Claudian letters

File:Claudian letters (per Oliver 1949).svg

Claudian letters, with the File:Claudian antisigma.svg variant of supported by manuscripts of Priscian.

File:Claudian letters.svg

Claudian letters with the Ↄ variant of .

File:Pomerium marker with digamma inversum in red - Vatican Museums - inv 9268.jpg

Claudian pomerium marker, where written words and use turned digamma (highlighted in red)

The Claudian letters were a set of three new letters for the Latin alphabet developed by the Roman emperor Claudius, who reigned the Roman Empire from the year 41 to the year 54. These letters, according to the emperor, were much needed for the language, although they did not outlast his reign.

Antisigma (Ↄ)

Ↄ or File:Claudian antisigma.svg/X () to replace BS and PS , much as X stood in for CS and GS . The shape of this letter is disputed, however, since no inscription bearing it has been found. Franz Bücheler identified it with the variant Roman numeral Ↄ, but 20th-century philologists, working from copies of Priscian's books, believe it to instead resemble two linked Cs (Ↄ+Ϲ), which was a preexisting variant of Greek sigma, and easily mistaken for X by later writers. Revilo P. Oliver argued that Claudius would have based this letter upon the Arcadian variant of psi Template:GrGl or Template:GrGl. This letter should not be confused with the "open O" letter. (Ɔ)

As noted, there are no examples of this letter being used at the time currently discovered; however, it is possible to assume where this letter would be utilized. It would probably replace the PS sequence in Latin words, especially those with Greek etymology, such as DYSPEↃIA ("dyspepsĭa"), EPILEↃIA ("ĕpĭlepsĭa") or ↃALMVS ("psalmus").

Digamma inversum (Ⅎ)

Ⅎ, a turned F or digamma () to be used instead of the letter V when denoting the consonantal phoneme Template:IPAblink or Template:IPAblink. Thus, it resembles the use of the letter V in modern Latin texts, where the vocalic use of the letter V is represented by its variant U, which has been recognized as a different letter only later.

Examples of Ⅎ: AMPLIAℲIT, ARℲALES, ARℲALIVM, BOℲE, IOℲI, TERMINAℲITQVE, VOℲIMVS, ℲELINA, ℲIR, ℲOℲEMVS.

Half H (Ⱶ)

Ⱶ, a half H. The value of this letter is unclear, but it may have represented the so-called sonus medius, a short vowel sound, likely Template:IPAblink, but it could have also been Template:IPAblink. It was used before labial consonants in Latin words such as and . The letter was later used as a variant of Template:IPAblink in inscriptions for short Greek upsilon (as in ). It may have disappeared because the itself disappeared from spoken language.

Examples of Ⱶ: BⱵBLIOTHECA, CⱵCNVS, MAXⱵMVS, OPTⱵME, and once in GⱵBERNATOR.

Usage

These letters were used to a small extent on public inscriptions dating from Claudius' reign, but their use was abandoned after his death. Their forms were probably chosen to ease the transition, as they could be made from templates for existing letters. He may have been inspired by his ancestor Appius Claudius the Censor, who made earlier changes to the Latin alphabet. Claudius did indeed introduce his letters during his own term as censor (47–48), using arguments preserved in the historian Tacitus' account of his reign, although the original proclamation is no longer extant. Suetonius said of Claudius' letters:

Assuming that the letters were added at the end of the alphabet, just like Y and Z were, and that the order of these 3 letters does not matter, the Latin alphabet with these letters would look like this:

Classical Latin alphabet with the additional Claudian letters

Letter	A	B	C	D	E	F	G	H	I	K	L	M	N	O	P	Q	R	S	T	V	X	Y	Z	Ↄ	Ⅎ	Ⱶ
IPA

Support for the letters was added in version 5.0.0 of Unicode. Although these letters, as all Latin letters in antiquity, originally occurred only in capital form, lowercase forms were introduced to meet Unicode casing requirements. The minuscule form for the turned F was designed as a turned small capital F and should not be confused with the IPA symbol Template:IPA link representing a voiced palatal stop.

The letters are encoded as follows:

Description	Letter	Unicode	HTML	Script
TURNED CAPITAL F TURNED SMALL F	Ⅎ ⅎ	U+2132 U+214E	Ⅎ ⅎ	Latin
ROMAN NUMERAL REVERSED ONE HUNDRED LATIN SMALL LETTER REVERSED C	Ↄ ↄ	U+2183 U+2184	Ↄ ↄ	Latin
LATIN CAPITAL LETTER HALF H LATIN SMALL LETTER HALF H	Ⱶ ⱶ	U+2C75 U+2C76	Ⱶ ⱶ	Latin

See also

• Chinese characters of Empress Wu
• Template:Anli