Uvular ejective stop: Difference between revisions
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A '''uvular ejective''' is a type of [[consonant]]al sound, used in some [[Speech communication|spoken]] [[language]]s. The symbol in the [[International Phonetic Alphabet]] that represents this sound is {{angbr IPA|qʼ}}. | |||
==Features== | ==Features== | ||
Features of | Features of a uvular ejective stop: | ||
{{plosive}} | {{plosive}} | ||
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{{voiceless short}} | {{voiceless short}} | ||
{{oral}} | {{oral}} | ||
{{ | {{Median articulation}} | ||
{{ejective}} | {{ejective}} | ||
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A single plain uvular ejective is found in almost all [[Northeast Caucasian languages]], all [[South Caucasian languages]], and some [[Athabaskan languages]], as well as [[Itelmen language|Itelmen]], [[Quechua language|Quechua]] and [[Aymara language|Aymara]]. | A single plain uvular ejective is found in almost all [[Northeast Caucasian languages]], all [[South Caucasian languages]], and some [[Athabaskan languages]], as well as [[Itelmen language|Itelmen]], [[Quechua language|Quechua]] and [[Aymara language|Aymara]]. | ||
Most [[Salishan languages]], | Most [[Salishan languages]], [[Tlingit language|Tlingit]], as well as [[Adyghe language|Adyghe]] and [[Kabardian language|Kabardian]] ([[Northwest Caucasian languages]]), demonstrate a two-way contrast between [[labialisation|labialised]] and plain uvular ejectives. | ||
The [[Akhvakh language]] appears to have a contrast between [[tenseness|lax and tense]] uvular ejectives: {{IPA|[qʼaː]}} {{gloss|soup, broth}} (lax) vs. {{IPA|[qʼːama]}} {{gloss|cock's comb}} (tense). | The [[Akhvakh language]] appears to have a contrast between [[tenseness|lax and tense]] uvular ejectives: {{IPA|[qʼaː]}} {{gloss|soup, broth}} (lax) vs. {{IPA|[qʼːama]}} {{gloss|cock's comb}} (tense). | ||
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[[Abkhaz language|Abkhaz]] contrasts plain, palatalised and labialised uvular ejectives, written {{angbr|ҟ, ҟь, ҟə}}, e.g., {{lang|ab|а'''ҟ'''аԥшь}} {{IPA|[aqʼapʃ]}} {{gloss|red}}, {{lang|ab|-ҵə'''ҟь'''а}} {{IPA|[-t͡ɕʷʼqʲʼa]}} {{gloss|really, indeed (a verbal suffix)}}, {{lang|ab|А'''ҟә'''а}} {{IPA|[aqʷʼa]}} {{gloss|[[Sukhumi|Sukhum]]}}. As with Georgian, Abkhaz has no non-ejective uvular stops; the historically present uvular aspirates have merged with their corresponding fricatives, although the aspirates are preserved in [[Abaza language|Abaza]]. | [[Abkhaz language|Abkhaz]] contrasts plain, palatalised and labialised uvular ejectives, written {{angbr|ҟ, ҟь, ҟə}}, e.g., {{lang|ab|а'''ҟ'''аԥшь}} {{IPA|[aqʼapʃ]}} {{gloss|red}}, {{lang|ab|-ҵə'''ҟь'''а}} {{IPA|[-t͡ɕʷʼqʲʼa]}} {{gloss|really, indeed (a verbal suffix)}}, {{lang|ab|А'''ҟә'''а}} {{IPA|[aqʷʼa]}} {{gloss|[[Sukhumi|Sukhum]]}}. As with Georgian, Abkhaz has no non-ejective uvular stops; the historically present uvular aspirates have merged with their corresponding fricatives, although the aspirates are preserved in [[Abaza language|Abaza]]. | ||
A plain uvular ejective is one of the most common consonants in [[Ubykh language|Ubykh]], due to its presence in the past tense suffix {{IPA|/-qʼɜ/}}. But in addition to palatalised, labialised and plain uvular ejectives, Ubykh also possesses a [[pharyngealisation|pharyngealised]] version and a concurrently labialised and pharyngealised version, making a total of five: {{IPA|[qʼɜqʼɜ]}} {{gloss|he said it}}, {{IPA|[mɨqʲʼ]}} {{gloss|small and round}}, {{IPA|[qʷʼɜ]}} {{gloss|to seize}}, {{IPA|[qˤʼɜqˤʼ]}} {{gloss|to chew}}, {{IPA|[qʷˤʼɜ]}} {{gloss|cavern}}. | |||
===Examples=== | ===Examples=== | ||
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! colspan="2"| Language !! Word !! [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]!! Meaning !! Notes | ! colspan="2"| Language !! Word !! [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]!! Meaning !! Notes | ||
|- | |- | ||
| colspan="2"| [[Abaza language|Abaza]] || {{lang|abq|[[Cyrillic script|'''къ'''апщы]]}}/{{Transliteration|abq|'''q̇'''apśə}} ||{{IPA|[qʼapɕə]}} || rowspan="2" | 'red' || rowspan="2"| | | colspan="2"| [[Abaza language|Abaza]]<ref>https://www.researchgate.net/publication/344330520_Abaza_A_grammatical_sketch</ref> || {{lang|abq|[[Cyrillic script|'''къ'''апщы]]}}/{{Transliteration|abq|'''q̇'''apśə}} ||{{IPA|[qʼapɕə]}} || rowspan="2" | 'red' || rowspan="2"| | ||
|- | |- | ||
| colspan="2"| [[Abkhaz language|Abkhaz]] || {{lang|ab|[[Cyrillic script|а'''ҟ'''аԥшь]]}}/{{Transliteration|ab|a'''q̇'''apš}} ||{{IPA|[aqʼapʃ]}} | | colspan="2"| [[Abkhaz language|Abkhaz]] || {{lang|ab|[[Cyrillic script|а'''ҟ'''аԥшь]]}}/{{Transliteration|ab|a'''q̇'''apš}} ||{{IPA|[aqʼapʃ]}} | ||
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| colspan="2"| [[Archi language|Archi]] || {{lang|aqc|[[Cyrillic script|'''къ'''ам]]}}/{{Transliteration|aqc|'''q̇'''am}} ||{{IPA|[qʼam]}} || 'forelock' || | | colspan="2"| [[Archi language|Archi]] || {{lang|aqc|[[Cyrillic script|'''къ'''ам]]}}/{{Transliteration|aqc|'''q̇'''am}} ||{{IPA|[qʼam]}} || 'forelock' || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| colspain="2"| [[Azerbaijani language|Azeri]] || North dialects || {{lang|az|[[Azerbaijani alphabet|'''q'''ədim]]}} || {{IPA|[qʼæˈd̪i̞m]}}|| 'ancient' || | | colspain="2"| [[Azerbaijani language|Azeri]]{{cn|date=October 2025}} || North dialects || {{lang|az|[[Azerbaijani alphabet|'''q'''ədim]]}} || {{IPA|[qʼæˈd̪i̞m]}}|| 'ancient' || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| colspan="2"| [[Bats language|Batsbi]] || {{lang|bbl|[[Georgian alphabet|'''ყ'''არ]]}}/{{Transliteration|bbl|'''q̇'''ar}} ||{{IPA|[qʼar]}}|| 'rain'|| | | colspan="2"| [[Bats language|Batsbi]] || {{lang|bbl|[[Georgian alphabet|'''ყ'''არ]]}}/{{Transliteration|bbl|'''q̇'''ar}} ||{{IPA|[qʼar]}}|| 'rain'|| | ||
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| colspan="2"| [[Mingrelian language|Mingrelian]] || {{lang|xmf|[[Georgian alphabet|ორტ'''ყ'''აფუ]]}}/{{Transliteration|xmf|orṭ'''q̇'''apu}} ||{{IPA|[ɔrtʼqʼapʰu]}}|| 'belt'|| | | colspan="2"| [[Mingrelian language|Mingrelian]] || {{lang|xmf|[[Georgian alphabet|ორტ'''ყ'''აფუ]]}}/{{Transliteration|xmf|orṭ'''q̇'''apu}} ||{{IPA|[ɔrtʼqʼapʰu]}}|| 'belt'|| | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[North Straits Salish language|North Straits Salish]] || [[Saanich dialect|Saanich]] || {{lang|str|'''K'''EYOṮEN}} || {{IPA|[qʼəjat͡ɬʼənˀ]}} || {{gloss|slug, snail}} || contrasts with the labialized version, e.g., {{lang|str|S'''₭'''EḰĆES}} {{IPA|[sqʷʼəqʷt͡ʃəs]}} {{gloss|red huckleberry}}. | |||
|- | |- | ||
| colspan="2"| [[Quechua language|Quechua]] || {{lang|qu|'''q{{`}}'''illu}} || {{IPA|[qʼɛʎʊ]}} || 'yellow'|| | | colspan="2"| [[Quechua language|Quechua]] || {{lang|qu|'''q{{`}}'''illu}} || {{IPA|[qʼɛʎʊ]}} || 'yellow'|| | ||
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[[Category:Ejectives]] | [[Category:Ejectives]] | ||
[[Category:Oral consonants]] | [[Category:Oral consonants]] | ||
[[Category: | [[Category:Median consonants]] | ||
Latest revision as of 00:41, 3 December 2025
Template:Short description Script error: No such module "Unsubst".
Template:Infobox IPA/core1Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
A uvular ejective is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is Template:Angbr IPA.
Features
Features of a uvular ejective stop:
Template:Plosive Template:Uvular Template:Voiceless short Template:Oral Template:Median articulation Template:Ejective
Occurrence
A single plain uvular ejective is found in almost all Northeast Caucasian languages, all South Caucasian languages, and some Athabaskan languages, as well as Itelmen, Quechua and Aymara.
Most Salishan languages, Tlingit, as well as Adyghe and Kabardian (Northwest Caucasian languages), demonstrate a two-way contrast between labialised and plain uvular ejectives.
The Akhvakh language appears to have a contrast between lax and tense uvular ejectives: Script error: No such module "IPA". Template:Gloss (lax) vs. Script error: No such module "IPA". Template:Gloss (tense).
Abkhaz contrasts plain, palatalised and labialised uvular ejectives, written Template:Angbr, e.g., Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". Template:Gloss, Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". Template:Gloss, Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". Template:Gloss. As with Georgian, Abkhaz has no non-ejective uvular stops; the historically present uvular aspirates have merged with their corresponding fricatives, although the aspirates are preserved in Abaza.
A plain uvular ejective is one of the most common consonants in Ubykh, due to its presence in the past tense suffix Script error: No such module "IPA".. But in addition to palatalised, labialised and plain uvular ejectives, Ubykh also possesses a pharyngealised version and a concurrently labialised and pharyngealised version, making a total of five: Script error: No such module "IPA". Template:Gloss, Script error: No such module "IPA". Template:Gloss, Script error: No such module "IPA". Template:Gloss, Script error: No such module "IPA". Template:Gloss, Script error: No such module "IPA". Template:Gloss.
Examples
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Abaza[1] | Script error: No such module "Lang"./Script error: No such module "lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'red' | ||
| Abkhaz | Script error: No such module "Lang"./Script error: No such module "lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | |||
| Adyghe | Hakuchi | Script error: No such module "Lang"./Script error: No such module "lang". | Template:ErrorTemplate:Category handlerTemplate:Category handler | 'hand' | Dialectal. Corresponds to Script error: No such module "IPA". in other dialects. |
| Archi | Script error: No such module "Lang"./Script error: No such module "lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'forelock' | ||
| AzeriScript error: No such module "Unsubst". | North dialects | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'ancient' | |
| Batsbi | Script error: No such module "Lang"./Script error: No such module "lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'rain' | ||
| Chechen | Script error: No such module "Lang"./Script error: No such module "Lang"./Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'crow' | ||
| Dargwa | Mehweb[2] | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'window' | contrasts with Template:IPAslink, Template:IPAslink, and Template:IPAslink |
| Georgian[3] | Script error: No such module "Lang"./Script error: No such module "lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'flower' | Unlike the velar ejective, it does not contrast with voiced or voiceless uvular stops; the Old Georgian voiceless uvular stop has merged with the voiceless velar fricative in modern Georgian. Some scholars view this Georgian phoneme as being rather an uvular ejective fricative Script error: No such module "IPA".. | |
| Haida | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'basket' | ||
| Itelmen | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Template:Gloss | ||
| Klallam | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Template:Gloss | contrasts with labialized uvular ejective stop, e.g., Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". Template:Gloss. | |
| Kutenai | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'St. Mary’s or deep dense woods' | ||
| Laz | Script error: No such module "Lang"./Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'loving' | ||
| Lezgian | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Template:Gloss, Template:Gloss | contrasts with labialized version, e.g., Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". Template:Gloss | |
| Lushootseed | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'canoe' | ||
| Mingrelian | Script error: No such module "Lang"./Script error: No such module "lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'belt' | ||
| North Straits Salish | Saanich | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Template:Gloss | contrasts with the labialized version, e.g., Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". Template:Gloss. |
| Quechua | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'yellow' | ||
| Svan | Script error: No such module "Lang"./Script error: No such module "lang". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | 'boy' | ||
| Tahltan | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Template:Gloss | |||
| Tlingit | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Template:ErrorTemplate:Category handlerTemplate:Category handler | ‘pitcher’ | ||
See also
References
- ↑ https://www.researchgate.net/publication/344330520_Abaza_A_grammatical_sketch
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".