Foreign relations of Iceland

Iceland took control of its foreign affairs in 1918 when it became a sovereign country, the Kingdom of Iceland, in a personal union with the King of Denmark. As a fully independent state, Iceland could have joined the League of Nations in 1920, but chose not to do so for cost reasons. It negotiated with Denmark to initially carry out most of its foreign relations, while maintaining full control. Denmark appointed a diplomatic envoy (Ambassador) to Iceland in 1919 and Iceland reciprocated in 1920, opening an embassy in Copenhagen. Iceland established its own Foreign Service in April 1940 when Denmark became occupied by Nazi Germany and ties between the two countries were severed. The Republic of Iceland was founded in 1944. The Icelandic foreign service grew slowly in the post-WWII period, but increased rapidly after the mid-1990s. Iceland's closest relations are with the Nordic states, the European Union and the United States. Iceland has been a member of the United Nations since 1946. Iceland was a founding member of the World Bank in 1946 and NATO in 1949. In terms of European integration, Iceland was a founding member of the OEEC (now OECD) in 1948 and the Nordic Council in 1952, it joined EFTA in 1970, was a founding member of the CSCE (now OSCE) in 1973 and the EEA in 1992 and joined Schengen in 1996.

From 1951 to 2006, there was an American military base and troop presence in Iceland. During the Cold War, Iceland had a close but contentious relationship with the United States, leading some scholars to describe Iceland as a "rebellious ally" and "reluctant ally." Iceland repeatedly threatened to leave NATO or cancel the US defence agreement during the Cold War. As a consequence, the United States provided Iceland with extensive economic assistance and diplomatic support. Iceland hosted the historic 1986 Reagan-Gorbachev summit in Reykjavík, which set the stage for the end of the Cold War.

Fishing rights

Iceland's principal historical international disputes involved disagreements over fishing rights. Conflict with the United Kingdom led to the so-called Cod Wars in 1952–56 because of the extension of the fishing zone from 3 to 4 nautical miles (6 to 7 km), 1958–61 because of extending the fishing zone to 12 nautical miles (22 km) in 1972–73 because of its further extension to 50 nautical miles (93 km) and in 1975–76 because of its extension to 200 nautical miles (370 km). Disagreements with Norway and Russia over fishing rights in the Barents Sea were successfully resolved in 2000.

Whaling

Certain environmentalists are concerned that Iceland left the International Whaling Commission (IWC) in June 1992 in protest of an IWC decision to refuse to lift the ban on whaling, after the IWC Scientific Committee had determined that the taking of certain species could safely be resumed. That year, Iceland established a separate commission – along with Norway, Greenland and the Faroe Islands – for the conservation, management, and study of marine mammals. Since then, Iceland has resumed whaling for scientific purpose and has rejoined the IWC (in October 2002). The Icelandic Fisheries Ministry issued a permit to hunt 39 whales for commercial purposes on 17 October 2006. 25 states delivered a formal diplomatic protest to the Icelandic government on 1 November concerning resumed commercial whaling. The protest was led by the United Kingdom and supported by others such as Finland and Sweden.

Recognition of post-Soviet states

Iceland was the first country to recognize the regained independence of Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan from the USSR in 1990–1991. Similarly, it was the first country to recognize Montenegro's independence from its former union with Serbia. Iceland was also the first country to recognize Croatia, having done so on 19 December 1991. Significantly, Iceland was also the first Western state to recognise Palestine when it did so in 2011. Iceland also is the greatest Nordic contributor per capita to NATO-led troops in Bosnia and Kosovo, to the police in Bosnia and to Bosnian/Kosovan reconstruction, resettlement and relief efforts.

Membership in international organizations

Iceland is a member of the following organisations: North Atlantic Treaty Organization; Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe; International Criminal Court; International Bank for Reconstruction and Development; International Development Association; International Finance Corporation; Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development; European Economic Area; European Free Trade Association; Council of Europe; International Criminal Police Organization; and the United Nations, since 19 November 1946, and most of its specialized agencies, including the International Monetary Fund, World Trade Organization, Food and Agriculture Organization, International Atomic Energy Agency, International Civil Aviation Organization, International Labour Organization, International Maritime Organization, International Telecommunication Union, United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization, Universal Postal Union, World Health Organization, World Meteorological Organization and the International Whaling Commission.

Iceland was given the opportunity to join the League of Nations in 1920, but opted not to, primarily due to limited administrative resources. Iceland joined the UN in 1945 but took until 1965 to establish a permanent mission.

In the IMF, Iceland is in the Nordic-Baltic constituency of the 24-member executive board of the IMF, along with Denmark, Finland, Norway, Sweden, Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia.

International disputes

Rockall

Iceland has an ongoing dispute with Denmark (on behalf of the Faroe Islands) on the one hand and with the UK and Ireland on the other hand, concerning claims to the continental shelf in the Hatton–Rockall area of the North Atlantic under the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (1982). Iceland's claim covers virtually the entire area claimed by the other three countries, except for a small portion in the south-east corner of the Irish claim, while the Faroes claim most of the area claimed by the UK and Ireland. Negotiations continue between the four countries in the hope of making a joint proposal to the United Nations Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf by May 2009.

Deposit insurance

Following the collapse of Icesave sparking the 2008–2011 Icelandic financial crisis, the U.K. and the Netherlands offered to insure the deposits of the bank's customers. They then sought repayment from Iceland, which held a referendum on the issue in 2010 and 2011, both of which failed. The two governments then said they would take the issue to European courts to seek redress they alleged is owed to them. In January 2013 the EFTA court cleared Iceland of all charges.

European Union application

File:Iceland Reykjavík Port Whaling Ships.jpg

Iceland's reluctance to join the EU's Common Fisheries Policy is a major stumbling bloc to accession

Iceland has had a close relationship with the European Union (EU) throughout its development, but has remained outside (instead, joining the European Free Trade Area or EFTA). In 1972, the two sides signed a free trade agreement and in 1994 Iceland joined the European Economic Area which let itself and other non-EU states have access to the EU's internal market in exchange for Iceland contributing funds and applying EU law in relevant areas. The EU is Iceland's most important trading partner with a strong trade surplus in 2008/9 in terms of goods, services and foreign direct investment. Iceland also participates in the Schengen Area (as well as relevant police and judicial cooperation) and has non-voting representation in some EU agencies.

However, after Iceland's financial crash in 2008, it has sought membership of the EU and the euro. Iceland applied on 16 July 2009 and negotiations formally began 17 June 2011. After an agreement is concluded, the accession treaty must be ratified by every EU state and be subject to a national referendum in Iceland. Since the application was submitted, popular support has declined and contentious issues around Icelandic fisheries may derail negotiations. However the Icelandic government is confident an agreement can be reached based on the flexibility shown by the EU in its previous negotiations with Norway.

In 2014, Iceland froze their application to join the European Union.

Agreed Minute

The Agreed Minute was a statute governing the nature of the U.S. military presence in Iceland. The Agreed Minute was last renegotiated in 2001. At the time, the U.S. Air Force committed itself to maintaining four to six interceptors at the Keflavík base, supported by a helicopter rescue squad. The Air Force, in order to cut costs, announced plans to remove the four remaining jets in 2003. The removal was then delayed to address Icelandic demands for continued presence of the jets. After an unfruitful series of negotiations and two reshuffles of the Icelandic government the issue lay dormant until early 2006 when the U.S. Air Force issued an official statement that withdrawal of the aircraft was already being prepared. U.S. officials have since then argued that Iceland is in no need of a military presence.

NATO allies since then conduct air policing after the U.S. Air Force withdrawal.

Diplomatic relations

List of countries which Iceland maintains diplomatic relations with:

File:Diplomatic relations of Iceland.svg
#	Country	Date
1	Denmark	Template:Dts
2	United Kingdom	Template:Dts
3	Sweden	Template:Dts
4	Norway	Template:Dts
5	United States	Template:Dts
6	Russia	Template:Dts
7	Italy	Template:Dts
8	Belgium	Template:Dts
9	France	Template:Dts
10	Netherlands	Template:Dts
11	Czech Republic	Template:Dts
12	Poland	Template:Dts
13	Canada	Template:Dts
14	Switzerland	Template:Dts
15	Finland	Template:Dts
16	Portugal	Template:Dts
17	Ireland	Template:Dts
18	Iran	Template:Dts
19	Spain	Template:Dts
20	Israel	Template:Dts
21	Argentina	Template:Dts
22	Brazil	Template:Dts
23	Germany	Template:Dts
24	Serbia	Template:Dts
25	Hungary	Template:Dts
26	Cuba	Template:Dts
27	Romania	Template:Dts
28	Japan	Template:Dts
29	Turkey	Template:Dts
30	Greece	Template:Dts
31	Luxembourg	Template:Dts
32	South Korea	Template:Dts
33	Chile	Template:Dts
34	Bulgaria	Template:Dts
35	Mexico	Template:Dts
36	Austria	Template:Dts
37	Peru	Template:Dts
38	Egypt	Template:Dts
39	Ethiopia	Template:Dts
40	Niger	Template:Dts
41	Tunisia	Template:Dts
42	Nigeria	Template:Dts
43	China	Template:Dts
44	India	Template:Dts
45	Lebanon	Template:Dts
46	North Korea	Template:Dts
47	Vietnam	Template:Dts
48	Kenya	Template:Dts
49	Mongolia	Template:Dts
50	Bahamas	Template:Dts
51	Thailand	Template:Dts
52	Albania	Template:Dts
–	Holy See	Template:Dts
53	Pakistan	Template:Dts
54	Cape Verde	Template:Dts
55	Ghana	Template:Dts
56	Tanzania	Template:Dts
57	Iraq	Template:Dts
58	Bangladesh	Template:Dts
59	Bahrain	Template:Dts
60	San Marino	Template:Dts
61	Barbados	Template:Dts
62	Cyprus	Template:Dts
63	Venezuela	Template:Dts
64	Nepal	Template:Dts
65	Colombia	Template:Dts
66	Saudi Arabia	Template:Dts
67	Nicaragua	Template:Dts
68	Grenada	Template:Dts
69	Algeria	Template:Dts
70	Indonesia	Template:Dts
71	Yemen	Template:Dts
72	Lesotho	Template:Dts
73	Australia	Template:Dts
74	Somalia	Template:Dts
75	Morocco	Template:Dts
76	Angola	Template:Dts
77	New Zealand	Template:Dts
78	Maldives	Template:Dts
79	Botswana	Template:Dts
80	Seychelles	Template:Dts
81	Jordan	Template:Dts
82	Namibia	Template:Dts
83	Uruguay	Template:Dts
84	Estonia	Template:Dts
85	Latvia	Template:Dts
86	Lithuania	Template:Dts
87	Slovenia	Template:Dts
88	Oman	Template:Dts
89	Ukraine	Template:Dts
90	Liechtenstein	Template:Dts
91	Croatia	Template:Dts
92	Template:Country data Georgia	Template:Dts
93	Slovakia	Template:Dts
94	Marshall Islands	Template:Dts
95	Guatemala	Template:Dts
96	Eswatini	Template:Dts
97	Template:Country data North Macedonia	Template:Dts
98	Moldova	Template:Dts
99	South Africa	Template:Dts
100	Andorra	Template:Dts
101	Kuwait	Template:Dts
102	Bosnia and Herzegovina	Template:Dts
103	Costa Rica	Template:Dts
104	Turkmenistan	Template:Dts
105	Mozambique	Template:Dts
106	Armenia	Template:Dts
107	Uzbekistan	Template:Dts
108	Azerbaijan	Template:Dts
109	Malta	Template:Dts
110	Malawi	Template:Dts
111	Sri Lanka	Template:Dts
112	Philippines	Template:Dts
113	Singapore	Template:Dts
114	Panama	Template:Dts
115	Malaysia	Template:Dts
116	Jamaica	Template:Dts
117	El Salvador	Template:Dts
118	Kyrgyzstan	Template:Dts
119	Belarus	Template:Dts
120	Burkina Faso	Template:Dts
121	Qatar	Template:Dts
122	Sudan	Template:Dts
123	Cambodia	Template:Dts
124	Dominican Republic	Template:Dts
125	United Arab Emirates	Template:Dts
126	Timor-Leste	Template:Dts
127	Ecuador	Template:Dts
128	Mauritius	Template:Dts
129	Nauru	Template:Dts
130	Antigua and Barbuda	Template:Dts
131	Libya	Template:Dts
132	Afghanistan	Template:Dts
133	Paraguay	Template:Dts
134	Senegal	Template:Dts
135	Chad	Template:Dts
136	Saint Kitts and Nevis	Template:Dts
137	Syria	Template:Dts
138	Gambia	Template:Dts
139	Rwanda	Template:Dts
140	Guinea	Template:Dts
141	Kazakhstan	Template:Dts
142	Saint Vincent and the Grenadines	Template:Dts
143	Uganda	Template:Dts
144	Dominica	Template:Dts
145	Belize	Template:Dts
146	Mali	Template:Dts
147	Zambia	Template:Dts
148	Papua New Guinea	Template:Dts
149	Laos	Template:Dts
150	Equatorial Guinea	Template:Dts
151	Honduras	Template:Dts
152	Bolivia	Template:Dts
153	Guinea-Bissau	Template:Dts
154	Federated States of Micronesia	Template:Dts
155	Vanuatu	Template:Dts
156	Eritrea	Template:Dts
157	Mauritania	Template:Dts
158	Palau	Template:Dts
159	Samoa	Template:Dts
160	Comoros	Template:Dts
161	Suriname	Template:Dts
162	Togo	Template:Dts
163	Republic of the Congo	Template:Dts
164	Benin	Template:Dts
165	Guyana	Template:Dts
166	Gabon	Template:Dts
167	Djibouti	Template:Dts
168	Tuvalu	Template:Dts
169	Kiribati	Template:Dts
170	Ivory Coast	Template:Dts
171	Haiti	Template:Dts
172	Tajikistan	Template:Dts
173	Brunei	Template:Dts
174	Saint Lucia	Template:Dts
175	Madagascar	Template:Dts
176	Montenegro	Template:Dts
177	Sierra Leone	Template:Dts
178	Liberia	Template:Dts
179	Burundi	Template:Dts
180	Democratic Republic of the Congo	Template:Dts
181	Solomon Islands	Template:Dts
182	Cameroon	Template:Dts
183	São Tomé and Príncipe	Template:Dts
184	Tonga	Template:Dts
185	Fiji	Template:Dts
186	South Sudan	Template:Dts
–	Kosovo	Template:Dts
–	Template:Country data State of Palestine	Template:Dts
187	Myanmar	Template:Dts
188	Trinidad and Tobago	Template:Dts
189	Monaco	Template:Dts
–	Cook Islands	Template:Dts

Bilateral relations

Iceland's first embassy was established in Copenhagen in 1920. The second and third embassies were opened in London and Sweden in 1940. That same year, a consulate-general was installed in New York (a year later, an embassy was opened in Washington D.C.). The Icelandic foreign service grew slowly (both in terms of missions and staff) in the post-WWII period, but increased rapidly after the mid-1990s. The Icelandic foreign service is vastly smaller than those of its Nordic neighbors.

Africa

  No formal diplomatic relations

Country	Diplomatic Relations Established	Notes
Burkina Faso	2001	Burkina Faso is represented in Iceland by its embassy in Copenhagen, Denmark.
Kenya	2001	Kenya is represented in Iceland by its embassy in Kampala, Uganda
Malawi	1989	Iceland has an embassy in Lilongwe Iceland is represented in Malawi through its High Commission in London
Mauritania	2004	Mauritania is represented in Iceland by its embassy in Brussels, Belgium. Iceland is represented in Mauritania by its Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Reykjavík.
Sierra Leone	2006	Iceland has an embassy in Freetown
Uganda	2004	Iceland has an embassy in Kampala

Americas

Country	Diplomatic Relations Established	Notes
Canada	1947	See Canada–Iceland relations Canada has an embassy in Reykjavík. Iceland has an embassy in Ottawa and a consulate-general in Winnipeg.
Dominica	2004	Both countries established diplomatic relations in 2004. Iceland is represented in Dominica through its embassy in New York City, United States. Both countries have an agreement on cooperation on geothermal energy.
Mexico	24 March 1964	See Iceland–Mexico relations Iceland is accredited to Mexico from its embassy in Washington D.C., United States and maintains honorary consulates in Campeche City and in Mexico City. Mexico is accredited to Iceland from its embassy in Copenhagen, Denmark and maintains an honorary consulate in Reykjavík.
Paraguay	2004	Iceland is represented in Paraguay by its embassy in Washington, United States. Paraguay is represented in Iceland by its embassy in London, United Kingdom.
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines	27 May 2004	Both countries established diplomatic relations on 27 May 2004. Iceland is represented in Saint-Vincent-and-the-Grenadines by its Mission to the United Nations in New York City, United States.
Saint Kitts and Nevis	2004	Iceland is represented in Saint Kitts and Nevis by its Mission to the United Nations in New York City, United States.
United States	1 July 1941	See Iceland–United States relations Iceland and the U.S. are NATO allies. The United States prides itself on being the first country to recognize the regained independence of Iceland. Iceland has an embassy in Washington, D.C., and a consulate-general in New York City. United States has an embassy in Reykjavík.

Asia

  No formal diplomatic relations

Country	Diplomatic Relations Established	Notes
China	1971	See China–Iceland relations In May 1972, China assigned the first resident ambassador to Iceland. In January 1995, Iceland set up its embassy in Beijing and assigned its first resident ambassador to China. In December 1995, China resumed the practice of sending resident ambassadors to Iceland (between 1983 and 1995, the Chinese ambassador to Copenhagen, Denmark was also accredited to Iceland). In April 2013 Iceland entered into a free trade agreement with China. Iceland has an honorary consulate in Hong Kong. The honorary consulate is also accredited to Macao.
India	1972	See Iceland–India relations India has an embassy in Reykjavík. Iceland has an embassy in New Delhi and two consulates in Mumbai and Chennai.
Iran	1948	Iceland is accredited to Iran from its embassy in Oslo. Iran is accredited to Iceland from its embassy in Oslo.
Israel	May 1948	See Iceland–Israel relations Iceland is accredited to Israel directly from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and maintains an honorary consulate in Tel Aviv. Israel is accredited to Iceland from its embassy in Oslo, Norway and maintains an honorary consulate in Reykjavík.
Japan	8 December 1956	See Iceland–Japan relations Both countries find common interest on the matter of whaling. Iceland has an embassy in Tokyo and 3 honorary consulates in Kyoto, Nagano-shi, Tokyo. Japan has an embassy in Reykjavík. Japan Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with Iceland
Pakistan	1976	Pakistan maintain cordinal diplomatic relations with Iceland.
Template:Country data Palestine	2011	See Iceland–Palestine relations On 29 November 2011, the parliament of Iceland passed a resolution that authorized the government to officially recognize the state of Palestine within the 1967 borders. Iceland was the first (and, until 2024, only) Western European country to recognise the independence of Palestine. Full diplomatic relations exist between the two states. Iceland's representative to Palestine is a non-resident based at the Ministry for Foreign Affairs in Reykjavík, while Palestine's ambassador to Iceland is also a non-resident based in Oslo, Norway.
Philippines	24 February 1999	See Iceland–Philippines relations Iceland has its representation in the Philippines through its embassy in Tokyo, Japan, and the Philippines' ambassador in Oslo, Norway is also accredited to Iceland; although both countries established honorary consulates in Reykjavík and Makati, Metro Manila, respectively.
South Korea	10 October 1962	See Iceland–South Korea relations The establishment of diplomatic relations between the Republic of Iceland and the Republic of Korea began on 10 October 1962. The Republic of Iceland and the Republic of Korea relations are primarily based on cooperation over maritime issues such as whaling and bottom trawling and on bi-lateral trade in technology and fish products although there are various other ways in which the two countries interact.
Turkey	1957	See Iceland–Turkey relations Turkish Embassy in Oslo is accredited to Iceland, while the Icelandic Embassy in Copenhagen is accredited to Turkey. Both countries are full members of NATO.

Europe

Country	Diplomatic Relations Established	Notes
Albania	1976	See Albania–Iceland relations Albania is accredited to Iceland from its embassy in Stockholm, Sweden. Iceland is accredited to Albania from its embassy in Stockholm, Sweden and has an honorary consulate in Tirana. Both countries are members of NATO and of Council of Europe.
Austria	1928	Iceland has an embassy in Vienna. Iceland is accredited to Austria from its Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Reykjavík. Austrian Ministry of Foreign Affairs: list of bilateral treaties with Iceland (in German only) See also: Austrians in Iceland and Icelandics in Austria
Belgium	1945	Belgium is represented in Iceland through its embassy in Oslo and an honorary consulate in Reykjavík. Iceland has an embassy in Brussels. Both countries are full members of NATO.
Cyprus	1979	Cyprus is represented in Iceland by its embassy in Copenhagen, Denmark. Iceland is represented in Cyprus by its embassy in Stockholm, Sweden.
Czech Republic	1993-01-01	See Czech Republic–Iceland relations The Czech Republic is represented in Iceland through an honorary consulate in Reykjavík. Iceland is represented in the Czech Republic through its embassy in Vienna (Austria) and through an honorary consulate in Prague. Both countries are full members of NATO.
Denmark	1918	See Denmark–Iceland relations Iceland was a part of the Kingdom of Denmark from 1814 to 1918 and a separate kingdom in a personal union with Denmark until 1944, when Iceland declared independence. Denmark has an embassy in Reykjavík. Iceland has an embassy in Copenhagen and consulates-general in the Danish territories of Nuuk, Greenland and in Tórshavn, Faroe Islands. Both countries are full members of NATO.
Estonia	Template:Dts	See Estonia–Iceland relations Iceland was the first country to re-recognized Estonia's independence on 22 August 1991. Estonia is accredited to Iceland through its embassy in Oslo, Norway and maintains an honorary consulate in Reykjavík. Iceland is accredited to Estonia from its embassy in Helsinki, Finland. Both countries are full members of NATO, of the Council of Europe and of the Council of the Baltic Sea States. Estonia and Iceland have a joint embassy in Beijing, China.
Finland	1947	See Finland–Iceland relations Finland has an embassy in Reykjavík. Iceland has an embassy in Helsinki. Both countries are full members of the Council of Europe and NATO.
France	1945	See France–Iceland relations France has an embassy in Reykjavík. Iceland has an embassy in Paris. Both countries are full members of NATO.
Germany	1952	See Germany–Iceland relations Iceland has an embassy in Berlin. Germany has an embassy in Reykjavík. Both countries are NATO members. See also: Germans in Iceland and Icelandics in Germany
Greece	1958	See Greece–Iceland relations Greece is represented in Iceland through its embassy in Oslo (Norway) and through an honorary consulate in Reykjavík. Iceland is represented in Greece through its embassy in Oslo (Norway) and through an honorary consulate in Athens. Both countries are full members of NATO.
Hungary	1955	Hungary is represented in Iceland by its embassy in Oslo, Norway. Both countries are full members of NATO.
Ireland	11 March 1948	See Iceland–Ireland relations Iceland is represented in Ireland through its embassy in London (United Kingdom) and through an honorary consulate in Dublin. Ireland is represented in Iceland through its embassy in Copenhagen (Denmark) and through an honorary consulate in Garðabær. Both countries are full members of Council of Europe.
Italy	1945	Iceland is accredited to Italy from its embassy in Paris. Italy is represented in Iceland through its embassy in Oslo (Norway) and an honorary consulate in Reykjavík. Both countries are full members of the Council of Europe, of NATO and of Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.
Latvia	1991-08-22	See Iceland–Latvia relations Iceland was the first country to recognise the independence of Latvia in August 1991. Iceland is represented in Latvia through its embassy in Helsinki (Finland). Latvia is represented in Iceland through its embassy in Oslo (Norway) and an honorary consulate in Reykjavík. Both countries are full members of NATO.
Lithuania	1991-08-05	See Iceland–Lithuania relations Iceland was the first country to recognise the independence of Lithuania in February 1991. Iceland is represented in Lithuania through its embassy in Helsinki (Finland). Lithuania is represented in Iceland through its embassy in Copenhagen (Denmark) and 2 honorary consulates (in Mosfellsbær and Reykjavík). Both countries are full members of the Council of the Baltic Sea States, of NATO, and of the Council of Europe. There was 1.652 Lithuanians living in Iceland 2015. Lithuanian Ministry of Foreign Affairs: list of bilateral treaties with Iceland (in Lithuanian only) Template:Webarchive
Netherlands	1946	Iceland is represented in the Netherlands by its embassy in Oslo, Norway. The Netherlands is represented in Iceland by its embassy in Brussels, Belgium. See also: Dutchs in Iceland and Icelandics in the Netherlands Both countries are full members of NATO.
Template:Country data North Macedonia	1993	Iceland is represented in North Macedonia through its embassy in Vienna, Austria. North Macedonia is represented in Iceland through its embassy in London, England, and an honorary consulate in Reykjavík. Both countries are full members of NATO.
Norway	1940	See Iceland–Norway relations Iceland has an embassy in Oslo. Norway has an embassy in Reykjavík. Both countries are full members of NATO.
Poland	January 1946	See Iceland–Poland relations Iceland has an embassy in Warsaw. Poland has an embassy in Reykjavík. Both countries are full members of NATO.
Russia	1943	See Iceland–Russia relations Iceland has an embassy in Moscow. Russia has an embassy in Reykjavík. Both countries have close ties in financing, which has strengthened the relations between the two. Iceland also called Russia as its "new friend" after having been turned down by its traditional allies for an emergency loan to boost the balance sheet of its second largest commercial bank. On August 1, 2023, Iceland suspended its embassy operations in Moscow.
Serbia	2000	Both countries have established diplomatic relations in 2000. A number of bilateral agreements have been concluded and are in force between both countries.
Spain	1949	See Iceland–Spain relations Iceland has an embassy in Madrid. Spain is accredited to Iceland from its embassy in Oslo, Norway. Both countries are full members of NATO.
Sweden	1940	See Iceland–Sweden relations The governments of Iceland and Sweden signed on 23 March 1921 a joint declaration for the protection of trade marks. Iceland has an embassy in Stockholm. Sweden has an embassy in Reykjavík. Both countries are full members of the Council of Europe and NATO.
Switzerland	1947	Iceland has an embassy in Geneva (which is accredited to Switzerland and to the United Nations). Switzerland is represented in Iceland through its embassy in Oslo and through an honorary consulate in Reykjavík Both countries are members of Council of Europe and the European Free Trade Association. See also: Swisses in Iceland and Icelandics in Switzerland
Ukraine	1992	See Iceland–Ukraine relations Iceland is represented in Ukraine through its embassy in Warsaw (Poland). Ukraine is represented in Iceland through its embassy in Helsinki (Finland) and through an honorary consulate in Reykjavík. Both countries are full members of the Council of Europe.
United Kingdom	1940	See Iceland–United Kingdom relations Iceland established diplomatic relations with the United Kingdom on 8 May 1940. Iceland maintains an embassy in London. The United Kingdom is accredited to Iceland through its embassy in Reykjavík. The UK occupied Iceland from 10 May 1940 until July 1941, when the United States assumed responsibility of the country. The two countries have a sovereignty dispute over the Rockall Bank. Both countries share common membership of the Atlantic co-operation pact, Council of Europe, Joint Expeditionary Force, NATO, OECD, OSCE, and the World Trade Organization. Bilaterally the two countries have a free trade agreement.

Oceania

Country	Diplomatic Relations Established	Notes
Australia	17 April 1984	Australia is accredited to Iceland from its embassy in Copenhagen, Denmark. Iceland is accredited to Australia from its embassy in Beijing, China.
New Zealand	1988	Iceland is accredited to New Zealand from its embassy in Beijing, China and maintains honorary consulates in Auckland and Nelson. New Zealand is accredited to Iceland from its embassy in The Hague, Netherlands.

See also

• List of diplomatic missions in Iceland
• List of diplomatic missions of Iceland
• Iceland–European Union relations
• Ministry for Foreign Affairs (Iceland)
• Iceland - Establishment of Diplomatic Relations
• Visa policy of Iceland

Further reading

• Baldur Thorhallson (ed.). 2018. Small States and Shelter Theory: Iceland’s External Affairs. Routledge.
• Baldur Thorhallsson (ed.). 2004. Iceland and European Integration: On the Edge. Routledge.
• Pétur J. Thorsteinsson. 1992. Utanríkisþjónusta Íslands og utanríkismál: Sögulegt Yfirlit. Rekjavík: Hið íslenska bókmenntafélag.
• Valur Ingimundarson. 2011. The Rebellious Ally: Iceland, the United States, and the Politics of Empire 1945–2006. Dordrecht Publishing.
• Valur Ingimundarson. 2002. Uppgjör við umheiminn. Reykjavík: Vaka-Helgafell.
• Valur Ingimundarson. 1996. Í eldlínu kalda stríðsins. Reykjavík: Vaka-Helgafell.

External links

• Icelandic Foreign Service Iceland's embassies and missions abroad
• (in Icelandic) Historical overview by Iceland's Ministry of Foreign Affairs
• Iceland's Ministry of Foreign Affairs
• European Commission > The EU's relations with Iceland
  • Template:In lang The Icelandic European Movement (favours Icelandic EU membership)
  • Template:In lang Heimssýn, the cross-political organisation of Icelandic eurosceptics Template:Webarchive

Foreign representations in Iceland

• Canadian Embassy in Iceland
• United States Embassy in Reykjavík Template:Webarchive