Cia-Cia language

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File:Ari speaking Cia-Cia.webm
Sample of spoken Cia-Cia, recorded for Wikitongues

Cia-Cia, also known as (South) Buton or Butonese, is an Austronesian language spoken principally around the city of Baubau on the southern tip of Buton island, off the southeast coast of Sulawesi, in Indonesia.[1] It is written using the Latin and Hangul scripts.

Demographics

In 2005, there were 79,000 speakers of Cia-Cia,[2] many of whom also use Wolio, which is closely related to Cia-Cia, as well as Indonesian. Wolio is falling into disuse as a written language among the Cia-Cia, as it is written using the Arabic script, and Indonesian is now taught in schools using the Latin script.[3]Script error: No such module "Unsubst".

File:Cia-Cia.jpg
A student writing in Cia-Cia on a whiteboard, using the hangul script.

Cia-Cia has been privately taught to schoolchildren in the Hangul script since 2008. The students are also taught some basic Korean.[4] The program remained active as of 2024.[5]

Geographic distribution

Cia-Cia is spoken in Southeast Sulawesi, south Buton Island, Binongko Island, and Batu Atas Island.[2]

According to legend, Cia-Cia speakers on Binongko descend from Butonese troops sent by a Butonese sultan.[6]

Name

The name of the language comes from the negator Script error: No such module "Lang"., "no".[2] It is also known as Buton, Butonese, Butung,[2] and in Dutch Script error: No such module "Lang"., names it shares with Wolio, and as South(ern) Buton or Butung.[2][7] The ambiguous name "Buton", often referring generically to various ethnic and linguistic groups of the Buton area,[8] is said to be of Ternatese origin (butu – "market", "marketplace").[9][10] Names such as "South Buton"[2][7] can be used to disambiguate from Wolio, the historically dominant language of the island.[11]

Dialects

The language situation on the island of Buton is very complicated and not known in great detail.[12]

Dialects include Kaesabu, Sampolawa (Mambulu-Laporo), Wabula (with its subvarieties), and Masiri.[13] The Masiri dialect shows the greatest amount of vocabulary in common with the standard dialect.[2] The Pedalaman dialect uses gh—equivalent to r in other dialects—in native vocabulary, and r in loan words.[14]Script error: No such module "Unsubst".

Phonology

Phonology according to Rene van den Berg (1991).[1]

Consonants

Bilabial Alveolar Postalveolar Velar Uvular Glottal
Nasal Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link
Stop voicelessScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link
prenasal vl.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link
voicedScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link
prenasal vd.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link
implosiveScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Template:IPA link Template:IPA link
Fricative Template:IPA link (Template:IPA link) Template:IPA link
Approximant Template:IPA link Template:IPA link (Template:IPA link)
Trill (Template:IPA link) (Template:IPA link)

Notes:

Vowels

Cia-cia has a common five-vowel system.[1][15]

Front Back
Close Template:IPA link Template:IPA link
Mid Template:IPA link Template:IPA link
Open Template:IPA link

/Template:IPA link, Template:IPA link/ may also be heard as open-mid [[[:Template:IPA link]], Template:IPA link].[1]

Orthography

Cia-Cia was once written in a Jawi-like script called Gundhul, based on Arabic, with five additional consonant letters but no signs for vowels.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".

Hangul

In 2009, residents of the city of Baubau set about adopting Hangul, the script for the Korean language, to write Cia-Cia.[16]

The mayor consulted the Indonesian government on the possibility of making the writing system official.[17] However, the project encountered difficulties between the city of Baubau, the Hunminjeongeum Society, and the Seoul Metropolitan Government in 2011.[18] The King Sejong Institute, which had been established in Baubau in 2011 to teach Hangul to locals, abandoned its offices after a year of operation, in 2012;[19] it reopened them in 2022.[20] In December 2023, Agence France-Presse again published an article with interviews showcasing the Hangul effort.[21]

In January 2020, the publication of the first Cia-Cia dictionary in Hangul was announced.[20][22][23] It was published in December 2021.[24]

As of 2024, Hangul remains in use in schools and on local signs.[25][5]

<templatestyles src="Column/styles.css"/>

Cia-Cia alphabets[4][1]Template:Rp[26]
Consonants Vowels
IPA Latin Hangul[27] IPA Latin Hangul[15]
Template:IPAslink g Script error: No such module "Lang". Template:IPAslink a Script error: No such module "Lang".
Template:IPAslink k Script error: No such module "Lang". Template:IPAslink e Script error: No such module "Lang".
Template:IPAslink n Script error: No such module "Lang". Template:IPAslink o Script error: No such module "Lang".
Template:IPAslink d Script error: No such module "Lang". Template:IPAslink u Script error: No such module "Lang".
Template:IPAslink dh Script error: No such module "Lang". Template:IPAslink i Script error: No such module "Lang".
Template:IPAslink t Script error: No such module "Lang". (null) Script error: No such module "Lang".
Template:IPAslink r~gh Script error: No such module "Lang".
Template:IPAslink Script error: No such module "Lang".
Template:IPAslink l Script error: No such module "Lang".Template:EfnTemplate:Efn
Template:IPAslink m Script error: No such module "Lang".
Template:IPAslink b Script error: No such module "Lang".
Template:IPAslink v~w Script error: No such module "Lang".
Template:IPAslink bh Script error: No such module "Lang".
Template:IPAslink p Script error: No such module "Lang".
Template:IPAslink s Script error: No such module "Lang".
Template:IPAslink ’ Script error: No such module "Lang".
Template:IPAslink ng
Template:IPAslink j Script error: No such module "Lang".
Template:IPAslink c Script error: No such module "Lang".
Template:IPAslink h Script error: No such module "Lang".
Template:IPA link mb Script error: No such module "Lang".Template:Efn
Template:IPA link mp Script error: No such module "Lang".Template:Efn
Template:IPA link nd Script error: No such module "Lang".Template:Efn
Template:IPA link nd Script error: No such module "Lang".Template:Efn
Template:IPA link nc Script error: No such module "Lang".Template:Efn
Template:IPA link ŋg Script error: No such module "Lang".Template:Efn
Template:IPA link ŋk Script error: No such module "Lang".Template:Efn

Template:Notelist

Examples

Words

Cia-Cia, like Muna, has three sets of numerals: a free form, a prefixed form, and a reduplicated form.[1] The prefixed form is used before units of 10 (Script error: No such module "Lang".), 100 (Script error: No such module "Lang".), and 1,000 (Script error: No such module "Lang".), and before classifiers and measure nouns. The reduplicated form is used after units of ten when counting. Script error: No such module "Lang". is an irregular exception.[1]

Numerals[28][1]
Latin Hangul
1 Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang".
2 Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang".
3 Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang".
4 Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang".
5 Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang".
6 Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang".
7 Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang".
8 Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang".
9 Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang".
10 Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang".
29 Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang".
80 Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang".

Sentences

An example of the Hangul script, followed by the Latin alphabet and IPA:[29][30]

3R:third person realis 3IR:third person irrealis 3DO:third person direct object 3POS:third person possessive

VM:verbal marker

Template:Interlinear

Rene van den Berg (1991) provides a few more examples.[1]

References

Citations

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  1. ↑ a b c d e f g h i Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  2. ↑ a b c d e f g Cite error: Script error: No such module "Namespace detect".Script error: No such module "Namespace detect".
  3. ↑ Butonese – Orientation
  4. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  5. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  6. ↑ Noorduyn, J. 1991. "A critical survey of studies on the languages of Sulawesi" p. 131.
  7. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  8. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  9. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  10. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  11. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  12. ↑ Noorduyn, J. 1991. "A critical survey of studies on the languages of Sulawesi" p. 130.
  13. ↑ Donohue, Mark. 1999. "A grammar of Tukang Besi". p. 6.
  14. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  15. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  16. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  17. ↑ Lee Tae-hoon, "Hangeul didn't become Cia Cia's official writing", The Korea Times, 6 October 2010.
  18. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  19. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  20. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  21. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  22. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  23. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  24. ↑ Template:Cite Q
  25. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  26. ↑ Template:Cite Q
  27. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  28. ↑ Numbers in Austronesian languages
  29. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  30. ↑ Example is part of a textbook: Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".

Sources

Script error: No such module "Unsubst".

  • Mustafa Abdullah. 1985. Struktur bahasa Cia-Cia. Proyek Penelitian Bahasa dan Sastra Indonesia dan Daerah Sulawesi Selatan, Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan.
  • Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".

External links

Script error: No such module "Portal". Script error: No such module "Side box".

Template:Celebic languages Template:Nuclear Malayo-Polynesian languages Template:Languages of Indonesia

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