Arctium

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search

Template:Short description Script error: No such module "redirect hatnote". Template:Italic titleTemplate:Use dmy dates Template:Automatic taxobox

Arctium is a genus of biennial plants commonly known as burdock, family Asteraceae. Native to Europe and Asia, several species have been widely introduced worldwide. Burdock's clinging properties, in addition to providing an excellent mechanism for seed dispersal, led to the invention of the hook-and-loop fastener.

Description

Plants of the genus Arctium have dark green leaves that can grow up to Script error: No such module "convert". long. They are generally large, coarse, and ovate, with the lower ones being heart-shaped. They are woolly underneath. The leafstalks are generally hollow. Arctium species generally flower from July through October. Burdock flowers provide essential pollen and nectar for honeybees around August, when clover is on the wane and before the goldenrod starts to bloom.Template:R

Script error: No such module "Gallery".

Taxonomy

In 1753, the Swedish botanist Carl Linnaeus established genus Arctium by recognizing two species: Arctium lappa and Arctium personata. The type specimen Arctium lappa was collected from a cultivated waste area in Europe ("habitat in Europae cultis ruderatis").Template:RTemplate:Sfnp since August 2025Template:Dated maintenance category (articles)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters"., the name Arctium personata is a synonym for Carduus personata.Template:R

A large number of species have been placed in genus Arctium at one time or another, but most of them are now classified in the related genus Cousinia. The precise limits between Arctium and Cousinia are hard to define; there is an exact relation between their molecular phylogeny. The burdocks are sometimes confused with the cockleburs (genus Xanthium) and rhubarb (genus Rheum).

Accepted species

The following species are accepted:Template:R

<templatestyles src="Div col/styles.css"/>

Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Arctium abolinii (Kult. ex Tscherneva) S.López, Romasch., Susanna & N.GarciaScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Arctium alberti (Regel & Schmalh.) S.López, Romasch., Susanna & N.GarciaScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Arctium × ambiguum (Celak.) NymanScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Arctium amplissimum KuntzeScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Arctium anomalum KuntzeScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Arctium arctiodes KuntzeScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Arctium atlanticum (Pomel) H.Lindb.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – Algeria, Morocco
  • Arctium aureum KuntzeScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Arctium chloranthum (Kult.) S.López, Romasch., Susanna & N.GarciaScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Arctium dolichophyllum (Kult.) S.López, Romasch., Susanna & N.GarciaScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Arctium × dualis (Juz.) Duist.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Arctium echinopifolium (Bornm.) S.López, Romasch., Susanna & N.GarciaScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Arctium egregium (Juz.) S.López, Romasch., Susanna & N.GarciaScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Arctium elatum (Boiss. & Buhse) KuntzeScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Arctium evidens (Tscherneva) S.López, Romasch., Susanna & N.GarciaScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Arctium fedtschenkoanum (Bornm.) S.López, Romasch., Susanna & N.GarciaScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Arctium grandifolium (Kult.) S.López, Romasch., Susanna & N.GarciaScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Arctium haesitabundum (Juz.) S.López, Romasch., Susanna & N.GarciaScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Arctium horrescens (Juz.) S.López, Romasch., Susanna & N.GarciaScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Arctium karatavicum KuntzeScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Arctium korolkowii KuntzeScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Arctium korshinskyi (C.Winkl.) S.López, Romasch., Susanna & N.GarciaScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Arctium lappa L.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – greater burdock – much of Eurasia; naturalized in North America, Australia and New Zealand
  • Arctium lappaceum (Schrenk) KuntzeScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Arctium × leiobardanum Juz. & C.Serg. ex StepanovScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – Siberia
  • Arctium leiospermum Juz. & Ye.V.Serg.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Arctium × maassii RouyScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Arctium macilentum (C.Winkl.) S.López, Romasch., Susanna & N.GarciaScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Arctium medians (Juz.) S.López, Romasch., Susanna & N.GarciaScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Arctium minus (Hill) Bernh.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – lesser burdock – Europe and southwestern Asia; naturalized in North and South America, Australia and New Zealand
  • Arctium × mixtum (Simonk.) NymanScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Arctium nemorosum Lej.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Arctium nidulans (Regel) SennikovScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Arctium × nothum (Ruhmer) J.WeissScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – central and eastern Europe
  • Arctium palladinii (Marcow.) R.E.Fr. & Soderb.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – Turkey, Iran, Caucasus
  • Arctium pallidivirens (Kult.) S.López, Romasch., Susanna & N.GarciaScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Arctium pentacanthoides (Juz. ex Tscherneva) S.López, Romasch., Susanna & N.GarciaScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Arctium pentacanthum (Regel & Schmalh.) KuntzeScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Arctium pseudarctium (Bornm.) Duist.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – Afghanistan, Tajikistan
  • Arctium pterolepidum (Kult.) S.López, Romasch., Susanna & N.GarciaScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Arctium radula Juz. & Ye.V.Serg.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Arctium refractum (Bornm.) S.López, Romasch., Susanna & N.GarciaScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Arctium sardaimionense Rassulova & B.A.SharipovaScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – Tajikistan
  • Arctium schmalhausenii KuntzeScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Arctium × semiconstrictum Duist.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Arctium tomentellum (C.Winkl.) KuntzeScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Arctium tomentosum Mill.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – woolly burdock – northern and eastern Europe, Turkey, Iran, Caucasus, Siberia, Xinjiang; naturalized in North America
  • Arctium triflorum KuntzeScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Arctium ugamense (Karmysch.) S.López, Romasch., Susanna & N.GarciaScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Arctium umbrosum (Bunge) KuntzeScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Arctium vavilovii (Kult.) S.López, Romasch., Susanna & N.GarciaScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Arctium × zalewskii (Dybowski.) ArènesScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".

Botanists disagree about the number of taxa introduced into North America but most authorities accept at least the following three species: Arctium lappa, Arctium minus, and Arctium tomentosum. The influential Flora of North America and others accept only those three species.Template:RTemplate:Sfnp In addition to three species, some authorities accept one or more hybrids.Template:RTemplate:Sfnp The United States Department of Agriculture accepts a fourth species, Arctium vulgare.Template:R

Etymology

Circa 16th century, from bur + dock, the latter meaning sorrel of the genus Rumex.[1]

Distribution and habitat

All Arctium species are native to Europe and/or Asia but several species have been widely introduced. In Eurasia, native Arctium species range from Greenland to Siberia in the north, and from Macaronesia to Peninsular Malaysia in the south.Template:R Two species are native to China.Template:R

Arctium species have been introduced on four continents: Asia, Australia, North America, and South America. Two species have been introduced to New Zealand.Template:R

Ecology

The roots of burdock, among other plants, are eaten by the larva of the ghost moth (Hepialus humuli). The plant is used as a food plant by other Lepidoptera including brown-tail, Coleophora paripennella, Coleophora peribenanderi, the Gothic, lime-speck pug and scalloped hazel.

The prickly heads of burdock (burs) are noted for easily catching on to fur and clothing. Thus the bur is an excellent mechanism for seed dispersal.Template:R In England, some birdwatchers have reported that birds have become entangled in the burs leading to a slow death, as they are unable to free themselves.[2]

Toxicity

The green, above-ground portions may cause contact dermatitis in individual with allergies as the plant contains lactones.[3]

Uses

Food and drink

File:Burdockgobo.jpg
A dish containing a Japanese appetizer, Script error: No such module "lang"., consisting of sautéed burdock root and carrot, with a side of sautéed dried daikon

The taproot of young burdock plants can be harvested and eaten as a root vegetable. While generally out of favour in modern European cuisine, it is popular in East Asia. Arctium lappa is known as Script error: No such module "lang". (Script error: No such module "Lang".) in Chinese, the same name having been borrowed into Japanese as Script error: No such module "lang"., and is eaten in Japan, Korea and Taiwan. In Korean, burdock root is called Script error: No such module "lang". (Script error: No such module "Lang".) and sold as Script error: No such module "lang". (Script error: No such module "Lang".), or "whole burdock". Plants are cultivated for their slender roots, which can grow up to about one metre long and two centimetres across. Burdock root is very crisp and has a sweet, mild, or pungent flavour with a little muddy harshness that can be reduced by soaking julienned or shredded roots in water for five to ten minutes. The roots have been used as potato substitutes in Russia.[4]

Immature flower stalks may also be harvested in late spring, before flowers appear; their taste resembles that of artichoke, to which the burdock is related. The stalks are thoroughly peeled, and either eaten raw, or boiled in salt water.[5] Leaves are also eaten in spring in Japan when a plant is young and leaves are soft. Some A. lappa cultivars are specialized for this purpose. A popular Japanese dish is Script error: No such module "lang". (Script error: No such module "Lang".), julienned or shredded burdock root and carrot, braised with soy sauce, sugar, mirin and/or sake, and sesame oil. Another is burdock makizushi (sushi filled with pickled burdock root; the burdock root is often artificially coloured orange to resemble a carrot).

In the second half of the 20th century, burdock achieved international recognition for its culinary use due to the increasing popularity of the macrobiotic diet, which advocates its consumption. It contains a fair amount of dietary fiber (GDF, 6 g per 100 g), calcium, potassium, and amino acids,[6] and is low in calories. It contains the prebiotic fiber inulin.[7] It contains a polyphenol oxidase,[8] which causes its darkened surface and muddy harshness by forming tannin-iron complexes. Burdock root's harshness harmonizes well with pork in miso soup (tonjiru) and with Japanese-style pilaf (takikomi gohan).

Dandelion and burdock is a soft drink that has long been popular in the United Kingdom; it has its origins in hedgerow mead commonly drunk in the mediæval period.[9] Burdock is believed to be a galactagogue, a substance that increases lactation, but it is sometimes recommended to be avoided during pregnancy based on animal studies that show components of burdock to cause uterus stimulation.[10]

In Europe, burdock root was used as a bittering agent in beer before the widespread adoption of hops for this purpose.

Traditional medicine

The seeds of A. lappa are used in traditional Chinese medicine under the name Script error: No such module "lang". (Template:Lang-zh; some dictionaries list the Chinese as just Template:Lang-zh).[11]

Burdock is a traditional medicinal herb used for many ailments. Burdock root oil extract, also called bur oil, is used in Europe as a scalp treatment.[12]

In culture

File:Burdock Kilim Motifs.jpg
Burdock kilim motifs

<templatestyles src="Template:Blockquote/styles.css" />

Black from dust but still alive and red in the center. It reminded me of Hadji Murad. It makes me want to write. It asserts life to the end, and alone in the midst of the whole field, somehow or other had asserted it.

— Template:Comma separated entries

Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".

In Turkish Anatolia, the burdock plant was believed to ward off the evil eye, and as such is often a motif appearing woven into kilims for protection. With its many flowers, the plant also symbolizes abundance.[13] Before and during World War II, Japanese soldiers were issued a 15-1/2-inch bayonet held in a black-painted scabbard, the juken. Their nickname was the burdock sword (gobo ken).

Mary Palmer's mid 18th century Devonshire Dialogue records the burrs of the plant being known in Devon, England, as "bachelor's-buttons".

The English folk artist Nancy Kerr refers to "The Land of Santa Georgia where the Banks of Burdocks Grow" in her song Santa Georgia, supposedly representing the relationship between country and city in modern England (especially Sheffield).[14][15]Template:Better source needed

Inspiration for velcro

After taking his dog for a walk one day in the late 1940s (1948), George de Mestral, a Swiss inventor, became curious about the seeds of the burdock plant that had attached themselves to his clothes and to the dog's fur. Under a microscope, he looked closely at the hook system that the seeds use to hitchhike on passing animals aiding seed dispersal, and he realized that the same approach could be used to join other things together. His work led to the development of the hook and loop fastener, which was initially sold under the Velcro brand name.[16]

Serbo-Croatian uses the same word, Script error: No such module "Lang"., for burdock and velcro;[17] Turkish does the same with the name Script error: No such module "Lang"., while in the Polish language Script error: No such module "Lang". means both "burr" and "velcro".[18] The German word for burdock is Script error: No such module "Lang". and velcro is Script error: No such module "Lang". (= burdock fastener).[19] In Norwegian burdock is Script error: No such module "Lang". and velcro Script error: No such module "Lang"., which translates to "burdock lock".[20]

References

<templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

  1. ↑ Collins Dictionary
  2. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  3. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  4. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  5. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  6. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  7. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  8. ↑ Extraction, Partial Characterization, and Inhibition Patterns of Polyphenol Oxidase from Burdock (Arctium lappa). Mie S. Lee-Kim, Eun S. Hwang and Kyung H. Kim, Enzymatic Browning and Its Prevention, Chapter 21, pp. 267–276, Script error: No such module "CS1 identifiers".
  9. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  10. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  11. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  12. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  13. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  14. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  15. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  16. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  17. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  18. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  19. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  20. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

Cite error: <ref> tag with name "BONAP-state-genus" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
Cite error: <ref> tag with name "FNA:102484" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
Cite error: <ref> tag with name "FoC:102484" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
Cite error: <ref> tag with name "FSUS" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
Cite error: <ref> tag with name "IPNI:330041-2" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
Cite error: <ref> tag with name "ITIS" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
Cite error: <ref> tag with name "NZPCN" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
Cite error: <ref> tag with name "POWO:330041-2" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
Cite error: <ref> tag with name "POWO:178432-1" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
Cite error: <ref> tag with name "USDA:ARCTI" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.

Cite error: <ref> tag with name "VASCAN" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.

Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".

Bibliography

  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

External links

Template:Sister project

  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

Template:Japanese food and drink Template:Taxonbar

Retrieved from "http://debianws.lexgopc.com/wiki143/index.php?title=Arctium&oldid=4499552"