Pe (Semitic letter)
Template:Short description Script error: No such module "about". Script error: No such module "Infobox".Template:Template other Pe is the seventeenth letter of the Semitic abjads, including Arabic fāʾ Template:Script, Aramaic pē 𐡐, Hebrew pē Template:Script, Phoenician pē 𐤐, and Syriac pē ܦ. (in abjadi order). It is related to the Ancient North Arabian 𐪐, South Arabian Script error: No such module "Lang"., and Ge'ez Script error: No such module "Lang".. Template:Contains special characters The original sound value is a voiceless bilabial plosive Script error: No such module "IPA". and it retains this value in most Semitic languages, except for Arabic, where the sound Script error: No such module "IPA". changed into the voiceless labiodental fricative Script error: No such module "IPA"., carrying with it the pronunciation of the letter. However, the sound Script error: No such module "IPA". in Arabic is used in loanwords with the letter pe as an alternative. Under the Persian influence, many Arabic dialects in the Persian Gulf, as well as in Egypt and in some of the Maghreb under the Ottoman influence uses the letter pe to represent the sound Script error: No such module "IPA". which is missing in Modern Standard Arabic. Not to be confused with the Turned g. The Phoenician letter gave rise to the Greek Pi (Π), Latin P, Glagolitic Ⱂ,[1] and Cyrillic П.
Origins
Pe is usually assumed to come from a pictogram of a "mouth" (in Hebrew pe; in Arabic, فا fah). <hiero>D21</hiero>
Arabic fāʾ
Template:Infobox graphemeThe letter Script error: No such module "Lang". is named Script error: No such module "Lang". Template:Transliteration Script error: No such module "IPA".. It is written in several ways depending on its position in the word:
| Position in word: | Isolated | Final | Medial | Initial |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Glyph form: (Help) |
Template:Script/Arabic | Template:Script/Arabic | Template:Script/Arabic | Template:Script/Arabic |
In the process of developing from Proto-Semitic, Proto-Semitic Script error: No such module "IPA". became Arabic Script error: No such module "IPA"., and this is reflected in the use of the letter representing Script error: No such module "IPA". in other Semitic languages for Script error: No such module "IPA". in Arabic.
Examples on usage in Modern Standard Arabic:
- Template:Transliteration (Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA".) is a multi-function prefix most commonly equivalent to "so" or "so that." For example: Script error: No such module "Lang". Template:Transliteration ("we write") → Script error: No such module "Lang". Template:Transliteration ("so we write").
Maghrebi variant
In Maghrebi scripts, the i'ajami dot in Template:Transliteration has traditionally been written underneath (Script error: No such module "Lang".). Once the prevalent style, it is now mostly used in countries of the Maghreb in ceremonial situations or for writing Qur'an, with the exception of Libya and Algeria, which adopted the Mashriqi form (dot above).
| Position in word: | Isolated | Final | Medial | Initial |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Form of letter: | Template:Script/Arabic | Template:Script/Arabic | Template:Script/Arabic | Template:Script/Arabic |
The Maghrebi alphabet, to write Template:Transliteration (Script error: No such module "Lang".), a letter that resembles Template:Transliteration (Script error: No such module "Lang".) in the initial and medial forms is used, but it is really a Template:Transliteration with a single dot (Script error: No such module "Lang".).
Central Asian variant
In the Arabic orthographies of Uyghur, Kazakh and Kyrgyz, the letter Template:Transliteration has a descender in the final and isolated positions, much like the Maghrebi version of Template:Transliteration.[2][3]
| Position in word: | Isolated | Final | Medial | Initial |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Glyph form: (Help) |
Template:Script/Arabic | Template:Script/Arabic | Template:Script/Arabic | Template:Script/Arabic |
Theoretically this shape could be approximated by using Template:Unichar, but in practice Template:Unichar is used in databases of these languages, and most commercial fonts for these languages give the codepoint of the usual Arabic Template:Transliteration a shape like Script error: No such module "Lang"..
When the Uyghur keyboard layout for Microsoft Windows was first added in Windows Vista and Windows Server 2008, the key combination Template:Key press resulted in Template:Unichar.[4] The Uyghur keyboard layout in Windows 7 and Windows Server 2008 R2 changed that key combination to give Template:Unichar.[5] On the newer systems, the old keyboard layout is still available under the name Uyghur (Legacy).
Diacriticized Arabic versions
Normally, the letter Script error: No such module "Lang". Template:Transliteration renders Script error: No such module "IPA". sound, but may also be used some names and loanwords where it can render Script error: No such module "IPA"., might be arabized as Script error: No such module "IPA". in accordance to its spelling, e.g., Script error: No such module "Lang". (Unilever). It may be used interchangeably with the modified letter Script error: No such module "Lang". - Template:Transliteration (with 3 dots above) in this case. The letter fāʾ with three dots above is no longer used in Persian, as the Template:IPAblink-sound changed to Template:IPAblink, e.g. archaic Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". > Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'language'[6]
The character is mapped in Unicode under position U+06A4.
| Position in word: | Isolated | Final | Medial | Initial |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Glyph form: (Help) |
Template:Script/Arabic | Template:Script/Arabic | Template:Script/Arabic | Template:Script/Arabic |
Maghrebi variant
The Maghrebi style, used in Northwestern Africa, the dots moved underneath (Unicode U+06A5), because it is based on the other style of Template:Transliteration (Template:Script/Arabic):
| Position in word: | Isolated | Final | Medial | Initial |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Glyph form: (Help) |
Template:Script/Arabic | Template:Script/Arabic | Template:Script/Arabic | Template:Script/Arabic |
Other similar letters
Hebrew pe
The Hebrew spelling is Script error: No such module "Lang".. It is also romanized pei or pey, especially when used in Yiddish.[7][8]
| position in word | Various print fonts | Cursive Hebrew |
Rashi script | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Serif | Sans-serif | Monospaced | |||
| non final | פ | פ | פ | File:Hebrew letter Pe handwriting.svg | File:Pe-nonfinal (Rashi-script - Hebrew letter).svg |
| final | ף | ף | ף | File:Hebrew letter Pe-final handwriting.svg | File:Pe-final (Rashi-script - Hebrew letter).svg |
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Variations on written form/pronunciation
Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". The letter Pe is one of the six letters which can receive a Dagesh Kal. The six are Bet, Gimel, Daleth, Kaph, Pe, and Tav.
Variant forms of Pe/Fe
A notable variation on the letter Pe is the Pe Kefulah (Doubled Pe), also known as the Pei Lefufah (Wrapped Pe). The Pe Kefulah is written as a small Pe scribed within a larger Pe. This atypical letter appears in Torah scrolls (most often Yemenite Torahs[9] but is also present in Sephardic and Ashkenazi Torahs), manuscripts, and some modern printed Hebrew Bibles. When the Pe is written in the form of a Doubled Pe, this adds a layer of deeper meaning to the Biblical text.[10] This letter variation can appear on the final and non-final forms of the Pe.
There are two orthographic variants of this letter which indicate a different pronunciation:
| Name | Symbol | IPA | Transliteration | as in the English word |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pe | <templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />פּ | Script error: No such module "IPA". | p | pan |
| Fe | <templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />פ | Script error: No such module "IPA". | f | fan |
Pe with the dagesh
When the Pe has a "dot" in its center, known as a dagesh, it represents a voiceless bilabial plosive, Script error: No such module "IPA".. There are various rules in Hebrew grammar that stipulate when and why a dagesh is used.
Fe
When Pe appears without the dagesh dot in its center (Script error: No such module "Lang".), then it usually represents a voiceless labiodental fricative Script error: No such module "IPA"..
Final form of Pe/Fe
At the end of words, the letter's written form changes to a Pe/Fe Sophit (Final Pe/Fe): Script error: No such module "Lang"..
When a word in modern Hebrew borrowed from another language ends with Script error: No such module "IPA"., the non-final form is used (e.g. Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". "Philip"), while borrowings ending in Script error: No such module "IPA". still use the Pe Sofit (e.g. Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". "fun", from Arabic). This is because native Hebrew words, which always use the final form at the end, cannot end in Script error: No such module "IPA"..
Significance
In gematria, Pe represents the number 80. Its final form represents 800 but this is rarely used, Tav written twice (400+400) being used instead.
Syriac pe
| Position in word: | Isolated | Final | Medial | Initial |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Glyph form: (Help) |
Template:Script/Arabic | Template:Script/Arabic | Template:Script/Arabic | Template:Script/Arabic |
Character encodings
References
External links
Template:Sister project Template:Arabic language Template:Hebrew language Template:Northwest Semitic abjad
ar:ف arc:ܦܐ de:Pe fr:Pe (lettre) he:פ kk:ف nl:Pee ru:Мордовия fi:Pe (kirjain)
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