Turned g

Template:Short description Template:Infobox graphemeTemplate:SpecialChars Turned g (⅁ ᵷ) is a letter of the Latin alphabet, formed by rotating g 180°. It is used to transliterate the Georgian letter ჹ. ჹ itself is the Georgian letter გ "g" rotated.

Usage

File:Bartłomiej Beniowski's Anti-absurd alphabet.png

G in Beniowski's alphabet.

In 1844, Template:Ill created his Anti-absurd or Phenotypic alphabet, featuring turned g for the diphthong .

In 1880, John Wesley Powell created a phonetic transcription for transcribing Native American languages in publications of the Smithsonian Institution. In the transcriptions, turned letters were used as supplementary characters.Template:Sfn

File:ᵷ and turned ezh in Exposé des principes de l'Association phonétique internationale, 1900.png

Turned g as a proposed symbol of the International Phonetic Alphabet.

In 1900, turned g was a proposed phonetic symbol in the International Phonetic Association’s Exposé des principes to represent a voiceless laminal closed postalveolar sibilant, as found in Adyghe, and other Northwest Caucasian languages.Template:Sfn

Franz Boas used turned g to represent the voiced velar fricative Template:IPAblink in his transcription of the Kwakʼwala language, published in American Anthropologist in 1900.Template:Sfn

In 1921, Template:Interlanguage link and Template:Interlanguage link used turned g in their phonetic transcription, notably in Template:Langue published in 1892Template:Sfn or the dictionary Template:Langue published in 1921.Template:Sfn

In 1929, Tadeusz Jan Kowalski used the turned g and turned k in Karaim language texts to represent an alveolar plosive pronounced as a velar plosive before the vowel Template:IPAblink. Omeljan Pritsak reused this in a 1959 Karaim work.Template:Sfn

Turned g represents a Template:IPAblink in the transcription of the Tabasaran language by Template:Ill in his book (, “The Tabasaran language: analysis and texts”) published in 1965.

File:Ngummi.png

A 19th century Gamilaraay text, using a rotated capital G for ŋ.

A rotated capital G (⅁) has sometimes been used as a substitute for the similar-looking eng Template:IPAblink. It is encoded in Unicode at U+2141. It looks similar to the Hebrew letter Pe Template:Angbr. But one can make the turned g actually rendered like this. ⟨G⟩

Computing codes

ᵷ was added to Unicode 4.1 in 2005, as U+1D77. Fonts that can display the character include Code2000, Doulos SIL and Charis SIL. Lowercase "B with hook", an IPA letter that resembles a turned one-story g, is more widely available as a substitute, at U+0253. However the vertical alignment does not match. Template:Charmap

References

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