Labial–velar consonant

Template:Short description Template:IPA notice Labial–velar consonants are doubly articulated at the velum and the lips, such as . They are sometimes called "labiovelar consonants", a term that can also refer to labialized velars, such as the stop consonant and the approximant .

Labial-velars are often written as digraphs. In the Kâte language, however, is written Q q, and as Ɋ ɋ.

Globally, these types of consonants are quite rare, only existing in two regions: West and Central Africa on the one hand, Eastern New Guinea and northern Vanuatu on the other. There are 2 other isolated cases, allophonically in Vietnamese and in the Adu dialect of Nuosu (Yi).

Plain labial-velar stops

Truly doubly articulated labial-velars include the stops , the nasal , and the implosive . To pronounce them, one must attempt to say the velar consonants but then close their lips for the bilabial component, and then release the lips. While 90% of the occlusion overlaps, the onset of the velar occurs slightly before that of the labial, and the release of the labial occurs slightly after that of the velar so the preceding vowel sounds as if it were followed by a velar, and the following vowel sounds as if it were preceded by a labial. The order of the letters in Template:Angbr IPA and Template:Angbr IPA is therefore not arbitrary but motivated by the phonetic details of the sounds.

Phonemic labial–velars occur in the majority of languages in West and Central Africa (for example in the name of Laurent Gbagbo, former president of Ivory Coast; they are found in many Niger–Congo languages as well as in the Ubangian, Chadic and Central Sudanic families), and are relatively common in the eastern end of New Guinea. The rare implosive is only found in Lese, a Nilo-Saharan language of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. In Southeast Asia, they occur in the Adu dialect of Nuosu (Yi), which aside from its isolated location, is unusual in having a relatively large inventory of labial-velar consonants, including the rare aspirated version: .

Labial–velar stops can also occur as an ejective (unattested) and a voiceless implosive . Floyd (1981) and Clark (1990) report that voiced and voiceless implosives occur in Central Igbo. As stated above, the voiced implosive has been confirmed in Lese.

The Yele language of Rossel Island, Papua New Guinea, has both labial–velars and labial–alveolar consonants. Labial–velar stops and nasals also occur in Vietnamese but only word-finally.

IPA	Description	Example
		Language	Orthography	IPA	Meaning
	voiceless labial–velar stop	Logba	ò-kpàyɔ̀		'God'
	voiced labial–velar stop	Ewe	Èʋegbe		'the Ewe language'
ɠ̊͜ɓ̥	voiceless labial–velar implosive	Central Igbo	kpọ́		'call'
	voiced labial–velar implosive	Lese			'in'
	labial-velar nasal	Vietnamese	cung		'sector'
	prenasalized voiced labial–velar stop	Nen	dénḡ		'old-style bamboo pipe or container'

These sounds are clearly single consonants rather than consonant clusters. For example, Eggon contrasts , , and . The following possibilities are possible if tone is ignored:

Single consonant		Two-consonant sequence
	to pound		to dig
	a dog		to beat, to kill
	a room		a stomach
	to break		to grind
	to die		to kneel
	to arrive		to divide

Allophonic labial-velars are known from Vietnamese, where they are variants of the plain velar consonants and .

Labialized labial-velars

Some languages, especially in Papua New Guinea and in Vanuatu, combine the labial–velar consonants with a labial–velar approximant release: , . The extinct language Volow had a prenasalised labial-velar stop with labialization .

IPA	Description	Example
		Language	Orthography	IPA	Meaning
	voiceless labial–velar stop with labialization	Dorig	rqa		'woman'
	labial-velar nasal with labialization	Mwesen	ēm̄		'house'
	prenasalized voiced labial–velar stop with labialization	Volow	n-leq̄evēn		'woman'

Velar labial clicks

Bilabial clicks are stops that involve closure at both the lips and the soft palate. Treatments often analyze the dorsal articulation as part of the airstream mechanism, and so consider such stops to be labial. However, there may be a distinction between the velar labial clicks and the uvular labial clicks , which is not captured if they are described as simply labial.

See also

• Place of articulation
• List of phonetics topics

References

• Template:SOWL