Cardueae

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The Cardueae are a tribe of flowering plants in the daisy family (Asteraceae) and the subfamily Carduoideae.[1] Most of them are commonly known as thistles;[2] four of the best known genera are Carduus,[3] Cynara (containing the widely eaten artichoke), Cirsium,[3] and Onopordum.[3]

They are annual, biennial, or perennial herbs. Many species are thorny on leaves, stems, or involucre, and some have laticifers or resin conduits. Almost 80 genera comprising 2500 species are assigned to this tribe,[4] native of temperate regions of Europe and Asia (especially the Mediterranean region and Minor Asia), Australia and tropical Africa; only three[5] genera contain species native to the Americas.[6]

Taxonomy

The correct name for the tribe has been disputed. In 1806, Jean-Baptiste Lamarck and Augustin Pyramus de Candolle published the name Cynarocephalae. This is a descriptive name, referring to the bluish colour of the flower heads. Such descriptive names for tribes are not valid under the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants, which requires them to be based on a generic name. The name has been corrected by some authors to Cynareae, but this was not the name that was published in 1806. Christian Friedrich Lessing published Cynareae in 1830, but Henri Cassini had already published Cardueae in 1819, and as Lessing included Carduus in Cynareae, his name was superfluous.[7][8]

Some authors have divided the plants traditionally held to be in this tribe into three tribes: Cynareae in the narrow sense, Carlineae, and Echinopeae. However, other authors have retained the traditional broader classification.[9]

Subtribes and genera

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  • Arctiinae Garcia-Jacas & Susanna
    • Arctium L.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
    • Cousinia Cass.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Berardiinae Garcia-Jacas & Susanna
    • Berardia Vill.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Cardopatiinae Less.
    • Cardopatium Juss.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
    • Cousiniopsis NevskiScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Carduinae Dumort.
    • Afrocarduus (Kazmi) N.Garcia, Moreyra & SusannaScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[10]
    • Afrocirsium Calleja, N.Garcia, Moreyra & SusannaScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[10]
    • × Carduogalactites P.Fourn.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
    • × Cirsio-carduus P.Fourn.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
    • Carduus L.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
    • Cirsium Mill.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
    • Cynara L.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
    • Epitrachys (DC. ex Duby) K.KochScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
    • Galactites MoenchScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
    • Lamyropsis (Kharadze) DittrichScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
    • Nuriaea Susanna, Calleja & MoreyraScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[10]
    • Notobasis (Cass.) Cass.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
    • Picnomon Adans.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
    • Ptilostemon Cass.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
    • Silybum Adans.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
    • Tyrimnus (Cass.) Cass.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Carlininae Dumort.
    • Atractylis L.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
    • Atractylodes DC.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
    • Carlina L.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
    • Thevenotia DC.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
    • Tugarinovia IljinScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Centaureinae Dumort.
    • Amberboa (Pers.) Less.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
    • Callicephalus C.A.Mey.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
    • Carduncellus Adans.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
    • Carthamus L.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
    • Centaurea L.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
    • Centaurodendron JohowScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
    • Centaurothamnus Wagenitz & DittrichScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
    • Cheirolophus Cass.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
    • Crocodilium HillScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
    • Crupina (Pers.) DC.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
    • Femeniasia SusannaScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
    • Goniocaulon Cass.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
    • Karvandarina Rech.f.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
    • Klasea Cass.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
    • Leuzea DC.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
    • Mantisalca Cass.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
    • Myopordon Boiss.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
    • Nikitinia IljinScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
    • Oligochaeta (DC.) K.KochScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
    • Phalacrachena IljinScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
    • Phonus HillScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
    • Plagiobasis SchrenkScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
    • Plectocephalus D.DonScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
    • Psephellus Cass.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
    • Rhaponticoides Vaill.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
    • Russowia C.Winkl.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
    • Schischkinia IljinScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
    • Serratula L.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
    • Stizolophus Cass.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
    • Tricholepis DC.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
    • Volutaria Cass.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
    • Yunquea Skottsb.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
    • Zoegea L.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Dipterocominae Garcia-Jacas & Susanna
    • Dipterocome Fisch. & C.A.Mey.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Echinopsinae Dumort.
    • Echinops L.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Onopordinae Garcia-Jacas & Susanna
    • Alfredia Cass.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
    • Ancathia DC.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
    • Lamyropappus Knorring & Tamamsch.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
    • Olgaea IljinScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
    • Onopordum L.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
    • Synurus IljinScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
    • Syreitschikovia PavlovScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
    • Xanthopappus C.Winkl.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Saussureinae Garcia-Jacas & Susanna
    • Dolomiaea DC.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
    • Jurinea Cass.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
    • Polytaxis BungeScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
    • Saussurea DC.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Staehelininae Garcia-Jacas & Susanna
    • Staehelina L.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Xerantheminae Cass. ex Dumort.
    • Amphoricarpos Vis.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
    • Chardinia Desf.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
    • Shangwua Yu J.Wang, Raab-Straube, Susanna & J.Quan LiuScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
    • Siebera J.GayScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
    • Xeranthemum L.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".

References

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  1. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  2. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  3. ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  4. ↑ Dittrich, 1977, The Biology and Chemistry of the Compositae 2:1017-1038
  5. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  6. ↑ Bremer 1994 Asteraceae: Cladistic and Classification [Tribe Carduae: 112-156]
  7. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  8. ↑ Cite error: Script error: No such module "Namespace detect".Script error: No such module "Namespace detect".
  9. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  10. ↑ a b c Moreyra, Lucía D., Núria Garcia-Jacas, Cristina Roquet, Jennifer R. Ackerfield, Turan Arabacı, Carme Blanco-Gavaldà, Christian Brochmann, Juan Antonio Calleja, Tuncay Dirmenci, Kazumi Fujikawa, and et al. 2023. African Mountain Thistles: Three New Genera in the Carduus-Cirsium Group. Plants 12, no. 17: 3083. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12173083

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