Foreign relations of Bolivia

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Bolivia traditionally has maintained normal diplomatic relations with all hemispheric states except Chile. Foreign relations are handled by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, headed by the Chancellor of Bolivia, Rogelio Mayta.

Overview

Relations with Chile, strained since Bolivia's defeat in the War of the Pacific (1879–1883) and its loss of the coastal province of Atacama, were severed from 1962 to 1975 in a dispute over the use of the waters of the Lauca River.[1] Relations were resumed in 1975 but broken again in 1978 over the inability of the two countries to reach an agreement that solved the Atacama border dispute, which might have granted Bolivia a sovereign access to the sea.[1] In the 1960s, relations with Cuba were broken by the Bolivian dictatorship following Castro's rise to power but resumed under the Paz Estenssoro Administration in 1985, which came to power through democratic elections.[1]

Bolivia pursues a foreign policy with a heavy economic component.[1] Bolivia has become more active in the Organization of American States (OAS), the Rio Group, and in MERCOSUR, with which it signed an association agreement in 1996.[1] Bolivia promotes its policies on sustainable development and the empowerment of indigenous people.[1]

Bolivia is a member of the United Nations and some of its specialized agencies and related programs; OAS; Andean Community; Intelsat; Non-Aligned Movement; International Parliamentary Union; Latin American Integration Association ALADI; World Trade Organization; Rio Treaty; Rio Group; and Uruguay, Paraguay, Bolivia (URUPABOL, restarted in 1993).[1] As an outgrowth of the 1994 Summit of the Americas, Bolivia hosted a hemispheric summit conference on sustainable development in December 1996.[1] A First Ladies' hemispheric summit was also hosted by Bolivia that same month.

The GeGaLo Index of gains and losses after energy transition ranks Bolivia 128th out of 156 countries.[2] It is thus among the countries that will lose strength on the international stage if a global transition to renewable energy is carried out and there is no longer demand for Bolivian oil and gas.[2] It is estimated to experience the third largest loss of all Latin American countries (after Colombia and Venezuela).

United Nations involvement

Script error: No such module "Unsubst". Bolivia, being one of the founding members of the United Nations,[3] has frequently been involved with the Intergovernmental Organisation. In November 2008, the Bolivian contingent of UN peacekeeping troops with the United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo was relocated to safety, as at least one other regional state was also reviewing its own mission's security. The country had a detachment of 130 soldiers that was working in Bukavu, but was moved to a location near Goma.[4] Bolivia currently serves as a non-permanent member of the United Nations Security Council, with a two-year term ending in 2018. While a member of the Security Council, Bolivia strongly criticized United States President Donald Trump's decision to move the United States' Embassy in Israel from Tel Aviv to Jerusalem, and called for a public meeting of the Security Council to respond to the decision.[5] The Bolivian delegation also joined Russia in casting a negative vote for the renewal of the OPCW-UN Joint Investigative Mechanism in Syria, citing technical concerns about the Mechanism.[6]

During the United Nations General Assembly Resolution ES-11/1, on March 2, 2022, Bolivia voted to abstain, along with 34 other nations.

International disputes

Bolivia has wanted a sovereign corridor to the South Pacific Ocean since the Atacama area was lost to Chile in 1884; dispute with Chile over Rio Lauca water rights.[7]

Since the accession of Carlos Mesa to the Presidency, Bolivia has pressed its demands for a corridor to the Pacific. In March 2004, Mesa announced that the government would stage a series of public rallies across the country and in Bolivian embassies abroad in remembrance of those who died in the War of the Pacific, and to call for Chile to grant Bolivia a seacoast. Mesa made this demand a cornerstone of his administration's policy.

President Evo Morales maintained a hard position on this issue of which the symbolic importance is underlined by the fact that Bolivia also still has a navy, despite it not currently having access to the sea. In October 2018, the ICJ (International Court of Justice), ruled against Bolivia in a case that would determine whether or not Bolivia could force Chile to negotiate access to the sea. However, the ICJ did state that cooperation was desirable if workable solutions are to be found.

Illicit drugs

Bolivia is the world's third-largest cultivator of coca (after Peru and Colombia) with an estimated Script error: No such module "convert". under cultivation in 1999, a 45% decrease in overall cultivation of coca from 1998 levels; intermediate coca products and cocaine exported to or through Colombia, Brazil, Argentina, and Chile to the United States and other international drug markets; alternative crop program aims to reduce illicit coca cultivation.[7]

Diplomatic relations

List of countries which Bolivia maintains diplomatic relations with:

File:Diplomatic relations of Bolivia.svg
# Country Date
1 File:Flag of Peru.svg Peru Template:Dts[8]
2 File:Flag of France.svg France Template:Dts[9]
3 File:Flag of Mexico.svg Mexico Template:Dts[10]
4 File:Flag of Argentina.svg Argentina Template:DTS[11]
5 File:Flag of Chile.svg Chile Template:Dts[12]
6 File:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg United Kingdom Template:Dts[13]
7 File:Flag of Ecuador.svg Ecuador Template:Dts[14]
8 File:Flag of Uruguay.svg Uruguay Template:Dts[15]
9 File:Flag of Spain.svg Spain Template:Dts[16]
10 File:Flag of the United States.svg United States Template:Dts[17]
11 File:Flag of Belgium (civil).svg Belgium Template:Dts[18]
12 File:Flag of Italy.svg Italy Template:Dts[19]
13 File:Flag of Brazil.svg Brazil Template:Dts[20]
— File:Flag of Vatican City (2023–present).svg Holy See Template:Dts[21]
14 File:Flag of Portugal.svg Portugal Template:Dts[22]
15 File:Flag of Paraguay.svg Paraguay Template:Dts[23]
16 File:Flag of Venezuela.svg Venezuela Template:Dts[24]
17 File:Flag of Switzerland (Pantone).svg  Switzerland Template:Dts[25]
18 File:Flag of Russia.svg Russia Template:Dts[26]
19 File:Flag of the Dominican Republic.svg Dominican Republic Template:Dts[27]
20 File:Flag of Cuba.svg Cuba Template:Dts[28]
21 File:Flag of Costa Rica.svg Costa Rica Template:Dts[29][30]
22 File:Flag of the Netherlands.svg Netherlands Template:Dts[31]
23 File:Flag of Colombia.svg Colombia Template:Dts[32]
24 File:Flag of Japan.svg Japan Template:Dts[33]
25 File:Flag of Austria.svg Austria Template:Dts[34]
26 File:Flag of Denmark.svg Denmark Template:Dts[35]
27 File:Flag of Sweden.svg Sweden Template:Dts[36][37]
28 File:Flag of the Czech Republic.svg Czech Republic Template:Dts[38]
29 File:Flag of Poland.svg Poland Template:Dts[39]
30 File:Flag of Norway.svg Norway Template:Dts[40]
31 File:Flag of Panama.svg Panama Template:Dts[41]
32 File:Flag of Guatemala.svg Guatemala Template:Dts[42]
33 File:Flag of Lebanon.svg Lebanon Template:Dts[43]
34 File:Flag of Turkey.svg Turkey Template:Dts[44]
35 File:Flag of Hungary.svg Hungary Template:Dts[45]
36 File:Flag of Germany.svg Germany Template:Dts[46]
37 File:Flag of Serbia.svg Serbia Template:Dts[47]
38 File:Flag of Nicaragua.svg Nicaragua Template:Dts[48]
39 File:Flag of Israel.svg Israel Template:Dts[49][50]
40 File:Flag of Haiti.svg Haiti Template:Dts[51]
41 File:Flag of India.svg India Template:Dts[52]
42 File:Flag of Egypt.svg Egypt Template:Dts[53]
43 File:Flag of Canada (Pantone).svg Canada Template:Dts[54]
— File:Flag of the Order of St. John (various).svg Sovereign Military Order of Malta Template:Dts[55]
44 File:Flag of Thailand.svg Thailand Template:Dts[56]
45 File:Flag of Finland.svg Finland Template:Dts[57]
46 File:Flag of Indonesia.svg Indonesia Template:Dts[58]
47 File:Flag of Sri Lanka.svg Sri Lanka Template:Dts[59]
48 File:Flag of Morocco.svg Morocco Template:Dts[60]
49 File:Flag of South Korea.svg South Korea Template:Dts[61]
50 File:Flag of South Africa.svg South Africa Template:Dts[62]
51 File:Flag of Romania.svg Romania Template:Dts[63]
52 File:Flag of the Philippines.svg Philippines Template:Dts[64]
53 File:Flag of Bulgaria.svg Bulgaria Template:Dts[65]
54 File:Flag of Pakistan.svg Pakistan Template:Dts[66]
55 File:Flag of Australia (converted).svg Australia Template:Dts[67]
56 File:Flag of Malaysia.svg Malaysia Template:Dts[68]
57 File:Flag of Suriname.svg Suriname Template:Dts[69]
58 File:Flag of Algeria.svg Algeria Template:Dts[70]
59 File:Flag of Cyprus.svg Cyprus Template:Dts[71]
60 File:Flag of the Bahamas.svg Bahamas Template:Dts[72]
61 File:Flag of Grenada.svg Grenada Template:Dts[73]
62 File:Flag of Barbados.svg Barbados Template:Dts[74]
63 File:Flag of Jamaica.svg Jamaica Template:Dts[75]
64 File:Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg China Template:Dts[76]
65 File:Flag of Antigua and Barbuda.svg Antigua and Barbuda Template:Dts[77]
66 File:Flag of Kuwait.svg Kuwait Template:Dts[76]
67 File:Flag of Mozambique.svg Mozambique Template:Dts[76]
68 File:Flag of the United Arab Emirates.svg United Arab Emirates Template:Dts[76]
69 File:Flag of Oman.svg Oman Template:Dts[76]
70 File:Flag of Zambia.svg Zambia Template:Dts[76]
71 File:Flag of Senegal.svg Senegal Template:Dts[76]
72 File:Flag of Vietnam.svg Vietnam Template:Dts[76]
73 File:Flag of Guyana.svg Guyana Template:Dts[78]
74 File:Flag of São Tomé and Príncipe.svg São Tomé and Príncipe Template:Dts[76]
75 File:Flag of Nepal.svg   Nepal Template:Dts[76]
76 File:Flag of Malta.svg Malta Template:Dts[76]
77 File:Flag of Singapore.svg Singapore Template:Dts[79]
78 File:Flag of Albania.svg Albania Template:Dts[80]
79 File:Flag of Belize.svg Belize Template:Dts[76]
80 File:Flag of Equatorial Guinea.svg Equatorial Guinea Template:Dts[76]
81 File:Flag of Ghana.svg Ghana Template:Dts[81]
82 File:Flag of Ethiopia.svg Ethiopia Template:Dts[76]
83 File:Flag of Guinea.svg Guinea Template:Dts[82]
84 File:Flag of Cape Verde.svg Cape Verde Template:Dts[76]
85 File:Flag of Mongolia.svg Mongolia Template:Dts[76]
86 File:Flag of the Comoros.svg Comoros Template:Dts[76]
87 File:Flag of Uganda.svg Uganda Template:Dts[76]
88 File:Flag of Bangladesh.svg Bangladesh Template:Dts[76]
89 File:Flag of Yemen.svg Yemen Template:Dts[76]
90 File:Flag of Luxembourg.svg Luxembourg Template:Dts[76]
91 File:Flag of Ukraine.svg Ukraine Template:Dts[83]
92 File:Flag of Slovenia.svg Slovenia Template:Dts[84]
93 File:Flag of Armenia.svg Armenia Template:Dts[85]
94 File:Flag of Croatia.svg Croatia Template:Dts[86]
95 File:Flag of Slovakia.svg Slovakia Template:Dts[87]
96 File:Flag of Jordan.svg Jordan Template:Dts[88]
97 File:Flag of Lithuania.svg Lithuania Template:Dts[89]
98 File:Flag of Belarus.svg Belarus Template:Dts[90]
99 File:Flag of Cambodia.svg Cambodia Template:Dts[76]
100 Template:Country data North Macedonia Template:Dts[76]
101 File:Flag of Andorra.svg Andorra Template:Dts[76]
102 File:Flag of Azerbaijan.svg Azerbaijan Template:Dts[76]
103 File:Flag of Moldova.svg Moldova Template:Dts[76]
104 File:Flag of Turkmenistan.svg Turkmenistan Template:Dts[76]
105 File:Flag of Tajikistan.svg Tajikistan Template:Dts[91]
106 File:Flag of Angola.svg Angola Template:Dts[92]
107 File:Flag of Bosnia and Herzegovina.svg Bosnia and Herzegovina Template:Dts[76]
108 File:Flag of New Zealand.svg New Zealand Template:Dts[93]
109 Template:Country data Georgia Template:Dts[76]
110 File:Flag of Ireland.svg Ireland Template:Dts[94][95]
111 File:Flag of Saudi Arabia.svg Saudi Arabia Template:Dts[96]
112 File:Flag of Honduras (2022-).svg Honduras Template:Dts[97]
113 File:Flag of Latvia.svg Latvia Template:Dts[98]
114 File:Flag of Estonia.svg Estonia Template:Dts[99]
115 File:Flag of Qatar.svg Qatar Template:Dts[76]
116 File:Flag of Iceland.svg Iceland Template:Dts[76]
117 File:Flag of Iran.svg Iran Template:Dts[100]
118 File:Flag of Libya.svg Libya Template:Dts[101]
119 File:Flag of Montenegro.svg Montenegro Template:Dts[76]
120 File:Flag of Dominica.svg Dominica Template:Dts[102]
121 File:Flag of Tunisia.svg Tunisia Template:Dts[103]
122 File:Flag of Uzbekistan.svg Uzbekistan Template:Dts[104]
123 File:Flag of Kazakhstan.svg Kazakhstan Template:Dts[76]
— Template:Country data State of Palestine Template:Dts[76]
124 File:Flag of Fiji.svg Fiji Template:Dts[76]
125 File:Flag of Sudan.svg Sudan Template:Dts[105]
126 File:Flag of Burundi.svg Burundi Template:Dts[106]
127 File:Flag of Saint Kitts and Nevis.svg Saint Kitts and Nevis Template:Dts[107]
128 File:Flag of Kyrgyzstan.svg Kyrgyzstan Template:Dts[76]
129 File:Flag of Maldives.svg Maldives Template:Dts[76]
130 File:Flag of Saint Lucia.svg Saint Lucia Template:Dts[108]
131 File:Flag of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines.svg Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Template:Dts[109]
132 File:Flag of San Marino.svg San Marino Template:Dts[110]
133 File:Flag of Nigeria.svg Nigeria Template:Dts[111]
134 File:Flag of Rwanda.svg Rwanda Template:Dts[112]
135 File:Flag of Liechtenstein.svg Liechtenstein Template:Dts[112]
136 File:Flag of Zimbabwe.svg Zimbabwe Template:Dts[76]
137 File:Flag of the Syrian revolution.svg Syria Template:Dts[113]
138 File:Flag of Togo (3-2).svg Togo Template:Dts[76]
139 File:Flag of Bahrain.svg Bahrain Template:Dts[76]
140 File:Flag of Benin.svg Benin Template:Dts[76]
141 File:Flag of Iraq.svg Iraq Template:Dts[76]
142 File:Flag of Monaco.svg Monaco Template:Dts[76]
143 File:Flag of East Timor.svg Timor-Leste Template:Dts[76]
144 File:Flag of Botswana.svg Botswana Template:Dts[76]
145 File:Flag of Laos.svg Laos Template:Dts[114]
146 File:Flag of Lesotho.svg Lesotho Template:Dts[76]
147 File:Flag of Côte d'Ivoire.svg Ivory Coast Template:Dts[76]
148 File:Flag of Mali.svg Mali Template:Dts[76]
149 File:Flag of Liberia.svg Liberia Template:Dts[115]
150 File:Flag of Greece.svg Greece Unknown
151 File:Flag of Trinidad and Tobago.svg Trinidad and Tobago Unknown

Bilateral relations

Africa

Country Formal Relations Began Notes
File:Flag of Equatorial Guinea.svg Equatorial Guinea 21 October 1987

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 21 October 1987.[116]

In November 2017, President Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo paid an official visit to Bolivia becoming the first African head-of-state to ever visit Bolivia.[117]

File:Flag of Libya.svg Libya 13 August 2008 See Bolivia–Libya relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 13 August 2008.[101]

File:Flag of Morocco.svg Morocco 26 June 1964 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 26 June 1964[60]
  • Bolivia is accredited to Morocco through its embassy in Madrid, Spain.[118]
  • Morocco is accredited to Bolivia, through its embassy in Lima, Peru.
File:Flag of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic.svg Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic Template:Dts[119] Both countries established diplomatic relations on 14 November 1982 which were suspended by Bolivia on 24 February 2026.[120]
File:Flag of South Africa.svg South Africa 1967 See Bolivia–South Africa relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1967 when has been accredited first Ambassador of South Africa to Bolivia (resident in Argentina).[62]

Americas

Country Formal Relations Began Notes
File:Flag of Argentina.svg Argentina 7 December 1858 See Argentina–Bolivia relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 7 December 1858.[121]

File:Flag of Brazil.svg Brazil See Bolivia–Brazil relations

Brazil and Bolivia worked on expanding and diversifying trade between the two countries in the last quarter of 2008. The 6th Meeting of the Commission for Monitoring Brazil-Bolivia trade was used to this end. As it stood, at the time Brazil was the main destination for exports from Bolivia, having bought, in 2007, 35.7% of the products that Bolivian companies sell to other countries. They were also the main exporter to Bolivia, sending 24.7% of products imported into Bolivia. As industrialized products represented 94.6% of Brazilian sales up to September of the year, Bolivian sales in the same period were limited largely to natural gas, which accounted for up to 92.7% of the total purchased from the country, or US$1.89 billion. The products with the greatest scope for an increase in trade from Brazil to Bolivia were crude oil, insecticides, aircraft, vehicle engines, soy in grain, vegetable oils and ironworks products, amongst others. From Bolivia to Brazil, products such as animal feed, vegetable oil, crude oil, tin, ores of precious metals, precious gems, dried and fresh fruit, plants, leather and garments were also capable of seeing sales grow.[124]

File:Flag of Chile.svg Chile 1978, Diplomatic severed in 1978, Restored in 2002 See Bolivia–Chile relations

Bolivia and Chile have had strained relations ever since independence in the early 19th century because of the Atacama border dispute. Relations soured even more after Bolivia lost its coast to Chile during the War of the Pacific and became a landlocked country (Bolivia still claims a corridor to the Pacific Ocean.) Chile and Bolivia have maintained only consular relations since 1978 when territorial negotiations failed.

File:Flag of Cuba.svg Cuba 10 June 1915 See Bolivia–Cuba relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 June 1915.[129]

  • Bolivia has an embassy in Havana.
  • Cuba has an embassy in La Paz.
File:Flag of Mexico.svg Mexico 21 November 1831 See Bolivia–Mexico relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 21 November 1831.[10]

File:Flag of Nicaragua.svg Nicaragua 6 July 1955

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 6 July 1955 when has been appointed Ambassador of Nicaragua to Argentina, Doctor Otto Lamm Jarquin as Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to Bolivia.[132]

Relations between Bolivia and Nicaragua have improved since the election of Daniel Ortega. In 2007, President Evo Morales stated that "Daniel Ortega's win gives strength and hope not only to Nicaragua but to all of Latin America." Both countries are members of the Bolivarian Alliance for the Americas (ALBA).Script error: No such module "Unsubst".

  • Bolivia has an embassy in Managua.
  • Nicaragua has an embassy in La Paz.
File:Flag of Panama.svg Panama 28 August 1942 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 28 August 1942.[133]
  • Bolivia has an embassy in Panama City.
  • Panama has an embassy in La Paz.
File:Flag of Paraguay.svg Paraguay 17 June 1843 See Bolivia–Paraguay relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 17 June 1843.[134]

In 2009, Bolivian President Evo Morales and Paraguayan President Fernando Lugo signed an agreement settling a border dispute, which led to a war in the 1930s. President Lugo expressed the hope that natural resources could now "be developed and used by both countries" [135]

File:Flag of Peru.svg Peru 24 June 1826 See Bolivia–Peru relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 24 June 1826[8]

File:Flag of the United States.svg United States 3 January 1849 See Bolivia–United States relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 3 January 1849.[137]

Bolivia traditionally has had strong ties to the United States.[138] Economically, the United States has been a long-standing consumer of Bolivian exports and a partner in development projects.[138] In 1991 the United States forgave more than US$350 million owed by Bolivia to the U.S. Agency for International Development and the U.S. Department of Agriculture.[138] Presently, the United States leads an international contingent pressuring Bolivia to curb its illegal drug trade.

The election of Evo Morales strained relations between the two countries. Morales rose to power as the head of a trade union of coca growers. He has campaigned against coca eradication on behalf of the growers, citing the legitimate uses of coca leaves in traditional Aymara and Quechua culture. His policies directly conflict with the eradiction policy of the United States. In 2008 the Bolivian government suspended the operations of the US Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) accusing the organisation of being a front for violating the country's sovereignty and supporting an unsuccessful coup d'état. Bolivia's government also expelled the US ambassador.[139] In 2008 Gustavo Guzmán, the Bolivian ambassador to Washington said "The U.S. embassy is historically used to calling the shots in Bolivia, violating our sovereignty, treating us like a banana republic", and Evo Morales, then Bolivian president said "Where there is a US ambassador, there is a coup".[140]

File:Flag of Uruguay.svg Uruguay 1 November 1843 See Bolivia–Uruguay relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 November 1843.[143]

  • Bolivia has an embassy in Montevideo.
  • Uruguay has an embassy in La Paz and a consulate-general in Santa Cruz de Sierra.
File:Flag of Venezuela.svg Venezuela 14 September 1883 See Bolivia–Venezuela relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 14 September 1883.[24]

On November 15, 2019, the Interim President of Bolivia Jeanine Áñez severed the diplomatic relations with Venezuela and accused Venezuelans with ties to that country's embassy in La Paz of "plotting against internal security" in Bolivia. On November 12, 2020, President Luis Arce reestablished diplomatic relations with Venezuela.[144]

Asia

Country Formal Relations Began Notes
File:Flag of Azerbaijan.svg Azerbaijan 8 July 1996 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 8 July 1996.[145]
  • Azerbaijan is accredited to Bolivia from its embassy in Buenos Aires, Argentina.[146]
File:Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg China 9 July 1985 See Bolivia–China relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 9 July 1985.[147]

Since the establishment of diplomatic ties between China and Bolivia in 1985, relations have expanded from economic and cultural ties to military, transport, infrastructure, raw materials, education and other areas. The two countries recently celebrated 25th anniversary of diplomatic ties in Beijing, July 9, 2010. In August 2010, China and Bolivia agreed to continue to develop military ties and cooperation.

  • Bolivia has an embassy in Beijing.
  • China has an embassy in La Paz.
File:Flag of India.svg India 1958 See Bolivia–India relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1958.[148]

  • Bolivia has an embassy in New Delhi.
  • India has an embassy in La Paz.
File:Flag of Indonesia.svg Indonesia 1963 Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1963.[149]
  • Bolivia is accredited to Indonesia from its embassy in Beijing, China.
  • Indonesia is accredited to Bolivia from its embassy in Lima, Peru.[150]
File:Flag of Iran.svg Iran 8 September 2007 See Bolivia–Iran relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 8 September 2007.[100]

Relations between Iran and Bolivia were strengthened during the presidencies of Evo Morales and Mahmoud Ahmadinejad. Morales supported Iran's right to peaceful nuclear energy, while Iran has expanded economic relations and investments in Bolivia. Morales visited Iran more than once.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".

  • Bolivia has an embassy in Tehran.
  • Iran has an embassy in La Paz.
File:Flag of Israel.svg Israel Template:Dts,
Severed in January 2009,
Restored on 28 November 2019,
Severed on 31 October 2023,
Restored on 9 December 2025 		See Bolivia–Israel relations

In January 2009, Bolivia limited its relations with Israel in the wake of Israeli strikes in Gaza in response to rocket attacks on Israel. Bolivia reportedly promised to take Israel to an international court for alleged war crimes committed against Palestinians in Gaza. On 30 July 2014, Bolivian relations with Israel were further strained. During the 2014 Israel–Gaza conflict, Bolivian President Evo Morales declared Israel a "terrorist state" for alleged human rights abuses against Palestinians.[151][152] Following this, Morales canceled a 30-year agreement that allowed Israelis to visit Bolivia without visas.[153] Following a political crisis, the interim Jeanine Áñez presidency once again normalized relations with Israel.[154] After the landslide elections in October 2020 ousted Áñez from the presidency, Vice President David Choquehuanca reasserted Bolivia's commitment to the Palestinian cause, saying, "the crimes committed by the Zionist regime, especially against civilians, especially women and children, should not be forgotten, but rather tried in an exemplary manner."[155] Severed diplomatic relations in 2009 and Restored on 28 November 2019. On 31 October 2023 Bolivia severed diplomatic ties with Israel in the wake of Israel's attack on the Gaza Strip.[156] Israel and Bolivia renew diplomatic relations on 9 December 2025[50]

File:Flag of Japan.svg Japan 3 April 1914 See Bolivia–Japan relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 3 April 1914.[157]

  • Bolivia has an embassy in Tokyo.
  • Japan has an embassy in La Paz and a consular office in Santa Cruz de la Sierra.
File:Flag of Malaysia.svg Malaysia 1977 Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1977.[158]
  • Bolivia is accredited to Malaysia from its embassy in Tokyo, Japan.[159]
  • Malaysia is accredited to Bolivia from its embassy in Lima, Peru.
File:Flag of the Philippines.svg Philippines 7 January 1970 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 7 January 1970.[64]
  • Bolivia is accredited to the Philippines from its embassy in Tokyo, Japan.
  • Philippines is accredited to Bolivia from its embassy in Buenos Aires, Argentina and has two honorary consulates in La Paz and Santa Cruz de la Sierra.[160]
File:Flag of South Korea.svg South Korea 25 April 1965 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 April 1965.[61]
  • Bolivia has an embassy in Seoul.
  • South Korea has an embassy in La Paz.
File:Flag of Turkey.svg Turkey 26 July 1950 See Bolivia–Turkey relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 26 July 1950.[161]

  • Bolivia has an embassy in Ankara.
  • Turkey has an embassy in La Paz.[162]
  • Trade volume between the two countries was US$130 million in 2019 (Bolivian exports/imports: 108/22 million USD).[162]
Script error: No such module "flag". 10 February 1987

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 February 1987.[163]

Bolivia's embassy in Beijing, China, functions as the non-resident embassy to Vietnam.[164] Vietnam is accredited to Bolivia, from its embassy in Brazil and has an honorary consulate in Santa Cuz de la Sierra.[165]

Europe

Country Formal Relations Began Notes
File:Flag of Denmark.svg Denmark See Bolivia–Denmark relations
  • Bolivia is accredited to Denmark from its embassy in Berlin, Germany.[166]
  • Denmark is accredited to Bolivia from its embassy in Bogotá, Colombia.[167]
File:Flag of France.svg France 9 September 1833 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 9 September 1833 when has been appointed M. Buchet-Martigny as Chargé d'Affaires of France to Bolivia.[168]
  • Bolivia has an embassy in Paris.
  • France has an embassy in La Paz.
File:Flag of Germany.svg Germany 16 May 1902 See Bolivia–Germany relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 16 May 1902.[169] After the Second World War, diplomatic relations were established with the Federal Republic of Germany on 30 December 1952.[46]

Diplomatic relations between the two states were broken during World War I. Relations were restored after the war under the agreement concluded on July 20, 1921.

  • Bolivia has an embassy in Berlin.
  • Germany has an embassy in La Paz.
File:Flag of Poland.svg Poland 3 September 1935 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 3 September 1935.[170]
  • Bolivia is accredited to Poland from its embassy in Berlin, Germany.[171]
  • Poland is accredited to Bolivia from its embassy in Lima, Peru.
File:Flag of Russia.svg Russia 9 August 1898 See Bolivia–Russia relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 9 August 1898 and diplomatic relations between Bolivia and Soviet Union were established on 18 April 1945.[172]

With Bolivia the focus on relations with Russia is mainly economic, as opposed to political and strategic, as an agreement to invest in Bolivia's natural gas fields shows. It is seen to "help Latin America...[as it] expands Latin America's economic opportunities, diversifies its relationships...that's healthy."[173]

2008 saw, as a first step to re-establish ties with Russia, the Bolivian government had plans to purchase a small batch of helicopters. Ambassador Leonid Golubev told The Associated Press that he would like to see Russia's ties to Bolivia one day "approach the level" of its growing partnership with Venezuela.[174] [175]

In 2009 amid improving relations between the two countries Bolivia and Russia signed various agreements pertaining to energy and military ties, mining activities and illegal drug eradication. [174][176]

  • Bolivia has an embassy in Moscow.
  • Russia has an embassy in La Paz.
File:Flag of Slovakia.svg Slovakia 1 January 1993 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 January 1993.[87]
  • Bolivia is accredited to Slovakia from its embassy in Vienna, Austria.[177]
  • Slovakia is accredited to Bolivia from its embassy in Buenos Aires, Argentina.[178]
File:Flag of Spain.svg Spain 21 July 1847 See Bolivia–Spain relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 21 July 1847.[179]

A diplomatic crisis with Spain in 2005 due to a misunderstanding was quickly resolved by Prime Minister José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero and Spain became the first European country visited by Evo Morales on January 4, 2006. However, there remain problems surrounding the exploitation of oil and gas fields in the country by Spanish corporations like Repsol.

Bolivian President Evo Morales met King Juan Carlos and held talks with Zapatero during a visit to Spain in September 2009 with the intention of resolving issues concerning the nationalisation of the Bolivian energy sector. The move has the potential to hurt some Spanish companies however relations were said to be "positive" between the Bolivian state and Spanish private sector energy companies. Evo Morales said that Bolivia is ready to accept outside investment in its energy and natural resource industries as long as foreign firms do not act as owners and that Bolivia is "looking for investment, be it from private or state sector. We want partners, not owners of our natural resources."

It was suggested that Bolivia would also negotiate with Spanish companies to produce car parts and lithium batteries in the future.[180]

File:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg United Kingdom 14 April 1848 See Bolivia–United Kingdom relations
File:Ambassador of Bolivia to the United Kingdom (12950792173).jpg
Foreign Office Minister Hugo Swire with Ambassador of Bolivia to the United Kingdom Roberto Calzadilla in London, March 2014.

The UK established diplomatic relations with the United Kingdom on 29 September 1840.[183]

  • Bolivia maintains an embassy in London.[184]
  • The United Kingdom is accredited to Bolivia through its embassy in La Paz.[185]

Both countries share common membership of the International Criminal Court, the United Nations, and the World Trade Organization. Bilaterally the two countries have a Double Taxation Convention.[186]

See also

References

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  2. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  3. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  4. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  5. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  6. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  7. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1". Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  8. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  9. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  10. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  11. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  12. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  13. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  14. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  15. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  16. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  17. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  18. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  19. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  20. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  21. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  22. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  23. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  24. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  25. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  26. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  27. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  28. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  29. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  30. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  31. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  32. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  33. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  34. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  35. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  36. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  37. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  38. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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  40. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  41. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  42. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  43. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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  50. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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  76. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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  80. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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  96. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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  98. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  99. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  100. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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  109. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  110. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  111. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  112. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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  115. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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  157. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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  160. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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  162. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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  169. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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  173. ↑ Voice of AmericaScript error: No such module "Unsubst".Template:Cbignore
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  181. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".Script error: No such module "Unsubst".
  182. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  183. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  184. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  185. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  186. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

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