Carduus

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search

Template:Short description Template:Automatic taxobox

Carduus is a genus of flowering plants in the family Asteraceae, and the tribe Cardueae, one of two genera considered to be true thistles, the other being Cirsium.[1] Plants of the genus are known commonly as plumeless thistles.[2][3] They are native to temperate Eurasia and North Africa,[4] and several are known elsewhere as introduced species.[3] This genus is noted for its disproportionately high number of noxious weeds compared to other flowering plant genera.[5]

Etymology

The genus name Carduus is from the Latin for "a kind of thistle"[6] or "thistlelike plant".[3] It is related to the word Cardonnacum ("a place of chardons or thistles"), which is the origin of Chardonnay, the name of the grape variety.[7] It is also related to the word card, which as a noun means a device (often a stiff-bristled brush) for aligning and cleaning fibers, and as a verb means the action of processing fibers in that way.

Description

These are usually annual or biennial herbs, sometimes perennial. Species often grow 2 meters in height but are known to reach 4 meters. The erect stems are winged and spiny, and usually have woolly hairs. The leaf blades are hairy to hairless and entire or divided into lobes, and they have spine-toothed edges. The flower heads are solitary or borne in inflorescences of up to 20. The head is spherical to cylindrical and covered in several layers of spreading or curving spine-tipped phyllaries. It contains long, tubular disc florets in shades of white, pink, or purple. The fruit is a cypsela tipped with a pappus of barbed bristles or scales.[3]

Ecology

Several Carduus are notorious invasive plants outside their native range, for example, in Australia[8] and the United States.[9] Species such as C. acanthoides, C. nutans, C. pycnocephalus, and C. tenuiflorus easily become weedy in disturbed habitat, such as overgrazed pasture. C. nutans is allelopathic, producing compounds that inhibit the growth and development of other plants.[9]

Agents of biological pest control that have been used against weedy Carduus thistles include the thistle head weevil (Rhinocyllus conicus), thistle crown weevil (Trichosirocalus horridus), and thistle crown fly (Cheilosia corydon). The musk thistle rust (Puccinia carduorum), a fungus, may also be used against C. nutans.[9]

Species

The genus includes 82 accepted species, and several natural hybrids.[4] Template:Div col

  • Carduus acanthocephalus C.A.Mey.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Carduus acanthoides L.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – spiny plumeless thistle
  • Carduus acicularis Bertol.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Carduus adpressus C.A.Mey.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Carduus affinis Guss.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Carduus amanus Rech.f.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Carduus angusticeps H.Lindb.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Carduus × aragonensis Devesa & TalaveraScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Carduus argentatus L.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Carduus argyroa Biv.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Carduus × arvaticus Font Quer & Rothm.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Carduus asturicus FrancoScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Carduus × atacinus (Arènes) B.BockScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Carduus aurosicus Vill.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Carduus axillaris GaudinScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Carduus baeocephalus WebbScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Carduus ballii Hook.f.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Carduus × bergadensis SennenScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Carduus bourgaei KazmiScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Carduus bourgeanus Boiss. & Reut.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Carduus broteroi Welw. ex Cout.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Carduus × brunneri DöllScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Carduus budaianus Jáv.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Carduus × camplonensis Devesa & TalaveraScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Carduus candicans Waldst. & Kit.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Carduus × cantabricus Devesa & TalaveraScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Carduus carduelis (L.) Gren.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Carduus carlinoides GouanScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Carduus carpetanus Boiss. & Reut.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Carduus cephalanthus Viv.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Carduus chevallieri Baratte ex Chevall.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Carduus chrysacanthus Ten.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Carduus clavulatus LinkScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Carduus collinus Waldst. & Kit.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Carduus corymbosus Ten.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Carduus crispus L.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – curly plumeless thistle, curled thistle, welted thistle
  • Carduus dahuricus (Arènes) KazmiScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Carduus defloratus L.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Carduus edelbergii Rech.f.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Carduus × estivali ArènesScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Carduus × fallax BorbásScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Carduus fasciculiflorus Viv.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Carduus fissurae Nyár.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Carduus getulus PomelScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Carduus × gillotii RouyScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Carduus × grassensis Briq. & Cavill.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Carduus × grenieri Sch.Bip. ex NymanScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Carduus hamulosus Ehrh.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Carduus hazslinszkyanus BudaiScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Carduus hohenackeri KazmiScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Carduus ibicensis (Devesa & Talavera) Rosselló & N.TorresScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Carduus × intercedens Hausskn.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Carduus × ipe BorosScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Carduus × jordanii ArènesScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Carduus kerneri Simonk.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Carduus kirghisicus SultanovaScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Carduus kumaunensis (Arènes) KazmiScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Carduus lanuginosus Willd.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Carduus × leptocephalus Peterm.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Carduus leptocladus DurieuScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Carduus litigiosus Nocca & Balb.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Carduus lobulatus BorbásScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Carduus lusitanicus RouyScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Carduus macrocephalus Desf.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Carduus malyi GreuterScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Carduus maroccanus (Arènes) KazmiScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Carduus martinezii PauScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Carduus membranaceus Lojac.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Carduus meonanthus Hoffmanns. & LinkScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Carduus × meratii ArènesScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Carduus × mixtus Corb.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Carduus modestii Tamamsch.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Carduus × montis-majoris TeyberScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Carduus × moritzii BrüggerScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Carduus myriacanthus Salzm. ex DC.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Carduus nawaschini Bordz.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Carduus nervosus K.KochScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Carduus nigrescens Vill.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Carduus numidicus Coss. & DurieuScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Carduus nutans L.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – musk thistle, nodding thistle
  • Carduus olympicus Boiss.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Carduus onopordioides Fisch. ex M.Bieb.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Carduus × orthocephalus Wallr.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Carduus peisonis TeyberScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Carduus personata (L.) Jacq.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Carduus poliochrus Trautv.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Carduus × puechii H.J.CosteScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Carduus pumilus D.DonScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Carduus × pycnocephaloformis ArènesScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Carduus pycnocephalus – Italian thistle, Italian plumeless thistle, compact-headed thistle
    • Carduus pycnocephalus subsp. albidus (M.Bieb.) KazmiScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
    • Carduus pycnocephalus subsp. arabicus (Jacq. ex Murray) NymanScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (synonym Carduus arabicus Jacq. ex MurrayScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".) – Arabian thistle
    • Carduus pycnocephalus subsp. breviphyllarius P.H.DavisScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
    • Carduus pycnocephalus subsp. cinereus (M.Bieb.) P.H.DavisScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
    • Carduus pycnocephalus subsp. intermedius (Lojac.) Giardina & RaimondoScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
    • Carduus pycnocephalus subsp. pycnocephalus
  • Carduus quercifolius F.K.Mey.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Carduus ramosissimus PančićScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Carduus rechingerianus KazmiScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Carduus rivasgodayanus Devesa & TalaveraScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Carduus santacreui (Devesa & Talavera) DevesaScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Carduus × schulzeanus RuhmerScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Carduus seminudus M.Bieb.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Carduus × sepincola Hausskn.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Carduus × septentrionalis Devesa & TalaveraScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Carduus solteszii BudaiScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Carduus spachianus DurieuScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Carduus squarrosus DC. ex LoweScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Carduus × stangii H.BuekScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Carduus tenuiflorus CurtisScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – sheep thistle, shore thistle, slender thistle
  • Carduus × theriotii RouyScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Carduus thracicus (Velen.) HayekScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Carduus tmoleus Boiss.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Carduus transcaspicus Gand.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Carduus × turocensis MargittaiScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Carduus uncinatus M.Bieb.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Carduus × veronensis ArènesScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Carduus × vigoi MateoScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Carduus volutarioides Reyes-Bet.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Carduus × weizensis HayekScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".

Template:Div col end

Formerly placed here

File:Carduus Keniensis.jpg
Afrocarduus keniensis
  • Afrocarduus afromontanus (R.E.Fr.) N.Garcia, Moreyra & SusannaScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (as Carduus afromontanus R.E.Fr.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".)
  • Afrocarduus keniensis (R.E.Fr.) N.Garcia, Moreyra & SusannaScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (as Carduus keniensis R.E.Fr.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".)
  • Carduus keniensis × C. platyphyllus[10]
  • Afrocarduus kikuyorum (R.E.Fr.) N.Garcia, Moreyra & SusannaScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (as Carduus kikuyorum R.E.Fr.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".)
  • Afrocarduus leptacanthus (Fresen.) N.Garcia, Moreyra & SusannaScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (as Carduus leptacanthus Fresen.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".)
  • Afrocarduus macracanthus (Kazmi) N.Garcia, Moreyra & SusannaScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (as Carduus macracanthus KazmiScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".)
  • Afrocarduus millefolius (R.E.Fr.) N.Garcia, Moreyra & SusannaScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (as Carduus millefolius R.E.Fr.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".)
  • Afrocarduus nyassanus (S.Moore) N.Garcia, Moreyra & SusannaScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (as Carduus nyassanus (S.Moore) R.E.Fr.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".)
  • Afrocarduus ruwenzoriensis (S.Moore) N.Garcia, Moreyra & SusannaScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (as Carduus ruwenzoriensis S.MooreScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".)
  • Afrocarduus schimperi (Sch.Bip.) N.Garcia, Moreyra & SusannaScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (as Carduus schimperi Sch.Bip.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".)
  • Afrocarduus silvarum (R.E.Fr.) N.Garcia, Moreyra & SusannaScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (as Carduus silvarum R.E.Fr.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".)

References

Template:Reflist

External links

Template:Taxonbar Template:Authority control

  1. ↑ Jordon-Thaden, I. E. and S. M. Louda. (2003). Chemistry of Cirsium and Carduus: a role in ecological risk assessment for biological control of weeds? Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 31(12), 1353-96.
  2. ↑ Carduus. Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS).
  3. ↑ a b c d Carduus. Flora of North America.
  4. ↑ a b Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named powo
  5. ↑ Schmidt, J. P. and J. M. Drake. (2011). Why are some plant genera more invasive than others? PLOS One 6(4), e18654.
  6. ↑ Carduus. The Jepson eFlora 2013.
  7. ↑ Chardonnay. Viticultural Information. UC Integrated Viticulture, University of California.
  8. ↑ Carduus. PlantNET. National Herbarium of NSW, Royal Botanic Garden, Sydney.
  9. ↑ a b c Genus Carduus. Encycloweedia. California Department of Food and Agriculture.
  10. ↑ Young, T. P. and M. M. Peacock. (1985). Vegetative key to the alpine vascular plants of Mount Kenya. Journal of the East African Natural History Society 185, 1–9.
Retrieved from "http://debianws.lexgopc.com/wiki143/index.php?title=Carduus&oldid=1177850"