia.
  • Both countries are full members of the Council of Europe and of NATO.
  • Montenegro is an EU candidate and the Netherlands is an EU member.
Template:Country data North Macedonia
  • the Netherlands has an embassy in Skopje.
  • North Macedonia has an embassy in The Hague.
  • Both countries are full members of NATO.
  • the Netherlands is an EU member and North Macedonia is an EU candidate.
Template:Country data Poland 4 July 1919 See Netherlands–Poland relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 4 July 1919[311]

  • Netherlands has an embassy in Warsaw.
  • Poland has an embassy in The Hague.
  • Both countries are full members of the European Union and NATO.
Template:Country data Portugal See Netherlands–Portugal relations
Template:Country data Romania 12 February 1880 See Netherlands–Romania relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 12 February 1880[312]

  • The Netherlands has an embassy in Bucharest and three honorary consulates.
  • Romania has an embassy in The Hague and four honorary consulates.
  • Both countries are full members of the European Union and NATO.
Template:Country data Russia See Netherlands–Russia relations

Both countries were establishment of diplomatic relations in 1991 after the fall of the Soviet Union. Peter the Great studied in Holland. During the Cold War, all the Dutch consecutive governments perceived the Warsaw pact including the Soviet Union and Russia as a threat to its safety.

Template:Country data Serbia 1899-04-26 See Netherlands–Serbia relations
Template:Country data Slovakia 1993-01-01 See Netherlands–Slovakia relations
Template:Country data Slovenia 1991-06-25 See Netherlands–Slovenia relations
  • The Netherlands has an embassy in Ljubljana.[316]
  • Slovenia has an embassy in The Hague.[317]
  • Both countries are full members of the European Union and NATO.
Template:Country data Spain See Netherlands–Spain relations
  • Netherlands has an embassy in Madrid.
  • Spain has an embassy in The Hague.
  • Both nations are members of the European Union, NATO and the Council of Europe.
Template:Country data Sweden See Netherlands–Sweden relations
  • the Netherlands has an embassy in Stockholm.
  • Sweden has an embassy in The Hague.
  • Both countries are full members of the European Union, NATO and the Council of Europe.
  • the Netherlands fully supported Sweden's application to join NATO, which resulted in membership on 7 March 2024.
Template:Country data Switzerland
  • the Netherlands has an embassy in Bern.
  • Switzerland has an embassy in The Hague.
  • Both countries are full members of the Council of Europe.
Template:Country data Ukraine 1 April 1992 See Netherlands–Ukraine relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 April 1992[318]

Template:Country data United Kingdom 1 April 1603 See Netherlands–United Kingdom relations
File:Prime Minister Keir Starmer meets Dutch PM Dick Schoof (54313093289).jpg
Dutch Prime Minister Dick Schoof with British Prime Minister Keir Starmer in 10 Downing Street, February 2025.

The UK established diplomatic relations with the United Kingdom on 1 April 1603.[320]Script error: No such module "Unsubst".

Both countries share common membership of the Atlantic Co-operation Pact,[323] the Council of Europe, NATO, the OECD, the OSCE, the United Nations, and the World Trade Organization. Bilaterally the two countries have a Double Taxation Convention.[324]

Oceania

Country Formal relations began Notes
Template:Country data Australia 31 January 1942 See Australia–Netherlands relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 31 January 1942.[325]

  • Australia has an embassy in The Hague.
  • Netherlands has an embassy in Canberra and a consulate-general in Sydney.
Template:Country data New Zealand 19 June 1947 See Netherlands–New Zealand relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 19 June 1947.[326]

  • Netherlands has an embassy in Wellington.
  • New Zealand has an embassy in The Hague.
Template:Country data Solomon Islands 1 February 1982 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 February 1982[327]
Template:Country data Vanuatu

Vanuatu has an honorary consulate in The Hague.[331]

See also

Notes

Template:Reflist

Further reading

  • Collet, Steven. "Modernizing the Dutch Diplomatic Service: A Work in Progress." The Hague Journal of Diplomacy 10.4 (2015): 440–451.
  • Erlandsson, Susanna. "Off the record: Margaret van Kleffens and the gendered history of Dutch World War II diplomacy." International Feminist Journal of Politics 21.1 (2019): 29–46. online Template:Webarchive
  • Heinsen-Roach, Erica. Consuls and Captives: Dutch-North African Diplomacy in the Early Modern Mediterranean (2019) online Template:Webarchive.
  • Israel, Jonathan. The Dutch Republic: Its Rise, Greatness, and Fall, 1477–1806 (1995) a major synthesis; complete online edition
  • Koopmans, Joop W., and Arend H. Huussen Jr. Historical Dictionary of the Netherlands (2nd ed. 2007)
  • Kossmann, E. H. The Low Countries 1780–1940 (1978) 790pp.
  • Krabbendam, Hans, et al. eds. Four Centuries of Dutch-American Relations 1609–2009 (Amsterdam: Boom), 2009, 1190 pp., Template:ISBN
  • Leurdijk, J.H. ed. The Foreign Policy of the Netherlands (Alphen aan den Rijn, 1978).
  • Nordholt, Jan Willem Schulte, and Robert P. Swierenga. Bilateral Bicentennial: A History of Dutch-American Relations, 1782–1982 (1982) 279pp
  • Onnekink, David, and Gijs Rommelse. The Dutch in the early modern world: a history of a global power (Cambridge University Press, 2019).
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Scott, Cynthia. "Renewing the 'Special Relationship'and Rethinking the Return of Cultural Property: The Netherlands and Indonesia, 1949–79." Journal of Contemporary History 52.3 (2017): 646–668.
  • Tonra, Ben. The Europeanisation of national foreign policy: Dutch, Danish and Irish foreign policy in the European Union (Routledge, 2018) online Template:Webarchive.
  • Tuyll van Serooskerken, Hubert P. van. Netherlands & World War I: Espionage, Diplomacy & Survival (2001) 381p.
  • van Willigen, Niels. "A Dutch return to UN peacekeeping?." International Peacekeeping 23.5 (2016): 702–720.
  • Vandenbosch, Amry. Dutch Foreign Policy since 1815 (1959). online; online
  • Vandenbosch, Amry. The neutrality of the Netherlands during the world war (1927).
  • Vandenbosch, Amry. Dutch in the Far East (1943) online
  • Appointment of the Dutch Ambassador in 1614: a rare document online Template:Webarchive
  • Veer, Lionel. "On the road for human rights: Experiences and reflections of the Dutch human rights ambassador 2010–2014." Netherlands Quarterly of Human Rights 35.1 (2017): 4–10.

Template:Foreign relations of the Netherlands Template:Netherlands topics Template:Foreign relations of Europe

  1. ↑ A. Vandenbosch, Dutch Foreign Policy since 1815 (1959).
  2. ↑ Cees Wiebes and Bert Zeeman, "The Pentagon Negotiations March 1948: The Launching of the North Atlantic Treaty." International Affairs 59.3 (1983): 351-363.
  3. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  4. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  5. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  6. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  7. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  8. ↑ ORET flyer Template:Webarchive, via Google Docs. Retrieved 2011-10-23.
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  10. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  11. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  12. ↑ See also NL: Ammar en Sara (in Dutch)
  13. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  14. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  15. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  16. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  17. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  18. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  19. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  20. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  21. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  22. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  23. ↑ J. & P. Lefèvre, Inventaire des Archives de l'Ambassade d'Espagne à la Haye (1932; reprinted Brussels, 1991), p. 80.
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  26. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  27. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  28. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  29. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  30. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  31. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  32. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  33. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  34. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  35. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  36. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  37. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  38. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  39. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  40. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  41. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  42. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  43. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  44. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  45. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  46. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  47. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  48. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  49. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  50. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  51. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  52. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  53. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  54. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  55. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  56. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  57. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  58. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  59. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  60. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  61. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  62. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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  84. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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  87. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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  98. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  99. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  100. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  101. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  102. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  103. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  104. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  105. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  106. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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  110. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  111. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  112. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  113. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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  115. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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  132. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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  165. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  166. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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  170. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  171. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  172. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  173. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  174. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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  176. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  177. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  178. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  179. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  180. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  181. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  182. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  183. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  184. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  185. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  186. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  187. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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  191. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  192. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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  195. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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  199. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  200. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  201. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  202. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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  210. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  211. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  212. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  213. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  214. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  215. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  216. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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  218. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  219. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  220. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  221. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  222. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  223. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  224. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  225. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  226. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  227. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  228. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  229. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  230. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  231. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  232. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  233. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  234. ↑ Template:Cite tweet
  235. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  236. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  237. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  238. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  239. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  240. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  241. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  242. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  243. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  244. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  245. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  246. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  247. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  248. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  249. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  250. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  251. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  252. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  253. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  254. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  255. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  256. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  257. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  258. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  259. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  260. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  261. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  262. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  263. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  264. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  265. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  266. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  267. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".Template:Dead link
  268. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  269. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  270. ↑ Mitsubishi Corporation – Regional Report on the Kingdom of the Netherlands Template:Webarchive
  271. ↑ 400 jaar handel – Four centuries of Japanese–Dutch trade relations: 1609–2009
  272. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  273. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  274. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  275. ↑ Robert van Gulik, The gibbon in China. An essay in Chinese animal lore. E.J.Brill, Leiden, Netherlands. (1967)
  276. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  277. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  278. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  279. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  280. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  281. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  282. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  283. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  284. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  285. ↑ Turkish embassy in The Hague Template:Webarchive
  286. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  287. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  288. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  289. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  290. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  291. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  292. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  293. ↑ Dutch embassy Sofia Template:Webarchive
  294. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  295. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  296. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  297. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  298. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  299. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  300. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  301. ↑ Dutch embassy in Budapest Template:Webarchive
  302. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  303. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  304. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  305. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  306. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  307. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  308. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  309. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  310. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  311. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  312. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  313. ↑ Dutch embassy in Belgrade Template:Webarchive
  314. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  315. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  316. ↑ Dutch embassy in Ljubljana Netherlands in Slovenia
  317. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  318. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  319. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  320. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  321. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  322. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  323. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  324. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  325. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  326. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  327. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  328. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  329. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  330. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  331. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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