Arwi

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Template:Short description Script error: No such module "Infobox".Template:Template otherScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Arwi (Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "lang".) or Arabu-Tamil (Template:Langx, Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "lang".) is an Arabic-influenced dialect of the Tamil language written with an extension of the Arabic alphabet, with extensive lexical and phonetic influences from the Arabic language. Arwi has been used extensively by the Muslims of the Tamil Nadu state of India and Sri Lanka.

History

File:Kilakarai Arabic tombstone.jpg
Arwi script in a tombstone at Kilakarai, Old Jumma Masjid
File:Multilingual (Tamil and Malayalam - Arabic script) advertisement - catalogue of books and textiles - Ponnani (1908).jpg
A multilingual advertisement with a catalogue of books and textiles available from a shop in Ponnani in 1908. Text on the left hand side is Arabi-Tamil, text on the right hand side, Arabi Malayalam script

Arwi was an outcome of the cultural synthesis between seafaring Arabs and Tamil-speaking Muslims of Tamil Nadu. This language was enriched, promoted and developed in Kayalpattinam. It had a rich body of work in jurisprudence, Sufism, law, medicine and sexology, of which little has been preserved. It was used as a bridge language for Tamil Muslims to learn Arabic.[1] The patrons of Arwi do not seem to have been highly associated with any political powers of Southern Indian history, including Muslim-ruled states (such as the Deccan sultanates), which were rather influenced by Central Asia and Northern India, preferring the use of Persian, Dakhni and later Urdu. It is therefore a community-based script and dialect, limited to the Labbays and the Marrakayars communities in Southern India, and to the Sri Lankan Moors and the Indian Moors of Ceylon. Many hadith manuscripts have been found. Most of the fiqh books, particularly those of Imaam Abu Hanifa and Imaam Shaafi, have been found in Arwi.

There was also a translation of the Bible into Arwi in 1926.

Arwi still has a place among the more Arwi Muslim and Sri Lankan Moor families.

Script

File:Image-Arwi.png

The Arwi alphabet is the Arabic alphabet, with thirteen additional letters used to represent the Tamil vowels e and o and several Tamil consonants that could not be mapped to Arabic sounds.[2]

Vowels

Arwi vowels arranged according to the Tamil order (right to left)[3]
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Template:Script/Arabic Template:Script/Arabic Template:Script/Arabic (1) Template:Script/Arabic (1) Template:Script/Arabic Template:Script/Arabic Template:Script/Arabic (1) Template:Script/Arabic (1) Template:Script/Arabic Template:Script/Arabic Template:Script/Arabic Template:Script/Arabic
— Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang".
Template:Script/Arabic Template:Script/Arabic Template:Script/Arabic Template:Script/Arabic Template:Script/Arabic Template:Script/Arabic Template:Script/Arabic Template:Script/Arabic Template:Script/Arabic Template:Script/Arabic Template:Script/Arabic Template:Script/Arabic Template:Script/Arabic
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Notes
  1. Unlike other vowels, and unlike in Persian, Urdu, or Arabic, when vowels i, ī, e, ē come at the beginning of a word (respectively Script error: No such module "Lang".), the vowel carrier is not alif (Script error: No such module "Lang".) but is instead yeh (Script error: No such module "Lang".). This spelling indicates the loss of glottal stop in words which start with these vowels, and its replacement by a palatal sound. In rare cases, these vowels have indeed been written with alif as their base.

Consonants

Arwi alphabet[3]
Arabic
(Tamil)
(Latin)
[IPA] 		Template:Script/Arabic
‌(ஆ)
(ā)
Template:IPAblink/Template:IPAblink/Template:IPAblink 		Template:Script/Arabic
‌(ப)
(b)
Template:IPAblink 		Template:Script/Arabic 1
‌(த)
(t)
Template:IPAblink 		Template:Script/Arabic 1
‌(த)
(t)
Template:IPAblink 		Template:Script/Arabic
‌(ஜ)
(j)
Template:IPAblink 		Template:Script/Arabic 2
‌(ச)
(c)
Template:IPAblink
Arabic
(Tamil)
(Latin)
[IPA] 		Template:Script/Arabic
‌(ஹ)
(h)
Template:IPAblink 		Template:Script/Arabic
‌(க / ஃக)
(k, kh)
Template:IPAblink(Template:IPAblink) 		Template:Script/Arabic
‌(த)
(d)
Template:IPAblink(Template:IPAblink) 		Template:Script/Arabic 3
‌(ட)
(ṭ)
Template:IPAblink 		Template:Script/Arabic
‌(ஜ / ஃஜ)
(z)
Template:IPAblink(Template:IPAblink) 		Template:Script/Arabic
‌(ற)
(ṟ)
Template:IPAblink
Arabic
(Tamil)
(Latin)
[IPA] 		Template:Script/Arabic
‌(ர)
(r)
Template:IPAblink 		Template:Script/Arabic
‌(ஜ / ஃஜ)
(z)
Template:IPAblink(Template:IPAblink) 		Template:Script/Arabic
‌(ஸ)
(s)
Template:IPAblink 		Template:Script/Arabic 2
‌(ச)(ஷ, ஶ)
(c, ṣ, ś)
Template:IPAblink/[[[:Template:IPA link]]~Template:IPA link] 		Template:Script/Arabic
‌(ச)
(c)
Template:IPAblink 		Template:Script/Arabic
‌(த)
(t)
Template:IPAblink
Arabic
(Tamil)
(Latin)
[IPA] 		Template:Script/Arabic 4
‌(ள)
(ḷ)
Template:IPAblink 		Template:Script/Arabic 4
‌(ழ)
(ḻ)
Template:IPAblink 		Template:Script/Arabic
‌(த)
(t)
Template:IPAblink 		Template:Script/Arabic
‌(ச)
(c)
Template:IPAblink 		Template:Script/Arabic
‌(-)
(’)
Template:IPAblink 		Template:Script/Arabic
‌(ங)
(ṅ)
Template:IPAblink
Arabic
(Tamil)
(Latin)
[IPA] 		Template:Script/Arabic
‌(க)
(k, gh)
Template:IPAblink 		Template:Script/Arabic
‌(ப / ஃப)
(f)
Template:IPAblink 		Template:Script/Arabic
‌(ப)
(p)
Template:IPAblink 		Template:Script/Arabic
‌(க)
(k, q)
Template:IPAblink 		Template:Script/Arabic 5
‌(க)
(k)
Template:IPAblink 		Template:Script/Arabic 5
‌(க)
(k)
Template:IPAblink
Arabic
(Tamil)
(Latin)
[IPA] 		Template:Script/Arabic
‌(ல)
(l)
Template:IPAblink 		Template:Script/Arabic
‌(ம)
(m)
Template:IPAblink 		Template:Script/Arabic 6
‌(ந, ன, ஞ)
(n, ṉ, ñ)
Template:IPAblink/Template:IPAblink/Template:IPAblink 		Template:Script/Arabic
‌(ண)
(ṇ)
Template:IPAblink 		Template:Script/Arabic
‌(வ)(ௌ, ோ, ூ)
(v, au, ō, ū)
Template:IPAblink/[[[:Template:IPA link]]]Template:IPAblinkTemplate:IPAblink 		Template:Script/Arabic
‌(ஹ)
(h)
Template:IPAblink
Arabic
(Tamil)
(Latin)
[IPA] 		Template:Script/Arabic
‌(ய)(ை, ே, ீ)
(y, ai, ē, ī)
Template:IPAblink/[[[:Template:IPA link]]]Template:IPAblinkTemplate:IPAblink
Notes
  1. The letter Script error: No such module "Lang"., representing the sound Template:IPAblink, has been written with the Arabic letter Script error: No such module "Lang". in the beginning of word, geminated, or in combination with other consonants. This letter has been written with the Arabic letter Script error: No such module "Lang". in between vowels.
  2. The letter Script error: No such module "Lang"., representing the sound [[[:Template:IPA link]]~Template:IPA link], has been written with the Arabic letter Script error: No such module "Lang". in the beginning of word, geminated, or after a nasal consonant. This letter has been written with the Arabic letter Script error: No such module "Lang". in at the beginning of words and in between vowels. The Arabic letter Script error: No such module "Lang". also represents the Tamil letter Script error: No such module "Lang"., representing the sound Template:IPAblink and the Tamil letter Script error: No such module "Lang". representing the sound Template:IPAblink.
  3. For when this letter is geminated, i.e. Script error: No such module "Lang"., some historic manuscripts used the letter dal with two dots underneath, the modified Arwi letter Script error: No such module "Lang".. But most manuscripts simply used the letter dal with one dot underneath, and with a gemination diacritic, the letter Script error: No such module "Lang"..
  4. The Arabic letter Script error: No such module "Lang". has not been used in a widespread manner for representing the Tamil letter Script error: No such module "Lang". (representing the sound Template:IPAblink). Most historic sources use the letter Script error: No such module "Lang". for this Tamil letter as well as for the Tamil letter Script error: No such module "Lang". (representing the sound Template:IPAblink).
  5. For the Tamil letter Script error: No such module "Lang"., representing the sound [[[:Template:IPA link]]~Template:IPA link], the Arabic letter Script error: No such module "Lang". is used. Except if this letter is in between vowels, or following a nasal sound, where the letter Script error: No such module "Lang". is used.
  6. The Tamil letter Script error: No such module "Lang". representing the sound Template:IPAblink has usually been written with the Arabic letter Script error: No such module "Lang".. In addition, in rare occasions, this sound has been represented by the Arabic letter Script error: No such module "Lang".. This sound doesn't occur at beginning of words.

Sample Texts

Below are several sample texts in Arwi orthography, in standard Tamil Script, and transliterated into Latin as per ISO 15919.[4]

Arwi Script Tamil Script ISO 15919 Latin English
Template:Script/Arabic Script error: No such module "Lang". Cōṉaka islāmiya kalāccāra nilaiyam (amaikkappaṭṭatu)

Taṅkaḷukku ematu nalvāḻtum cōpaṉamum kūṟuvatōṭu koḻumpu kōṭṭai pirisṭal vīti, 27 ām nampar illamākiya islāmiya kalāccāra nilaiya putukkaṭṭiṭa tiṟappu viḻāviṟku 1965 iṟappu viḻāviṟku 1965, mē mātam 30 ām tēti, hijrā 1385 muharram 28 piṟai ñāyiṟu piṟpakal 4:15 Maṇikku caṅkamikkumāṟu taṅkaḷai aṉpuṭaṉ aḻaikki ṟōm.

Keḷarava piratamar tiru Ṭaṭli Cōṉāṉāyaka avarkaḷ ñāpakārtta palataiyai tirai nīkkam ceyvārkaḷ. Talaimai nilaiyat talaivar jaṉaip kar rāziq farīd avarkaḷ putuccaṭṭiṭattai tiṟantu vaippārkaḷ.

Sonaga Islamic Cultural Centre (Established)

We send you our felicitations, greetings and cordially invite you to attend the opening ceremony of our new building at No. 27 Bristol Street, Fort, Colombo, on the 30th May, 1965, the 28th Day of Muharram 1385, Sunday afternoon, 4:15 pm.

Honourable Prime Minister Mr. Dudley Senanayake will unveil the commemoration block. The President of the centre, Sir Razik Fareed will open the building.

Template:Script/Arabic Script error: No such module "Lang". Eṉṉai āḷum vallōṉē ēkānta nātā

Taṉṉai aṟiyum tavattai tantāḷkuvāy nī

O Almighty Who rules over me! O my Master who is the only Lord!

Bless me with the boon of realizing the insignificance of myself

Template:Script/Arabic Script error: No such module "Lang". Uṉṉai allātu vēṟu yārai viḷippēṉ

Eṉṉai viṭṭum hakkāka uṉṉil oḷippēṉ

Whom can I beseech except Thee!

I will [leave my wretched self and] annihilate in Thee!

Template:Script/Arabic Script error: No such module "Lang". Maṉitap piṟaviyiṉar cakalarum cutantiramākavē piṟakkiṉṟaṉar; avarkaḷ matippilum urimaikaḷilum camamāṉavarkaḷ. Avarkaḷ niyāyattaiyum maṉacāṭciyaiyum iyaṟpaṇpākap peṟṟavarkaḷ. Avarkaḷ oruvaruṭaṉoruvar cakōtara uṇarvup pāṅkil naṭantukoḷḷal vēṇṭum. All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They possess conscience and reason. Therefore, everyone should act in a spirit of brotherhood towards each other.

See also

References

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  1. ↑ 216 th year commemoration today: Remembering His Holiness Bukhary Thangal Sunday Observer – January 5, 2003. Online version accessed on 2009-08-14
  2. ↑ Torsten Tschacher (2001). Islam in Tamilnadu: Varia. (Südasienwissenschaftliche Arbeitsblätter 2.) Halle: Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg. Template:ISBN. (Online versions available on the websites of the university libraries at Heidelberg and Halle: http://archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/savifadok/volltexte/2009/1087/pdf/Tschacher.pdf and http://www.suedasien.uni-halle.de/SAWA/Tschacher.pdf).
  3. ↑ a b Tschacher, T. (2001). Islam in Tamilnadu: Varia. Institut für Indologie und Südasienwissenschaften der Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg. URL (Archive)
  4. ↑ Zubair, KMA. Ahamed. (2016). The Rise and Decline of Arabu-Tamil Language for Tamil Muslims. IIUC Studies, 10, 263–282. [1] (Link)

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  • Shu’ayb, Tayka. Arabic, Arwi and Persian in Sarandib and Tamil Nadu. Madras: Imāmul 'Arūs Trust, 1993.
  • Yunush Ahamed Mohamed Sherif Arabu-Tamil/Arwi: the Identity of the Tamil Muslims TJPRC Publication.
  • Dr. K. M. A. Ahamed Zubair. The Rise and Decline of Arabu–Tamil Language for Tamil Muslims IIUC STUDIES, 2014
  • DR. S.M.M Mazahir. அறபுத் தமிழும் அறபுத்தமிழ் ஆக்கங்களும் 2018

External links

Template:Tamil language Template:Arabic alphabets

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