Algherese dialect
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Algherese or Alguerese (autonym: Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA".)Template:Efn is the variety of Catalan spoken in the city of Alghero (Script error: No such module "Lang". in Catalan), in the northwest of Sardinia, Italy.
The dialect has its roots in 1372, when Catalan-speaking colonists were allowed to repopulate Alghero and expel the native population, after several revolts.[1] Catalan was replaced as the official language by Spanish, then by Italian in the mid-18th century. Today the language has semi-official recognition alongside Italian.
Studies give an approximate number of 20,000 to 30,000 native speakers of the language worldwide. In communities where Algherese is spoken, Italian and Logudorese Sardinian are often used as well.[2]
History
Algherese is a regional dialect spoken by anywhere from 20,000 to 30,000 individuals, most of whom reside in the town of Alghero, located in the northwest of Sardinia.[3][2] The language, though distinct, is initially derived from, and thus considered a variant of, the Catalan language.[2] The origins of the language can be traced back to 1372, when Catalan invaders repopulated the city of Alghero after exiling the indigenous populations in Sardinia.[2] Despite the city's increasing Italianisation, the use of this Catalan dialect remained widespread until at least the 1970s.[4]
Present status
As a result of the city's extensive Italianisation, Italian is now the predominant language in Alghero,[5] being estimated by a 2004 survey to be first language of close to 60% of those surveyed.[6][5] The use of the dialect in schools and media, to name a few, remains sparse. Teaching of the dialect in school is also rare. However, in an attempt to reverse the trend, the Regional Council of Sardinia officially recognised "Algherese Catalan" as a separate language in 1997, in order to promote its use and circulation.[5] According to the 2004 survey, Algherese was used by approximately 14% of the population for daily interactions.[7] The dialect is mostly a local language, often used to supplement Italian and/or Sardinian in relatively small circles.[8]
The following figures were obtained from the Enquesta d'usos lingüístics a l'Alguer ("Survey of linguistic usage in Alghero", EULAL) of 2004[9] and the Els usos lingüístics a l'Alguer of 2015 (EULA 2015),[10] both of which were studies conducted in the town of Alghero about the general use of Algherese in several media.
| 2004 | 2015 | |
|---|---|---|
| Oral Comprehension | 90.1% (Sardinian oral comprehension: 69.7%) | 88.2% |
| Oral Expression | 61.3% (Sardinian oral expression: 33.9%) | 50.5% |
| Written Comprehension | 46.6% (Sardinian written comprehension: 35.4%) | 35.6% |
| Written Expression | 13.6% (Sardinian written expression: 15.4%) | 8.1% |
| First Language | 22.4% (59.2% Italian) | 17.5% |
| Habitual Language | 13.9% | 9.1% |
Official recognition
In 1999, Catalan and Sardinian were among the twelve minority languages officially recognised as Italy's "historical linguistic minorities" by the Italian State under Law No. 482/1999.[11] Prior to this, the Regional Council of Sardinia had passed the Regional Law No. 26 of 15 October 1997 which, aside from promoting the equality in dignity of the Sardinian language with the Italian language throughout the island, provided that the other languages of smaller scope be afforded the same treatment as the aforementioned languages, among which Catalan is cited, in the city of Alghero.[12] The city council, for its part, promulgated its protection and standardisation in its city statute.[13]
Phonology
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- Vowels
Template:No wrap Front Back Close Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Close-mid Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Open-mid Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Open Template:IPA link
Template:No wrap Front Back Close Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Mid Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Open Template:IPA link
- Notes:
- The close-mid and mid-close vowels Script error: No such module "IPA". and Script error: No such module "IPA". merge into mid vowels (Template:IPAblink and Template:IPAblink, here transcribed without diacritics) in Modern Alguerese.
- Coalescing of unstressed vowels Script error: No such module "IPA"., (Script error: No such module "IPA".) and Script error: No such module "IPA". to [[[:Template:IPAlink]] ~ Template:IPAlink] (transcribed as Script error: No such module "IPA".) unlike the rest of Eastern Catalan, which uses Template:IPAblink or even Template:IPAblink (transcribed as Script error: No such module "IPA".): aura ('aura') Script error: No such module "IPA". (Eastern Standard), Script error: No such module "IPA". (Algherese).
- Unstressed Script error: No such module "IPA". (Script error: No such module "IPA".) reduces to Script error: No such module "IPA". like most Eastern Catalan dialects.
- Consonants
- Notes:
- Algherese preserves Script error: No such module "IPA". as a distinct phoneme from Script error: No such module "IPA"., like Balearic and most of Valencian: viu ('he/she lives') Script error: No such module "IPA". (Algherese).
- Mutation of intervocalic Script error: No such module "IPA". and Script error: No such module "IPA". to Template:IPAblink: Barceloneta Script error: No such module "IPA". (Eastern Standard), Script error: No such module "IPA". (Algherese) 'Barcelonette'; and vila ('town') and vida ('life') are homophones in Algherese Script error: No such module "IPA"..
- Mutation of syllable final Script error: No such module "IPA". (or Script error: No such module "IPA".) to lateral Template:IPAblink, and the possible resulting group Script error: No such module "IPA". + consonant is further simplified to Template:IPAblink: forn Script error: No such module "IPA". (Eastern Standard), Script error: No such module "IPA". (Algherese) 'oven'.
- Depalatalisation of syllable final sonorants: lateral Script error: No such module "IPA". to Template:IPAblink, nasal Script error: No such module "IPA". to Template:IPAblink: ball Script error: No such module "IPA". (Eastern Standard), Script error: No such module "IPA". (Algherese) 'dance'; any Script error: No such module "IPA". (Eastern Standard), Script error: No such module "IPA". (Algherese) 'year'.
Morphology
- The simple past is replaced by the present perfect (present of haver "to have" + past participle), possibly by Italian influence.
- The imperfect past preserves etymological -v- in all conjugations: 1st -ava, 2nd -iva, 3rd -iva unlike modern Eastern and Western Standard Catalan, which use 1st -ava, 2nd -ia, 3rd -ia, a feature shared with the Ribagorçan dialect.
- Large-scale lexical borrowing and calques from Sardinian, Spanish and Italian: nearly half of the vocabulary is not from Catalan.[14]
Differences from Standard Catalan
The Algherese variant is Eastern Catalan, but it has many differences from Central Catalan, with some of the most obvious ones as follows:
Vocabulary
The following abbreviations are used: m. (masculine), f. (feminine), pl. (plural), f. pl. (feminine plural), inf. (informal), f. (formal). The following phrases were gathered from a Catalan translation set, but the common phrases in Algherese are similar:[15]
| English | Catalan | Algherese |
|---|---|---|
| Welcome | Benvingut (m.) Benvinguda (f.) Benvinguts (pl.) |
Benvingut (m.) Benvinguda (f.) Benvinguts (pl.) |
| Hello | Hola | Txau |
| My name is ... | Em dic ... | Me aquirr ...
Me dic ... |
| Where are you from? | D'on ets? (inf.)
D'on és vostè? (f.) |
De ont ses? (inf.)
De ont és vostè? (f.) |
| Good morning | Bon dia | Bon dia |
Literature
The Premi Rafael Sari, organised by the Obra Cultural de l'Alguer,[16] is a series of prizes awarded in September each year to the best literary works of poetry and prose written in Algherese Catalan.
Notable poets include Rafael Sari, Pasquale Scanu and Maria Chessa Lai. There is also a long tradition of writing and performing songs in Algherese Catalan and the Premi Pino Piras[17] is awarded for new songs written in the language. Notable singer-songwriters include Pino Piras and Franca Masu.
In 2015 Carla Valentino published an Algherese translation of Antoine de Saint-Exupéry's The Little Prince.[18]
See also
Notes
References
Sources
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- Ballone, Francesc (2008). L'Alguer and Alguerese Catalan. Corpus Oral de l'Algueres
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- Cabrera-Callis, Maria (2015). Morphologically Conditioned Intervocalic Rhotacism in Algherese Catalan. Variations within and Across Romance Languages
- Moseley, Christopher (2016). Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation
- Hammarstrom, Harald & Forkel, Robert & Haspelmath, Martin & Bank, Sebastian (2017). Dialect: Algherese. Glottolog
- Ager, Simon (1998–2017). Useful Catalan Phrases. Omniglot.
- Various Sources (2017). Algherese Catalan. The Endangered Languages Project
- Template:Cite thesis
External links
- Diccionari d'alguerés
- Associació per a la Salvaguarda del Patrimoni Historico-cultural de l'Alguer
- Interactive Atlas of Romance Intonation, Catalan Alguerese
- Italy's Last Bastion of Catalan Languages Struggles to Keep It Alive, New York Times, 21 November 2016.
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- ↑ Law No. 482 of 15 December 1999. "Rules on the protection of historical linguistic minorities". Article 2. Gazzetta Ufficiale n. 297. 20 December 1999
- ↑ Regional Law No. 26 of 15 October 1997. "Promozione e valorizzazione della culture e della lingua della Sardegna" Template:Webarchive. Articles 2.1 and 2.4 . Consiglio Regionale della Sardegna
- ↑ Communal Statute Template:Webarchive. Article 9. City of Alghero.
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