Balearic Catalan

Balearic (Template:Langx ) is the group of dialects of Catalan spoken in the Balearic Islands: in Mallorca, in Ibiza and menorquí in Menorca.

At the 2011 census, 861,232 respondents in the Balearic Islands claimed to be able to understand either Balearic or mainland Catalan, compared to 111,912 respondents who could not; proportions were similar on each of the islands.

Dialects

The dialects spoken in the Balearic Islands are , spoken on Mallorca; , on Menorca; and , on Ibiza and Formentera.

Features

Distinctive features of Catalan in the Balearic Islands differ according to the specific variant being spoken (Mallorcan, Menorcan, or Ibizan).

Phonology

Vowels

Template:No wrap

	Front	Central	Back
Close	Template:IPA link		Template:IPA link
	Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link
Open	Template:IPA link		Template:IPA link
	(Template:IPA link)   Template:IPA link

Notes:

• Most variants preserve a vocalic system of eight stressed vowels; Template:IPAslink, Template:IPAslink, Template:IPAslink, Template:IPAslink, Template:IPAslink, Template:IPAslink, Template:IPAslink, Template:IPAslink:
  • The Majorcan system has eight stressed vowels , reduced to four in unstressed position.
  • The Western Minorcan system has eight stressed vowels , reduced to three in unstressed position.
  • The Eastern Minorcan and partly the Ibizan system have seven stressed vowels reduced to three in unstressed position (as in Central Catalan). There are differences between the dialect spoken in Ibiza Town (eivissenc de vila) and those of the rest of the island (eivissenc pagès) and Formentera (formenterer).
  • The vowel is central Template:IPAblink in Ibizan (as most Catalan dialects), while it is front Template:IPAblink in Majorcan and Minorcan. The variant Template:IPAblink is found in Felanitx.
  • The so-called "open vowels" (vocals obertes), and , are generally as low as in most Balearic subvarieties. The phonetic realizations of approaches Template:IPAblink (as in American English lad) and is as open as Template:IPAblink (as in traditional RP dog) (feature shared with Valencian). In many Majorcan dialects can be unrounded to Template:IPAblink.
  • In most of parts of Majorca, words with ante-penultimate stress ending in -ia lose the Template:Angbr Template:IPAblink; e.g. glòria ('glory') is pronounced as glòri .

Consonants

Consonants of Balearic Catalan

		Labial	Dental/ Alveolar	Palatal	Velar
Nasal		Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link	(Template:IPA link)
Plosive	voiceless	Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link ~ Template:IPA link
	voiced	Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link ~ Template:IPA link
Affricate	voiceless		Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link
	voiced		Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link
Fricative	voiceless	Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link
	voiced	Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link
Rhotics	trill		Template:IPA link
	tap		Template:IPA link
Approximant	median			Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link
	lateral		Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link

Notes:

• In Majorcan and some Minorcan subvarieties and become palatal, Template:IPAblink and Template:IPAblink, before non-back vowels and word-finally; e.g. guerra ('war'), casa ('house').
• A phonemic distinction between and is preserved, as in Algherese and Standard Valencian, e.g. viu .
• As Central Catalan is velarised, Template:IPAblink, in all instances; e.g. tela ('fabric'). However the velarised (also known as dark l) is not used in the transcriptions of any Catalan variety.
• The palatal lateral approximant is preserved as a distinct phoneme, with absence of ieisme except for the most Castilianised speakers. However, most Majorcan speakers use rather than in words that in Latin had + yod (-li-, -le-), -cvl-, or -tvl-; e.g. palla 'straw', from Latin . This is known as iodització. Note that this phenomenon is more restricted than ieisme, as is always used initially e.g. lluna ('moon'), as well as intervocalically in words that had -ll- in Latin.
• Depalatalization of syllable-final and with compensatory diphthongization in Majorcan: anys ('years'), troncs ('logs').
• Most Balearic variants preserve final stops in clusters; e.g. , , , and : camp 'field' (feature shared with Modern Valencian).
• Balearic variants of Catalan have the strongest tendency not to pronounce historical final Template:Angbr in any context; e.g. amor 'love', cor 'heart'.
• Assimilation of intervocalic clusters in some Majorcan and Minorcan subvarieties:

Cluster assimilations
IPA	word	gloss
		'act'
		'excess'
		'exam'
		'before said' 'abduct' 'anecdote' 'emerald'
		'submarine' 'crestfallen' 'admitted' 'week'
		'obnoxious' 'apnea' 'adnate' 'rind'

(Notice some of these assimilations may also occur in continental Catalan: capmoix 'crestfallen').

Other assimilations (amongst many) include:

• (e.g. 'afghani')
• (e.g. 'Carl')

Prosody

• Except in Ibiza, in combinations of verb and weak pronoun (clitics), the accent moves to the final element; e.g. comprar-ne or (Standard Central Catalan ).

Morphology and syntax

• Balearic preserves the salat definite article (derived from Latin ipse/ipsa instead of ille/illa), a feature shared only with Sardinian among extant Romance languages, but which was more common in other Catalan and Gascon areas in ancient times. However, the salat definite article is also preserved along the Costa Brava (Catalonia) and in the Valencian municipalities of Tàrbena and La Vall de Gallinera.
• The personal article en/na, n' is used before personal names.
• The first person singular present indicative has a zero exponent, i.e. no visible ending. For example, what in Central Catalan would be jo parlo ('I speak') is realised as jo parl.
• In verbs of the first conjugation (in -ar), the first and second person plural forms end in -am and -au respectively. For example, cantam ('we sing'), cantau ('you pl. sing').
• Also in verbs of the first conjugation, the imperfect subjunctive is formed with -a-, e.g. cantàs, cantassis. However, the Standard Catalan forms in Template:Angbr are nowadays also common in many places.
• In combinations of two unstressed pronouns preceding a verb, one direct with the form el, la, etc. and the other indirect with the form me, te, etc., the direct pronoun appears first. For example, la me dóna ('s/he gives it to me'), Standard Catalan me la dóna.

Lexicon

File:Artà 03 ies.jpg

Catalan language sign in Artà.

• Balearic has a large quantity of characteristic vocabulary, especially archaisms preserved by the isolation of the islands and the variety of linguistic influences which surround them. The lexicon differs considerably depending on the subdialect. For example: al·lot for standard "noi" ('boy'), moix for "gat" ('cat'), besada for "petó" ('kiss'), ca for "gos" ('dog'), doblers for "diners" ('money'), horabaixa for "vesprada" ('evening') and rata-pinyada for "rat-penat" ('bat').
• Minorcan has a few English loanwords dating back to the British occupation, such as grevi ('gravy'), xumaquer ('shoemaker'), boínder ('bow window'), xoc ('chalk') or ull blec ('black eye').

Political questions

Some in the Balearic Islands, such as the Partido Popular party member and former Balearic president José Ramón Bauzà, argue that the dialects of Balearic Islands are actually separate languages and not dialects of Catalan. During the election of 2011, Bauzà campaigned against having centralized or standardized standards of Catalan in public education.Template:Better source needed

See also

• Catalan language
• Catalan dialects and varieties
  • Alguerese
  • Central Catalan
  • Northern Catalan
  • Valencian