Cirsium

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Template:Short description Template:Automatic taxobox

Cirsium is a genus of perennial and biennial flowering plants in the Asteraceae, one of several genera known commonly as thistles. They are more precisely known as plume thistlesScript error: No such module "Unsubst".. These differ from other thistle genera (Carduus, Silybum and Onopordum) in having a seed with a pappus of feathered hairs on their achenes. The other genera have a pappus of simple unbranched hairs.[1]

They are mostly native to Eurasia and northern Africa, with about 60[2] species from North America (although several species have been introduced outside their native ranges). The lectotype species of the genus is Cirsium heterophyllum (L.) Hill.[3]

Cirsium thistles are known for their effusive flower heads, usually purple, rose or pink, also yellow or white. The radially symmetrical disc flowers are at the end of the branches and are visited by many kinds of insects, featuring a generalised pollination syndrome.[4] They have erect stems, with a characteristic enlarged base of the flower which is often spiny. The leaves are alternate, spiny in many (but not all) species, and in some species can be slightly to densely hairy. Extensions from the leaf base down the stem, called wings, can be lacking (Cirsium arvense), conspicuous (Cirsium vulgare), or inconspicuous. They can spread by seed, and also by rhizomes below the surface (Cirsium arvense). The seeds have a tuft of hair, or pappus, which can carry them far by wind.

Cirsium thistles are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species—see list of Lepidoptera that feed on Cirsium. The seeds are attractive to small finches such as American goldfinch.

Many species are considered weeds, typically by agricultural interests. Cirsium vulgare (spear thistle) is listed in the United States (where as a non-native invasive species it has been renamed "bull thistle") as a noxious weed in nine states.[5] Some species in particular are cultivated in gardens and wildflower plantings for their aesthetic value and/or to support pollinators such as bees and butterflies. Some species dubbed weeds by various interest groups can also provide these benefits. Cirsium vulgare, for instance, ranked in the top 10 for nectar production in a UK plants survey conducted by the AgriLand project which is supported by the UK Insect Pollinators Initiative. Cirsium vulgare was also a top producer of nectar sugar in another study in Britain, ranked third with a production per floral unit of (2323 ± 418μg).[6] Not only does it provide abundant nectar, it provides seeds for birds, such as the European goldfinch Carduelis carduelis, and supports the larvae of the Painted Lady butterfly Vanessa cardui.[7] Some other common species are Cirsium arvense, Cirsium palustre, Cirsium oleraceum.

Some ecological organizations, such as the Xerces Society, have attempted to raise awareness of the benefits of thistles, to counteract the general agricultural and home garden labeling of thistles as unwanted weeds. The monarch butterfly (Danaus plexippus), for instance, was highlighted as relying upon thistles such as tall thistle (Cirsium altissimum) as nectar sources during its migration.[8] Some prairie and wildflower seed production companies in the United States supply bulk seed of native North American thistle species for wildlife habitat restoration, although availability tends to be low. Thistles are particularly valued by bumblebees for their high nectar production.

Certain species of Cirsium, like Cirsium monspessulanum, Cirsium pyrenaicum and Cirsium vulgare, have been traditionally used as food in rural areas of southern Europe. Cirsium oleraceum is cultivated as a food source in Japan and India. Cirsium setidens is used as a vegetable in Korean cuisine.

'Cirsium' is the Greek word for thistle, kirsos, likely derived from 'swollen vein'. The flower blooms April to August.

Selected species

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". 493 species are accepted.[9] Selected species include: Template:Div col

  • Cirsium acaule – dwarf thistle
  • Cirsium altissimum (L.) Spreng.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – roadside thistle, tall thistle
  • Cirsium andersonii Petr.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – Anderson's thistle, rose thistle
  • Cirsium andrewsii Jeps.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – Franciscan thistle
  • Cirsium arisanense Kitam.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Cirsium arizonicum (A.Gray) Petr.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – Arizona thistle
  • Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – creeping thistle, field thistle
    • Cirsium arvense var.argenteum
    • Cirsium arvense var. integrifolium
    • Cirsium arvense var. mite
    • Cirsium arvense var. vestitum
  • Cirsium barnebyi S.L.Welsh & NeeseScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – Barneby's thistle
  • Cirsium boninense Koidz.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Cirsium brachycephalum JuratzkaScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Cirsium brevifolium Nutt.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – Palouse thistle
  • Cirsium brevistylum CronquistScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – clustered thistle
  • Cirsium calcareum (M.E.Jones) Wooton & Standl.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – Cainville thistle
  • Cirsium canescens Nutt.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – Platte thistle, prairie thistle
  • Cirsium canum (L.) All.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – Queen Anne's thistle
  • Cirsium carolinianum (Walter) Fernald & B.G.Schub.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – Carolina thistle, soft thistle
  • Cirsium centaureae (Rydb.) K.Schum.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Cirsium chellyense R.J.Moore & FranktonScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – queen thistle
  • Cirsium ciliolatum (L.F.Hend.) J.T.HowellScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – ashland thistle
  • Cirsium clavatum (M.E.Jones) Petr.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – lake thistle
  • Cirsium clokeyi S.F.BlakeScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – Charleston Mountain thistle, whitespine thistle
  • Cirsium congdonii R.J.Moore & FranktonScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – rosette thistle
  • Cirsium crassicaule Jeps.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – slough thistle
  • Cirsium creticum (Lam.) d'Urv.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Cirsium cymosum (Greene) J.T.HowellScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – peregrine thistle
  • Cirsium discolor (Muhl. ex Willd.) Spreng.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – field thistle, pasture thistle
  • Cirsium dissectum (L.) HillScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – meadow thistle (syn. Cirsium lanceolatum HillScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". non (L.) Scop.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".)
  • Cirsium douglasii DC.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Cirsium drummondii Torr. & A.GrayScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – dwarf thistle
  • Cirsium durangense (Greenm.) G.B.OwnbeyScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Cirsium eatonii (A.Gray) B.L.Rob.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – Eaton's thistle
  • Cirsium edule Nutt.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – edible thistle
  • Cirsium engelmannii Rydb.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – Engelmann thistle, Engelmann's thistle
  • Cirsium erisithales (Jacq.) Scop.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – yellow melancholy thistle
  • Cirsium esculentum (Siev.) C.A.Mey.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Cirsium flodmanii ArthurScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – Flodman thistle, Flodman's thistle
  • Cirsium foliosum DC.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – Drummond's thistle, elk thistle, leafy thistle, meadow thistle
  • Cirsium fontinale Jeps.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – fountain thistle
  • Cirsium funkiae Ackerf.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – funky thistle
  • Cirsium grahamii A.GrayScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – Graham's thistle
  • Cirsium griseum (Rydb.) K.Schum.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – gray thistle
  • Cirsium helenioides (L.) HillScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Cirsium heterophyllum (L.) HillScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – melancholy thistle
  • Cirsium hookerianum Nutt.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – white thistle
  • Cirsium horridulum Michx.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – yellow thistle
  • Cirsium hydrophilum Boiss.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – Suisun thistle
  • Cirsium hypoleucum DC.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Cirsium italicum DC.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".)
  • Cirsium jaliscoense G.L.NesomScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Cirsium japonicum DC.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – Japanese thistle
  • Cirsium kamtschaticum Ledeb. ex DC.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – Kamchatka thistle
  • Cirsium lecontei Torr. & A.GrayScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – Le Conte's thistle
  • Cirsium leo Nakai & Kitag.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Cirsium libanoticum DC.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Cirsium loncholepis Petr.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – LaGraciosa thistle
  • Cirsium longistylum R.J.Moore & FranktonScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – longstyle thistle
  • Cirsium maritimum MakinoScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Cirsium mexicanum DC.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – Mexican thistle
  • Cirsium mohavense (Greene) Petr.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – Mojave thistle
  • Cirsium muticum Michx.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – swamp thistle
  • Cirsium neomexicanum A.GrayScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – lavender thistle, New Mexico thistle, powderpuff thistle
  • Cirsium nipponicum MakinoScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Cirsium nuttallii DC.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – Nuttall's thistle
  • Cirsium occidentale (Nutt.) Jeps.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – cobweb thistle
  • Cirsium ochrocentrum A.GrayScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – yellowspine thistle
  • Cirsium oleraceum (L.) Scop.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – cabbage thistle
  • Cirsium ownbeyi S.L.WelshScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – Ownbey's thistle
  • Cirsium palustre (L.) Scop.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – marsh thistle
  • Cirsium parryi Petr.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – Parry's thistle or Cloudcroft thistle
  • Cirsium peckii L.F.Hend.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – Steens Mountain thistle
  • Cirsium pendulum Fisch. ex DC.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Cirsium perplexans Petr.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – Rocky Mountain thistle
  • Cirsium pitcheri Torr. & A.GrayScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – Pitcher's thistle, sand dune thistle
  • Cirsium praeteriens J.F.Macbr.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – Palo Alto thistle, lost thistle
  • Cirsium pulcherrimum (Rydb.) K.Schum.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – Wyoming thistle
  • Cirsium pumilum Spreng.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – pasture thistle
    • Cirsium pumilum var. hillii (Canby) B.BoivinScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – Hill's thistle
    • Cirsium pumilum var. pumilum
  • Cirsium pyrenaicum (Jacq.) All.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Cirsium quercetorum (A.Gray) Jeps.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – Alameda County thistle
  • Cirsium remotifolium DC.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – fewleaf thistle
    • Cirsium remotifolium var. odontolepis Petr.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
    • Cirsium remotifolium var. remotifolium – fewleaf thistle
    • Cirsium remotifolium var. rivulare Jeps.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Cirsium repandum Michx.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – sandhill thistle
  • Cirsium rhaphilepis Petr.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Cirsium rhinoceros NakaiScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – Korean prickly thistle[10]
  • Cirsium rhothophilum S.F.BlakeScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – surf thistle
  • Cirsium rivulare (Jacq.) All.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – brook thistle
  • Cirsium rydbergii Petr.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – Rydberg's thistle
  • Cirsium scapanolepis Petr.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – mountain slope thistle
  • Cirsium scariosum Nutt.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – meadow thistle
  • Cirsium scopulorum (Greene) CockerellScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – mountain thistle
  • Cirsium setidens (Dunn) NakaiScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – gondre or Korean thistle
  • Cirsium spinosissimum (L.) Scop.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Cirsium texanum BuckleyScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – Texas thistle
  • Cirsium tioganum (Congdon) Petr.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – stemless thistle
  • †Cirsium toyoshimae Koidz.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Cirsium tuberosum (L.) All.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – tuberous thistle
  • Cirsium turneri WarnockScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – cliff thistle
  • Cirsium undulatum (Nutt.) Spreng.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – gray thistle, wavy-leaf thistle, wavyleaf thistle
    • Cirsium undulatum var. tracyi – Tracy's thistle, wavyleaf thistle
    • Cirsium undulatum var. undulatum – wavyleaf thistle
  • Cirsium vinaceum Wooton & Standl.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – Sacramento Mountain thistle, Sacramento Mountains thistle
  • Cirsium virginianum Michx.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – Virginia thistle
  • Cirsium vulgare (Savi) Ten.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – spear thistle, common thistle (syn. Cirsium lanceolatum (L.) Scop.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".)
  • Cirsium wheeleri (A.Gray) Petr.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – Wheeler's thistle
  • Cirsium wrightii A.GrayScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – Wright's thistle

Template:Div col end

Hybrids
  • Cirsium × canalense – canal thistle
  • Cirsium × crassum – thistle
  • Cirsium × erosum – glory thistle
  • Cirsium × iowense – Iowa thistle
  • Cirsium × vancouverense – Vancouver thistle

Formerly placed here

  • Afrocirsium buchwaldii (O.Hoffm.) Calleja, N.Garcia, Moreyra & SusannaScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (as Cirsium buchwaldii O.Hoffm.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".)
  • Afrocirsium schimperi (Vatke) Calleja, N.Garcia, Moreyra & SusannaScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (as Cirsium schimperi (Vatke) C.JeffreyScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".)
  • Afrocirsium straminispinum (C.Jeffrey) Calleja, N.Garcia, Moreyra & SusannaScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (Cirsium straminispinum C.JeffreyScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".)
  • Lophiolepis eriophora (L.) Del Guacchio, Bureš, Iamonico & P.CaputoScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (as Cirsium eriophorum (L.) Scop.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".) – woolly thistle
  • Nuriaea dender (Friis) Susanna, Calleja & MoreyraScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (as Cirsium dender FriisScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".)
  • Nuriaea engleriana (O.Hoffm.) Susanna, Calleja & MoreyraScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (as Cirsium englerianum O.Hoffm.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".)
  • Picnomon acarna (L.) Cass.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (as Cirsium acarna (L.) MoenchScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".) – soldier thistle

Image gallery

Script error: No such module "Gallery".

References

Template:Reflist

Further reading

Template:Refbegin

Template:Refend

Template:Taxonbar Template:Authority control

  1. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  2. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  3. ↑ International Plant Names Index: Cirsium
  4. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  5. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  6. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  7. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  8. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  9. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named powo
  10. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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