DIN 31635
Template:Short description DIN 31635 is a Script error: No such module "Lang". (DIN) standard for the transliteration of the Arabic alphabet adopted in 1982. It is based on the rules of the Script error: No such module "Lang". (DMG) as modified by the International Orientalist Congress 1935 in Rome. The most important differences from English-based systems were doing away with j, because it stood for Template:IPAslink in the English-speaking world and for Template:IPAslink in the German-speaking world and the entire absence of digraphs like th, dh, kh, gh, sh. Its acceptance relies less on its official status than on its elegance (one sign for each Arabic letter) and the Geschichte der arabischen Literatur manuscript catalogue of Carl Brockelmann and the dictionary of Hans Wehr. Today it is used in most German-language publications of Arabic and Islamic studies.
Along with rules for the Arabic language, it also includes transliteration standards for Ottoman Turkish, Persian, Kurdish, Urdu, and Pashto.
Table
The 28 letters:
| Arabic letters | Script error: No such module "Lang". / Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang". / Script error: No such module "Lang".[1] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DIN 31635 | Script error: No such module "lang". / Script error: No such module "lang". | b | t | Script error: No such module "lang". | Script error: No such module "lang". | ḥ | Script error: No such module "lang". | d | Script error: No such module "lang". | r | z | s | Script error: No such module "lang". | ṣ | ḍ | ṭ | ẓ | Script error: No such module "lang". | Script error: No such module "lang". | f | q | k | l | m | n | h | w / ū | y / ī |
| ALA-LC | ʼ / ā | th | j | kh | dh | sh | ʻ | gh | ||||||||||||||||||||
| IPA (MSA) | Template:IPA link, Script error: No such module "IPA". | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link |
Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link Template:IPA link |
Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link, Script error: No such module "IPA". | Template:IPA link, Script error: No such module "IPA". |
Rules
The Script error: No such module "lang". (Script error: No such module "lang"., Script error: No such module "lang". and Script error: No such module "lang".) are transliterated as Script error: No such module "lang"., Script error: No such module "lang". and Script error: No such module "lang".. A Script error: No such module "lang". results in a geminate (consonant written twice). The article is written with the sun letters assimilated.
An Script error: No such module "lang". marking Script error: No such module "IPA". is transliterated as Script error: No such module "lang".. The letter (Script error: No such module "Lang".) Script error: No such module "lang". is transliterated as word-final Script error: No such module "lang". normally, or Script error: No such module "lang". in a word in the construct state.
Script error: No such module "lang". has many variants, Script error: No such module "Lang".; depending on its position, all of them are transliterated as Template:Angbr. The initial Script error: No such module "lang". (Script error: No such module "Lang".) without a Script error: No such module "lang". is not transliterated using Script error: No such module "lang". initially, only the initial vowel is transliterated (if pronounced): Script error: No such module "lang"..
(Script error: No such module "Lang".) Script error: No such module "lang". appears as Script error: No such module "lang"., transliterating it indistinguishable from Script error: No such module "lang"..[2] Long vowels Script error: No such module "IPA". and Script error: No such module "IPA". are transliterated as Script error: No such module "lang". and Script error: No such module "lang".. The Script error: No such module "lang". suffix Script error: No such module "IPA". appears as Script error: No such module "lang". although the former is normally transliterated as Script error: No such module "lang"., and nunation is ignored in transliteration. A hyphen Script error: No such module "lang". is used to separate clitics (the article, the prepositions and the conjunction) from words to which they are attached.
The Eastern Arabic numerals (Script error: No such module "Lang".) are rendered as western Arabic numerals (Script error: No such module "lang".).
See also
- Romanization of Arabic
- ISO 233
- Hans Wehr transliteration
- Arabic phonology
- Help:IPA/Arabic (Wikipedia help)
Notes
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- ↑ In Egypt, Sudan and sometimes other regions, the final form is always Script error: No such module "Lang". (without dots).
- ↑ Script error: No such module "Lang". for final Script error: No such module "IPA". is also known as Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". "flexible Script error: No such module "lang".".
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
References
- Script error: No such module "citation/CS1". Reprint (Wiesbaden, 1969)
External links
- Chart of Arabic transliteration systems (non-normative), including DIN 31635, Revision 2.2 (2008-02-25)
- Deutsches Institut für Normung