Close back rounded vowel: Difference between revisions

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{{IPA vowels|class=floatright}}
{{IPA vowels|class=floatright}}


The '''close back rounded vowel''', or '''high back rounded vowel''',<ref>{{Vowel terminology}}</ref> is a type of [[Vowel diagram|vowel]] sound used in many spoken [[language]]s. The symbol in the [[International Phonetic Alphabet]] that represents this sound is {{angbr IPA|u}}, and the equivalent [[X-SAMPA]] symbol is&nbsp;<code>u</code>.
The '''close back rounded vowel''', or '''high back rounded vowel''',<ref>{{Vowel terminology}}</ref> is a type of [[Vowel diagram|vowel]] sound used in many spoken [[language]]s. The symbol in the [[International Phonetic Alphabet]] that represents this sound is {{angbr IPA|u}}.


In most languages, this rounded vowel is pronounced with [[roundedness|protruded]] lips ('endolabial'). However, in a few cases the lips are compressed ('exolabial').
In most languages, this rounded vowel is pronounced with [[roundedness|protruded]] lips ('endolabial'). However, in a few cases the lips are compressed ('exolabial').
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{{close vowel}}
{{close vowel}}
{{back vowel}}
{{back vowel}}
{{velar}}
{{protruded vowel}}
{{protruded vowel}}
[[File:IPA u Sagittal Section.svg|thumb|left|upright|[[Sagittal plane|Sagittal section]] of a vocal tract pronouncing {{angbr IPA|u}}. Note that a wavy [[glottis]] in this diagram indicates a voiced sound.]]
[[File:IPA u Sagittal Section.svg|thumb|left|160px|[[Sagittal plane|Sagittal section]] of a vocal tract pronouncing {{angbr IPA|u}}. Note that a wavy [[glottis]] in this diagram indicates a voiced sound.]]
{{Clear}}
{{clear}}


===Occurrence===
===Occurrence===
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! colspan="2" | Language !! Word !! [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] !! Meaning !! Notes
! colspan="2" | Language !! Word !! [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] !! Meaning !! Notes
|-
|-
| [[Afrikaans]] || Standard{{sfnp|Donaldson|1993|pp=2, 5}} || {{lang|af|[[Afrikaans alphabet|b'''oe'''k]]}} || {{IPA|[bu̜k]}} || 'book' || Only weakly rounded.{{sfnp|Donaldson|1993|p=5}} See [[Afrikaans phonology]]
| [[Afrikaans]] || Standard{{sfnp|Donaldson|1993|pp=2, 5}} || {{lang|af|[[Afrikaans alphabet|b'''oe'''k]]}} || {{IPA|[bu̜k]|lang=af}} || 'book' || Only weakly rounded.{{sfnp|Donaldson|1993|p=5}} See [[Afrikaans phonology]]
|-
|-
| [[Arabic language|Arabic]] || [[Modern Standard Arabic|Standard]]{{sfnp|Thelwall|Sa'Adeddin|1990|p=38}} || {{lang|ar|[[Arabic alphabet|جنوب]]|rtl=yes}}/ǧanuub ||{{IPA|[d͡ʒaˈnuːb]}} || 'south' || See [[Arabic phonology]]
| [[Arabic language|Arabic]] || [[Modern Standard Arabic|Standard]]{{sfnp|Thelwall|Sa'Adeddin|1990|p=38}} || {{lang|ar|[[Arabic alphabet|جنوب]]|rtl=yes}} / {{transliteration|ar|ǧan'''uu'''b}}|| {{IPA|[d͡ʒaˈnuːb]|lang=ar}} || 'south' || See [[Arabic phonology]]
|-
|-
| [[Armenian language|Armenian]] || [[Eastern Armenian|Eastern]]{{sfnp|Dum-Tragut|2009|p=13}} || {{lang|hy|[[Armenian alphabet|դուռ]]}}/dur ||{{IPA|[dur]}} || 'door' ||  
| [[Armenian language|Armenian]] || [[Eastern Armenian|Eastern]]{{sfnp|Dum-Tragut|2009|p=13}} || {{lang|hy|[[Armenian alphabet|դ'''ու'''ռ]]}} / {{transliteration|hy|d'''u'''r}}|| {{IPA|[dur]|lang=hy}} || 'door' ||  
|-
|-
| [[Bavarian language|Bavarian]] || [[Amstetten dialect]]<ref name="tm82">{{Harvcoltxt|Traunmüller|1982}}, cited in {{Harvcoltxt|Ladefoged|Maddieson|1996|p=290}}</ref> || '''u'''nd || {{IPA|[und̥]}} || 'and' || Contrasts close {{IPA|[u]}}, near-close {{IPAblink|o̝}}, close-mid {{IPAblink|o}} and open-mid {{IPAblink|ɔ}} back rounded vowels in addition to the open central unrounded {{IPAblink|ä}}.<ref name="tm82"/>
| colspan="2" |[[Bengali language|Bengali]]
|{{Lang|bn|[[Bengali alphabet|ত'''বু''']]}}
|{{IPA|[t̪o̞bu]}}
|'still'
|See [[Bengali phonology]]
|-
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]]{{sfnp|Ternes|Vladimirova-Buhtz|1999|p=56}} || {{lang|bg|[[Bulgarian alphabet|л'''у'''д]]}}/lud ||{{IPA|[ɫut̪]}} || 'crazy' || See [[Bulgarian phonology]]
| [[Bavarian language|Bavarian]] || [[Amstetten dialect]]<ref name="tm82">{{Harvcoltxt|Traunmüller|1982}}, cited in {{Harvcoltxt|Ladefoged|Maddieson|1996|p=290}}</ref> || {{lang|bar|'''u'''nd}} || {{IPA|[und̥]|lang=bar}} || 'and' || Contrasts close {{IPA|[u]}}, near-close {{IPAblink|o̝}}, close-mid {{IPAblink|o}} and open-mid {{IPAblink|ɔ}} back rounded vowels in addition to the open central unrounded {{IPAblink|ä}}.<ref name="tm82"/>
|-
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Catalan language|Catalan]]{{sfnp|Carbonell|Llisterri|1992|p=54}} || {{lang|ca|[[Catalan orthography|s'''u'''c]]}} || {{IPA|[s̺uk]}} || 'juice' || See [[Catalan phonology]]
| colspan="2" | [[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]]{{sfnp|Ternes|Vladimirova-Buhtz|1999|p=56}} || {{lang|bg|[[Bulgarian alphabet|л'''у'''д]]}} / {{transliteration|bg|lud}} || {{IPA|[ɫut̪]|lang=bg}} || 'crazy' || See [[Bulgarian phonology]]
|-
|-
| rowspan="3" | [[Chinese language|Chinese]] || [[Standard Chinese|Mandarin]]{{sfnp|Lee|Zee|2003|pp=110–111}}{{sfnp|Duanmu|2007|pp=35–36}} || {{lang|cmn-Hani|[[Chinese characters|土]]}} / {{lang|cmn-Latn|[[Pinyin|t'''ǔ''']]}} || {{IPA|[tʰu˨˩˦]}}|| 'earth' || See [[Standard Chinese phonology]]
| colspan="2" | [[Catalan language|Catalan]]{{sfnp|Carbonell|Llisterri|1992|p=54}} || {{lang|ca|[[Catalan orthography|s'''u'''c]]}} || {{IPA|[s̺uk]|lang=ca}} || 'juice' || See [[Catalan phonology]]
|-
|-
| [[Cantonese]]{{sfnp|Zee|1999|pp=59–60}} || {{lang|yue|[[Chinese characters|夫]]}} / {{lang|yue-Latn|[[Yale romanization of Cantonese|f'''ū''']]}} || {{Audio-IPA|Yue-fu1.ogg|[fuː˥]|help=no}} || 'man' || See [[Cantonese phonology]]
| rowspan="3" | [[Chinese language|Chinese]] || [[Standard Chinese|Mandarin]]{{sfnp|Lee|Zee|2003|pp=110–111}}{{sfnp|Duanmu|2007|pp=35–36}} || {{lang|cmn-Hani|[[Chinese characters|土]]}} / {{transliteration|cmn|[[Pinyin|t'''ǔ''']]}} || {{IPA|[tʰu˨˩˦]|lang=cmn}} || 'earth' || See [[Standard Chinese phonology]]
|-
|-
| [[Shanghainese]]{{sfnp|Chen|Gussenhoven|2015|pp=328–329}} || {{lang|wuu|[[Chinese characters|瓜]]}}/ku ||{{IPA|[ku˩]}} || 'melon' || Height varies between close and close-mid; contrasts with a close to close-mid back compressed vowel.{{sfnp|Chen|Gussenhoven|2015|pp=328–329}}
| [[Cantonese]]{{sfnp|Zee|1999|pp=59–60}} || {{lang|yue|[[Chinese characters|夫]]}} / {{transliteration|yue|[[Yale romanization of Cantonese|f'''ū''']]}} || {{Audio-IPA|Yue-fu1.ogg|[fuː˥]|help=no}} || 'man' || See [[Cantonese phonology]]
|-
|-
| colspan="2" |[[Chuvash language|Chuvash]]
| [[Shanghainese]]{{sfnp|Chen|Gussenhoven|2015|pp=328–329}} || {{lang|wuu|[[Chinese characters|瓜]]}} / {{transliteration|wuu|k'''u'''}}|| {{IPA|[ku˩]|lang=wuu}} || 'melon' || Height varies between close and close-mid; contrasts with a close to close-mid back compressed vowel.{{sfnp|Chen|Gussenhoven|2015|pp=328–329}}
|[[Cyrillic script|'''у'''рам]]
|{{IPA|[uˈram]}}
|'street'
|
|-
|-
| [[Danish language|Danish]] || Standard{{sfnp|Grønnum|1998|p=100}}{{sfnp|Basbøll|2005|p=46}} || {{lang|da|[[Danish and Norwegian alphabet|d'''u''']]}} || {{IPA|[tu]}} || 'you' || See [[Danish phonology]]
| colspan="2" | [[Chuvash language|Chuvash]] || {{lang|cv|[[Cyrillic script|'''у'''рам]]}} || {{IPA|[uˈram]|lang=cv}} || 'street' ||
|-
| [[Danish language|Danish]] || Standard{{sfnp|Grønnum|1998|p=100}}{{sfnp|Basbøll|2005|p=46}} || {{lang|da|[[Danish and Norwegian alphabet|d'''u''']]}} || {{IPA|[tu]|lang=da}} || 'you' || See [[Danish phonology]]
|-
|-
| [[Dutch language|Dutch]] || Standard{{sfnp|Gussenhoven|1992|p=47}}{{sfnp|Verhoeven|2005|p=245}} || {{lang|nl|[[Dutch orthography|v'''oe'''t]]}} || {{Audio-IPA|Nl-voet.ogg|[vut]|help=no}} || 'foot' || Somewhat fronted in Belgian Standard Dutch.{{sfnp|Verhoeven|2005|p=245}}
| [[Dutch language|Dutch]] || Standard{{sfnp|Gussenhoven|1992|p=47}}{{sfnp|Verhoeven|2005|p=245}} || {{lang|nl|[[Dutch orthography|v'''oe'''t]]}} || {{Audio-IPA|Nl-voet.ogg|[vut]|help=no}} || 'foot' || Somewhat fronted in Belgian Standard Dutch.{{sfnp|Verhoeven|2005|p=245}}
|-
|-
| rowspan="12" | [[English language|English]] || [[Australian English|Australian]]{{sfnp|Cox|Palethorpe|2007|p=344}}{{sfnp|Cox|Fletcher|2017|p=65}} || rowspan="2" | ''[[English orthography|b'''oo'''k]]'' || rowspan="2" | {{IPA|[buk]}} || rowspan="2" | 'book' || Corresponds to {{IPAblink|ʊ}} in other accents. See [[Australian English phonology]]
| rowspan="12" | [[English language|English]] || [[Australian English|Australian]]{{sfnp|Cox|Palethorpe|2007|p=344}}{{sfnp|Cox|Fletcher|2017|p=65}} || rowspan="2" | ''[[English orthography|b'''oo'''k]]'' || rowspan="2" | {{IPA|[buk]|lang=en}} || rowspan="2" | 'book' || Corresponds to {{IPAblink|ʊ}} in other accents. See [[Australian English phonology]]
|-
|-
| [[Cape Flats English|Cape Flats]]{{sfnp|Finn|2004|p=970}} || May be advanced to {{IPAblink|ʉ}}, or lowered and unrounded to {{IPAblink|ɤ}}.{{sfnp|Finn|2004|p=970}} See [[South African English phonology]]
| [[Cape Flats English|Cape Flats]]{{sfnp|Finn|2004|p=970}} || May be advanced to {{IPAblink|ʉ}}, or lowered and unrounded to {{IPAblink|ɤ}}.{{sfnp|Finn|2004|p=970}} See [[South African English phonology]]
|-
|-
| Cultivated [[South African English|South African]]{{sfnp|Lass|2002|p=116}} || rowspan="9" | ''[[English orthography|b'''oo'''t]]'' || rowspan="7" | {{IPA|[bu̟ut]}}|| rowspan="9" | 'boot' || rowspan="2" | Typically [[Relative articulation#Advanced and retracted|more front]] [ʉu] than [[cardinal vowels|cardinal]] {{IPA|[uw]}}. See [[White South African English phonology]] and [[American English phonology]].
| Cultivated [[South African English|South African]]{{sfnp|Lass|2002|p=116}} || rowspan="9" | ''[[English orthography|b'''oo'''t]]'' || rowspan="7" | {{IPA|[bu̟ut]|lang=en}}|| rowspan="9" | 'boot' || rowspan="2" | Typically [[Relative articulation#Advanced and retracted|more front]] {{IPA|[ʉu]|lang=en}} than [[cardinal vowels|cardinal]] {{IPA|[uw]|lang=en}}. See [[White South African English phonology]] and [[American English phonology]].
|-
|-
| [[General American]]{{sfnp|Mannell|Cox|Harrington|2009}}
| [[General American]]{{sfnp|Mannell|Cox|Harrington|2009}}
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| [[Geordie]]{{sfnp|Watt|Allen|2003|p=268}} || May be central {{IPAblink|ʉː}} instead.
| [[Geordie]]{{sfnp|Watt|Allen|2003|p=268}} || May be central {{IPAblink|ʉː}} instead.
|-
|-
| [[Hiberno-English|Irish]]<ref>{{cite book|title=A Handbook of Varieties of English Volume 1: Phonology|editor=Bernd Kortmann and Edgar W. Schneider |author=Raymond Hickey |publisher=De Gruyter|year=2004|pages=91}}</ref> || Realized as central {{IPAblink|ʉː}} in [[Ulster English|Ulster]].
| [[Hiberno-English|Irish]]<ref>{{cite book|title=A Handbook of Varieties of English Volume 1: Phonology|editor=Bernd Kortmann and Edgar W. Schneider|last=Hickey|first=Raymond|publisher=De Gruyter|year=2004|pages=91}}</ref> || Realized as central {{IPAblink|ʉː}} in [[Ulster English|Ulster]].
|-
|-
| Some [[Multicultural London English|Multicultural London]] speakers{{sfnp|Cruttenden|2014|p=91}} || More commonly front {{IPAblink|yː}}.
| Some [[Multicultural London English|Multicultural London]] speakers{{sfnp|Cruttenden|2014|p=91}} || More commonly front {{IPAblink|yː}}.
Line 77: Line 80:
| [[Welsh English|Welsh]]{{sfnp|Collins|Mees|1990|p=95}}{{sfnp|Connolly|1990|p=125}}{{sfnp|Tench|1990|p=135}}
| [[Welsh English|Welsh]]{{sfnp|Collins|Mees|1990|p=95}}{{sfnp|Connolly|1990|p=125}}{{sfnp|Tench|1990|p=135}}
|-
|-
| [[Pakistani English|Pakistani]]{{sfnp|Mahboob|Ahmar|2004|p=1007}} || {{IPA|[buːʈ]}}
| [[Pakistani English|Pakistani]]{{sfnp|Mahboob|Ahmar|2004|p=1007}} || {{IPA|[buːʈ]|lang=en}}
|-
|-
|[[New York City English|Greater New York City]]<ref>{{cite book|title=A Handbook of Varieties of English Volume 1: Phonology|editor=Bernd Kortmann and Edgar W. Schneider |author=Raymond Hickey |publisher=De Gruyter|year=2004|pages=287}}</ref> || {{IPA|[buːt]}}<ref>{{cite book|last1=Labov|first1=William|last2=Ash|first2=Sharon|last3=Boberg|first3=Charles|title=The Atlas of North American English|date=2006}} chpt. 17</ref>
|[[New York City English|Greater New York City]]<ref>{{cite book|title=A Handbook of Varieties of English Volume 1: Phonology|editor=Bernd Kortmann and Edgar W. Schneider|last=Hickey|first=Raymond|publisher=De Gruyter|year=2004|pages=287}}</ref> || {{IPA|[buːt]|lang=en}}<ref>{{cite book|last1=Labov|first1=William|last2=Ash|first2=Sharon|last3=Boberg|first3=Charles|title=The Atlas of North American English|date=2006}} chpt. 17</ref>
|-
|-
| [[New Zealand English|New Zealand]]<ref name="victoriauniv">{{cite web|title=NZE Phonology|page=3|publisher=Victoria University of Wellington|url=http://www.victoria.ac.nz/lals/research/projects/grinze-archived/publications/NZE_PhonologyPW.pdf}}</ref>{{sfnp|Bauer|Warren|2004|p=585}} || ''[[English orthography|treac'''le''']]'' || {{IPA|[ˈtɹ̝̊iːku]}} || 'treacle' || Possible realization of the unstressed vowel {{IPA|/ɯ/}}, which is variable in rounding and ranges from central to (more often) back and close to close-mid.<ref name="victoriauniv"/>{{sfnp|Bauer|Warren|2004|p=585}} Corresponds to {{IPA|/əl/}} in other accents. See [[New Zealand English phonology]]
| [[New Zealand English|New Zealand]]<ref name="victoriauniv">{{cite web|title=NZE Phonology|page=3|publisher=Victoria University of Wellington|url=http://www.victoria.ac.nz/lals/research/projects/grinze-archived/publications/NZE_PhonologyPW.pdf}}</ref>{{sfnp|Bauer|Warren|2004|p=585}} || ''[[English orthography|treac'''le''']]'' || {{IPA|[ˈtɹ̝̊iːku]|land=en}} || 'treacle' || Possible realization of the unstressed vowel {{IPA|/ɯ/}}, which is variable in rounding and ranges from central to (more often) back and close to close-mid.<ref name="victoriauniv"/>{{sfnp|Bauer|Warren|2004|p=585}} Corresponds to {{IPA|/əl/}} in other accents. See [[New Zealand English phonology]]
|-
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Estonian language|Estonian]]{{sfnp|Asu|Teras|2009|p=368}} || {{lang|et|[[Estonian orthography|s'''u'''le]]}} || {{IPA|[ˈsule̞]}} || 'feather' (gen. sg.) || See [[Estonian phonology]]
| colspan="2" | [[Estonian language|Estonian]]{{sfnp|Asu|Teras|2009|p=368}} || {{lang|et|[[Estonian orthography|s'''u'''le]]}} || {{IPA|[ˈsule̞]|lang=et}} || 'feather' (gen. sg.) || See [[Estonian phonology]]
|-
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Finnish language|Finnish]]{{sfnp|Iivonen|Harnud|2005|pp=60, 66}}{{sfnp|Suomi|Toivanen|Ylitalo|2008|p=21}} || {{lang|fi|[[Finnish orthography|k'''u'''kka]]}} || {{IPA|[ˈkukːɑ]}}|| 'flower'|| See [[Finnish phonology]]
| colspan="2" | [[Finnish language|Finnish]]{{sfnp|Iivonen|Harnud|2005|pp=60, 66}}{{sfnp|Suomi|Toivanen|Ylitalo|2008|p=21}} || {{lang|fi|[[Finnish orthography|k'''u'''kka]]}} || {{IPA|[ˈkukːɑ]|lang=fi}}|| 'flower'|| See [[Finnish phonology]]
|-
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Faroese language|Faroese]]{{sfnp|Árnason|2011|pp=68, 74}} || {{lang|fo|[[Faroese orthography|g'''u'''lur]]}} || {{IPA|[ˈkuːlʊɹ]}} || 'yellow' || See [[Faroese phonology]]
| colspan="2" | [[Faroese language|Faroese]]{{sfnp|Árnason|2011|pp=68, 74}} || {{lang|fo|[[Faroese orthography|g'''u'''lur]]}} || {{IPA|[ˈkuːlʊɹ]|lang=fo}} || 'yellow' || See [[Faroese phonology]]
|-
|-
| colspan="2" | [[French language|French]]{{sfnp|Fougeron|Smith|1993|p=73}}{{sfnp|Collins|Mees|2013|p=225}} || {{lang|fr|[[French orthography|'''où''']]}} || {{Audio-IPA|Où.ogg|[u]|help=no}} || 'where' || See [[French phonology]]
| colspan="2" | [[French language|French]]{{sfnp|Fougeron|Smith|1993|p=73}}{{sfnp|Collins|Mees|2013|p=225}} || {{lang|fr|[[French orthography|'''où''']]}} || {{Audio-IPA|Où.ogg|[u]|help=no}} || 'where' || See [[French phonology]]
|-
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Georgian language|Georgian]]{{sfnp|Shosted|Chikovani|2006|pp=261–262}} || {{lang|ka|[[Georgian language#Writing system|გ'''უ'''და]]}}/guda ||{{IPA|[ɡudɑ]}}||'leather bag'||
| colspan="2" | [[Georgian language|Georgian]]{{sfnp|Shosted|Chikovani|2006|pp=261–262}} || {{lang|ka|[[Georgian language#Writing system|გ'''უ'''და]]}} / {{transliteration|ka|guda}} || {{IPA|[ɡudɑ]|lang=ka}} || 'leather bag' ||
|-
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[German language|German]] || [[Standard German|Standard]]{{sfnp|Hall|2003|pp=87, 107}}{{sfnp|Dudenredaktion|Kleiner|Knöbl|2015|p=34}} || {{lang|de|[[German orthography|F'''u'''ß]]}} || {{Audio-IPA|De-Fuß.ogg|[fuːs]|help=no}} || 'foot' || See [[Standard German phonology]]
| rowspan="2" | [[German language|German]] || [[Standard German|Standard]]{{sfnp|Hall|2003|pp=87, 107}}{{sfnp|Dudenredaktion|Kleiner|Knöbl|2015|p=34}} || {{lang|de|[[German orthography|F'''u'''ß]]}} || {{Audio-IPA|De-Fuß.ogg|[fuːs]|help=no}} || 'foot' || See [[Standard German phonology]]
|-
|-
| Many speakers{{sfnp|Dudenredaktion|Kleiner|Knöbl|2015|p=64}} || {{lang|de|[[German orthography|St'''u'''nde]]}} || {{IPA|[ˈʃtundə]}} || 'hour' || The usual realization of {{IPA|/ʊ/}} in Switzerland, Austria and partially also in Western and Southwestern Germany (Palatinate, Swabia).{{sfnp|Dudenredaktion|Kleiner|Knöbl|2015|p=64}} See [[Standard German phonology]]
| Many speakers{{sfnp|Dudenredaktion|Kleiner|Knöbl|2015|p=64}} || {{lang|de|[[German orthography|St'''u'''nde]]}} || {{IPA|[ˈʃtundə]|lang=de}} || 'hour' || The usual realization of {{IPA|/ʊ/}} in Switzerland, Austria and partially also in Western and Southwestern Germany (Palatinate, Swabia).{{sfnp|Dudenredaktion|Kleiner|Knöbl|2015|p=64}} See [[Standard German phonology]]
|-
| [[Greek language|Greek]] || [[Modern Greek|Modern]] Standard{{sfnp|Arvaniti|2007|p=28}}{{sfnp|Trudgill|2009|p=81}} || {{lang|el|[[Greek alphabet|π'''ου''']]}} / {{transliteration|el|[[Romanization of Greek|''pou'']]}} || {{IPA|[pu]|lang=el}} || 'where' || See [[Modern Greek phonology]]
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]] || [[Hindi]] || [[Hindustani orthography|ख़ून]](kh'''oo'''n) || rowspan="2" | {{ IPA|[xuːn]}} || rowspan="2" | 'blood' || rowspan="2" | See [[Hindustani phonology]].
|-
|-
| [[Greek language|Greek]] || [[Modern Greek|Modern]] Standard{{sfnp|Arvaniti|2007|p=28}}{{sfnp|Trudgill|2009|p=81}} || {{lang|el|[[Greek alphabet|π'''ου''']]}} / [[Romanization of Greek|''pou'']] || {{IPA|[pu]}} || 'where' || See [[Modern Greek phonology]]
| [[Urdu]] || [[Hindustani orthography|خون]](kh'''oo'''n)
|-
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]]{{sfnp|Szende|1994|p=92}} || {{lang|hu|[[Hungarian alphabet|'''ú'''t]]}} || {{IPA|[uːt̪]}} || 'way' || See [[Hungarian phonology]]
| colspan="2" | [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]]{{sfnp|Szende|1994|p=92}} || {{lang|hu|[[Hungarian alphabet|'''ú'''t]]}} || {{IPA|[uːt̪]|lang=hu}} || 'way' || See [[Hungarian phonology]]
|-
|-
| colspan=2 | [[Icelandic language|Icelandic]]{{sfnp|Árnason|2011|p=60}}<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Einarsson|1945|p=10}}, cited in {{Harvcoltxt|Gussmann|2011|p=73}}</ref>|| {{lang|is|[[Icelandic orthography|þ'''ú''']]}}|| {{IPA|[θ̠u]}}|| 'you' || See [[Icelandic phonology]]
| colspan=2 | [[Icelandic language|Icelandic]]{{sfnp|Árnason|2011|p=60}}<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Einarsson|1945|p=10}}, cited in {{Harvcoltxt|Gussmann|2011|p=73}}</ref> || {{lang|is|[[Icelandic orthography|þ'''ú''']]}} || {{IPA|[θ̠u]|lang=is}} || 'you' || See [[Icelandic phonology]]
|-
|-
|[[Indonesian language|Indonesian]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Indonesian Alphabet and Pronunciation|url=http://mylanguages.org/indonesian_alphabet.php|access-date=2021-05-17|website=mylanguages.org}}</ref>
| [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Indonesian Alphabet and Pronunciation|url=http://mylanguages.org/indonesian_alphabet.php|access-date=2021-05-17|website=mylanguages.org}}</ref>
|Standard Indonesian
| Standard Indonesian || {{lang|id|[[Indonesian Spelling System|'''u'''nta]]}} || {{IPA|[unta]|lang=id}} || 'camel' || See [[Indonesian phonology]]
|''[[Indonesian Spelling System|'''u'''nta]]''
|[unta]
|'camel'
|See [[Indonesian phonology]]
|-
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Italian language|Italian]]{{sfnp|Rogers|d'Arcangeli|2004|p=119}} || {{lang|it|[[Italian orthography|t'''u'''tto]]}}||{{IPA|[ˈt̪ut̪t̪o]}}|| 'all', 'everything' || See [[Italian phonology]]
| colspan="2" | [[Italian language|Italian]]{{sfnp|Rogers|d'Arcangeli|2004|p=119}} || {{lang|it|[[Italian orthography|t'''u'''tto]]}} || {{IPA|[ˈt̪ut̪t̪o]|lang=it}} || 'all', 'everything' || See [[Italian phonology]]
|-
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Kaingang language|Kaingang]]{{sfnp|Jolkesky|2009|pp=676–677, 682}} || {{IPA|}}|| [ˈndukːi] ||'in the belly'
| colspan="2" | [[Kaingang language|Kaingang]]{{sfnp|Jolkesky|2009|pp=676–677, 682}} || colspan="2" |  {{IPA|[ˈndukːi]|lang=kgp}}|| 'in the belly'
|-
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Kazakh language|Kazakh]] || т'''у'''ған/''tuğan'' || {{IPA|[t̪ʰuˈʁɑ̝̃n̪]}} || 'native' || Transcribed phonemically as {{angbr IPA|ʊw}}
| colspan="2" | [[Kazakh language|Kazakh]] || {{lang|kk|т'''у'''ған}} / {{transliteration|kk|tuğan}} || {{IPA|[t̪ʰuˈʁɑ̝̃n̪]|lang=kk}} || 'native' || Transcribed phonemically as {{angbr IPA|ʊw}}.
|-
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Khmer language|Khmer]] || {{lang|km|[[Khmer script|ភូមិ]]}} / {{Transliteration|km|ph'''u'''mĭ}} || {{IPA|[pʰuːm]}} || 'village' || See [[Khmer phonology]]
| colspan="2" | [[Khmer language|Khmer]] || {{lang|km|[[Khmer script|ភូមិ]]}} / {{transliteration|km|ph'''u'''mĭ}} || {{IPA|[pʰuːm]|lang=km}} || 'village' || See [[Khmer phonology]]
|-
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Korean language|Korean]] || {{lang|ko-Hang|[[Hangul|눈]]}} / {{lang|ko-Latn|[[Revised Romanization of Korean|n'''u'''n]]}} || {{IPA|[nuːn]}}|| 'snow'|| See [[Korean phonology]]
| colspan="2" | [[Korean language|Korean]] || {{lang|ko-Hang|[[Hangul|눈]]}} / {{transliteration|ko|[[Revised Romanization of Korean|n'''u'''n]]}} || {{IPA|[nuːn]|lang=ko}}|| 'snow'|| See [[Korean phonology]]
|-
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Kurdish languages|Kurdish]]{{sfnp|Thackston|2006a|p=1}}{{sfnp|Khan|Lescot|1970|pp=8-16}}<ref>Fattah describes the sound as being ''voyelle longue centrale arrondie (p. 116)''.</ref>
| rowspan="3" |[[Kurdish languages|Kurdish]]{{sfnp|Thackston|2006a|p=1}}{{sfnp|Khan|Lescot|1970|pp=8-16}}<ref>Fattah describes the sound as being ''voyelle longue centrale arrondie (p. 116)''.</ref> || [[Kurmanji|Kurmanji (Northern)]] || {{lang|ku|[[Kurdish orthography|ç'''û''']]}} || rowspan="3" | {{IPA|[tʃʰuː]|lang=ku}} || rowspan="3" | 'wood' || rowspan="3" | See [[Kurdish phonology]]
|[[Kurmanji|Kurmanji (Northern)]]
|{{lang|ku|[[Kurdish orthography|ç'''û''']]}}
| rowspan="3" |{{IPA|[tʃʰuː]}}
| rowspan="3" |'wood'
| rowspan="3" |See [[Kurdish phonology]]
|-
|-
|[[Sorani|Sorani (Central)]]
| [[Sorani|Sorani (Central)]] || rowspan="2" | {{lang|ku|[[Kurdish orthography|چ'''وو''']]}} / {{transliteration|ku|ç'''û'''}}
| rowspan="2" |{{lang|ku|[[Kurdish orthography|چ'''وو''']]}}/ç'''û'''
|-
|-
|[[Palewani|Palewani (Southern)]]
| [[Palewani|Palewani (Southern)]]
|-
|-
| [[Latin]] || [[Classical Latin|Classical]]{{sfnp|Wheelock's Latin|1956}} || {{lang|la|[[Latin orthography|s'''u'''s]]}} || {{IPA|[suːs]}} || 'pig' ||  
| [[Latin]] || [[Classical Latin|Classical]]{{sfnp|Wheelock's Latin|1956}} || {{lang|la|[[Latin orthography|s'''u'''s]]}} || {{IPA|[suːs]|lang=la}} || 'pig' ||  
|-
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Limburgish language|Limburgish]]{{sfnp|Gussenhoven|Aarts|1999|p=159}}{{sfnp|Peters|2006|p=119}} || {{lang|li|sj'''oe'''n}} || {{IPA|[ʃu̟n]}} || 'beautiful' || Back{{sfnp|Peters|2006|p=119}} or near-back,{{sfnp|Gussenhoven|Aarts|1999|p=159}} depending on the dialect. The example word is from the [[Maastrichtian dialect]].
| colspan="2" | [[Limburgish language|Limburgish]]{{sfnp|Gussenhoven|Aarts|1999|p=159}}{{sfnp|Peters|2006|p=119}} || {{lang|li|sj'''oe'''n}} || {{IPA|[ʃu̟n]|lang=li}} || 'beautiful' || Back{{sfnp|Peters|2006|p=119}} or near-back,{{sfnp|Gussenhoven|Aarts|1999|p=159}} depending on the dialect. The example word is from the [[Maastrichtian dialect]].
|-
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Lower Sorbian language|Lower Sorbian]]{{sfnp|Stone|2002|p=600}} || {{lang|dsb|z'''u'''b}} || {{IPA|[z̪up]}} || 'tooth' ||
| colspan="2" | [[Lower Sorbian language|Lower Sorbian]]{{sfnp|Stone|2002|p=600}} || {{lang|dsb|z'''u'''b}} || {{IPA|[z̪up]|lang=dsb}} || 'tooth' ||
|-
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Luxembourgish language|Luxembourgish]]{{sfnp|Gilles|Trouvain|2013|p=70}} || {{lang|lb|L'''uu'''cht}} || {{IPA|[luːχt]}} || 'air' || See [[Luxembourgish phonology]]
| colspan="2" | [[Luxembourgish language|Luxembourgish]]{{sfnp|Gilles|Trouvain|2013|p=70}} || {{lang|lb|L'''uu'''cht}} || {{IPA|[luːχt]|lang=lb}} || 'air' || See [[Luxembourgish phonology]]
|-
|-
| colspan="2" |[[Malay language|Malay]]
| colspan="2" | [[Malay language|Malay]] || {{lang|ms|'''u'''bat}} || {{IPA|[u.bät]|lang=ms}} || 'medicine' || See [[Malay phonology]]
|'''''u'''bat''
|{{IPA|[u.bät]}}
|'medicine'
|See [[Malay phonology]]
|-
|-
| colspan="2" |[[Malayalam language|Malayalam]]
| colspan="2" | [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]] || {{lang|ml|'''ഉ'''പ്പ്}} || {{IPA|upːɨ̆|lang=ml}} || 'salt' || See [[Malayalam phonology]]
|{{Lang|ml|'''ഉ'''പ്പ്}}
|{{IPA|upːɨ̆}}
|'Salt'
|See [[Malayalam phonology]]
|-
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Mongolian language|Mongolian]]{{sfnp|Iivonen|Harnud|2005|pp=62, 66–67}} || {{lang|mn-Cyrl|[[Mongolian Cyrillic alphabet|'''үү'''р]]}}/üür ||{{IPA|[uːɾɘ̆]}}|| 'nest'||
| colspan="2" | [[Mongolian language|Mongolian]]{{sfnp|Iivonen|Harnud|2005|pp=62, 66–67}} || {{lang|mn-Cyrl|[[Mongolian Cyrillic alphabet|'''үү'''р]]}} / {{transliteration|mn|üür}} || {{IPA|[uːɾɘ̆]|lang=mn}} || 'nest'||
|-
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Mpade language|Mpade]]{{sfnp|Allison|2006}} || {{lang|mpi|k'''u'''s'''u'''m'''u'''}} || {{IPA|[kusumu]}} || 'mouse' ||
| colspan="2" | [[Mpade language|Mpade]]{{sfnp|Allison|2006}} || {{lang|mpi|k'''u'''s'''u'''m'''u'''}} || {{IPA|[kusumu]|lang=mpi}} || 'mouse' ||
|-
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Nogai language|Nogai]] || {{lang|nog|с'''ув'''}} ||{{IPA|[suː]}}|| 'water'||
| colspan="2" | [[Nogai language|Nogai]] || {{lang|nog|с'''ув'''}} ||{{IPA|[suː]|lang=nog}}|| 'water'||
|-
|-
| colspan="2" |[[Persian language|Persian]]
| colspan="2" |[[Persian language|Persian]] || {{lang|fa|[[Persian orthography|د'''و'''ر]]}} / {{transliteration|fa|dur}}
|[[Persian orthography|د'''و'''ر]]/dur
|{{IPA|[duɾ]|lang=fa}} || 'far' ||See [[Persian phonology]]
|[duɾ]
|'far'
|See [[Persian phonology]]
|-
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Polish language|Polish]]{{sfnp|Jassem|2003|p=105}} || {{lang|pl|[[Polish orthography|b'''u'''k]]}} || {{Audio-IPA|Pl-buk.ogg|[buk]|help=no}} || 'beech tree' || Also represented orthographically by {{angbr|ó}}. See [[Polish phonology]]
| colspan="2" | [[Polish language|Polish]]{{sfnp|Jassem|2003|p=105}} || {{lang|pl|[[Polish orthography|b'''u'''k]]}} || {{Audio-IPA|Pl-buk.ogg|[buk]|help=no}} || 'beech tree' || Also represented orthographically by {{angbr|ó}}. See [[Polish phonology]]
|-
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]{{sfnp|Cruz-Ferreira|1995|p=91}} || {{lang|pt|[[Portuguese orthography|t'''u''']]}} || {{IPA|[ˈtu]}} || 'you'|| See [[Portuguese phonology]]
| colspan="2" | [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]{{sfnp|Cruz-Ferreira|1995|p=91}} || {{lang|pt|[[Portuguese orthography|t'''u''']]}} || {{IPA|[ˈtu]|lang=pt}} || 'you' || See [[Portuguese phonology]]
|-
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Romanian language|Romanian]]{{sfnp|Sarlin|2014|p=18}} || {{lang|ro|[[Romanian alphabet|'''u'''n'''u''']]}} || {{IPA|[ˈun̪u]}} || 'one' || See [[Romanian phonology]]
| colspan="2" | [[Romanian language|Romanian]]{{sfnp|Sarlin|2014|p=18}} || {{lang|ro|[[Romanian alphabet|'''u'''n'''u''']]}} || {{IPA|[ˈun̪u]|lang=ro}} || 'one' || See [[Romanian phonology]]
|-
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Russian language|Russian]]{{sfnp|Jones|Ward|1969|p=67}} || {{lang|ru|[[Russian orthography|'''у'''зкий]]}}/uzkiy/uzkij ||{{Audio-IPA|Ru-узкий.ogg|[ˈus̪kʲɪj]|help=no}} || 'narrow' || See [[Russian phonology]]
| colspan="2" | [[Russian language|Russian]]{{sfnp|Jones|Ward|1969|p=67}} || {{lang|ru|[[Russian orthography|'''у'''зкий]]}} / {{transliteration|ru|uzkiy}} / {{transliteration|ru|uzkij}} || {{Audio-IPA|Ru-узкий.ogg|[ˈus̪kʲɪj]|help=no}} || 'narrow' || See [[Russian phonology]]
|-
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Scottish Gaelic language|Scottish Gaelic]] || [[Scottish Gaelic orthography|'''''ù'''bhlan'']] || {{IPA|[ˈuːl̪ˠən]}} || 'apples' || Normal realisation of {{IPA|/uː/}} in most dialects. In Lewis and Wester Ross as an allophone in proximity to broad sonorants; {{IPA|/uː/}} elsewhere fronted to {{IPAblink|ʉː}} or {{IPAblink|yː}}.<ref name="SGDS">{{Cite web|title=Aspiration|url=https://doug5181.wixsite.com/sgdsmaps/page9|url-status=live|access-date=2021-04-23|website=Scottish Gaelic Dialect Survey|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210424000221/https://doug5181.wixsite.com/sgdsmaps/page9 |archive-date=2021-04-24 }}</ref>{{sfnp|Oftedal|1956|p=75–76}}
| colspan="2" | [[Scottish Gaelic language|Scottish Gaelic]] || {{lang|gd|[[Scottish Gaelic orthography|'''ù'''bhlan]]}} || {{IPA|[ˈuːl̪ˠən]|lang=gd}} || 'apples' || Normal realisation of {{IPA|/uː/}} in most dialects. In Lewis and Wester Ross as an allophone in proximity to broad sonorants; {{IPA|/uː/}} elsewhere fronted to {{IPAblink|ʉː}} or {{IPAblink|yː}}.<ref name="SGDS">{{Cite web|title=Aspiration|url=https://doug5181.wixsite.com/sgdsmaps/page9|url-status=live|access-date=2021-04-23|website=Scottish Gaelic Dialect Survey|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210424000221/https://doug5181.wixsite.com/sgdsmaps/page9 |archive-date=2021-04-24 }}</ref>{{sfnp|Oftedal|1956|p=75–76}}
|-
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Serbo-Croatian]]{{sfnp|Landau|Lončarića|Horga|Škarić|1999|p=67}} || {{lang|sh-Cyrl|[[Serbian Cyrillic alphabet|д'''у'''га]]}} / {{lang|sh-Latn|[[Gaj's Latin alphabet|d'''u'''ga]]}} || {{IPA|[d̪ǔːɡä]}} || 'rainbow' || See [[Serbo-Croatian phonology]]
| colspan="2" | [[Serbo-Croatian]]{{sfnp|Landau|Lončarića|Horga|Škarić|1999|p=67}} || {{lang|sh-Cyrl|[[Serbian Cyrillic alphabet|д'''у'''га]]}} / {{lang|sh-Latn|[[Gaj's Latin alphabet|d'''u'''ga]]}} || {{IPA|[d̪ǔːɡä]|lang=sh}} || 'rainbow' || See [[Serbo-Croatian phonology]]
|-
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Shiwiar language|Shiwiar]]{{sfnp|Fast Mowitz|1975|p=2}} || {{example needed|date=July 2015}} || || ||
| colspan="2" | [[Shiwiar language|Shiwiar]]{{sfnp|Fast Mowitz|1975|p=2}} || {{example needed|date=July 2015}} || || ||
|-
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Spanish language|Spanish]]{{sfnp|Martínez-Celdrán|Fernández-Planas|Carrera-Sabaté|2003|p=256}} || {{lang|es|[[Spanish orthography|c'''u'''rable]]}} || {{IPA|[kuˈɾäβ̞le̞]}} || 'curable' || See [[Spanish phonology]]
| colspan="2" | [[Spanish language|Spanish]]{{sfnp|Martínez-Celdrán|Fernández-Planas|Carrera-Sabaté|2003|p=256}} || {{lang|es|[[Spanish orthography|c'''u'''rable]]}} || {{IPA|[kuˈɾäβ̞le̞]|lang=es}} || 'curable' || See [[Spanish phonology]]
|-
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Sotho language|Sotho]]{{sfnp|Doke|Mofokeng|1974|p=?}} || {{lang|st|[[Sotho orthography|t'''u'''mo]]}} || {{IPA|[tʼumɔ]}} || 'fame' || Contrasts close, near-close and close-mid back rounded vowels.{{sfnp|Doke|Mofokeng|1974|p=?}} See [[Sotho phonology]]
| colspan="2" | [[Sotho language|Sotho]]{{sfnp|Doke|Mofokeng|1974|p=?}} || {{lang|st|[[Sotho orthography|t'''u'''mo]]}} || {{IPA|[tʼumɔ]|lang=st}} || 'fame' || Contrasts close, near-close and close-mid back rounded vowels.{{sfnp|Doke|Mofokeng|1974|p=?}} See [[Sotho phonology]]
|-
|-
| colspan="2" |[[Swahili language|Swahili]]
| colspan="2" | [[Swahili language|Swahili]] || {{lang|sw|'''u'''bongo}} || {{IPA|[ubongo]|lang=sw}} || 'brain' ||
|{{lang|sw|'''u'''bongo}}
|[ubongo]
|'brain'
|
|-
|-
| colspan="2" |[[Tagalog language|Tagalog]]
| colspan="2" | [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]] || {{lang|tl|[[Filipino orthography|'''u'''tang]]}} || {{IPA|[ˈʔutɐŋ]|lang=tl}} || 'debt' ||
|{{lang|tl|[[Filipino orthography|'''u'''tang]]}}
|[ˈʔutɐŋ]
|'debt'
|
|-
|-
| [[Thai language|Thai]] || Standard{{sfnp|Tingsabadh|Abramson|1993|p=24}} || ชลบุรี/chonb'''u'''ri || style="text-align:center;" |{{Audio-IPA|th-chonburi.ogg|[tɕ͡ʰōn.bū.rīː]}} || '[[Chonburi Province|Chonburi]]' ||  
| [[Thai language|Thai]] || Standard{{sfnp|Tingsabadh|Abramson|1993|p=24}} || {{lang|th|ชลบุรี}} / {{transliteration|th|chonb'''u'''ri}} || style="text-align:center;" | {{Audio-IPA|th-chonburi.ogg|[tɕ͡ʰōn.bū.rīː]}} || '[[Chonburi Province|Chonburi]]' ||  
|-
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Turkish language|Turkish]]{{sfnp|Zimmer|Orgun|1999|p=155}}{{sfnp|Göksel|Kerslake|2005|p=11}} || {{lang|tr|[[Turkish alphabet|'''u'''zak]]}} || {{IPA|[uˈz̪äk]}} || 'far' || See [[Turkish phonology]]
| colspan="2" | [[Turkish language|Turkish]]{{sfnp|Zimmer|Orgun|1999|p=155}}{{sfnp|Göksel|Kerslake|2005|p=11}} || {{lang|tr|[[Turkish alphabet|'''u'''zak]]}} || {{IPA|[uˈz̪äk]|lang=tr}} || 'far' || See [[Turkish phonology]]
|-
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Udmurt language|Udmurt]]{{sfnp|Iivonen|Harnud|2005|pp=64, 68}} || {{lang|udm-Cyrl|[[Cyrillic script|'''у'''рэтэ]]}}/urėtė ||{{IPA|[urete]}} || 'to divide' ||
| colspan="2" | [[Udmurt language|Udmurt]]{{sfnp|Iivonen|Harnud|2005|pp=64, 68}} || {{lang|udm-Cyrl|[[Cyrillic script|'''у'''рэтэ]]}} / {{transliteration|udm|urėtė}} || {{IPA|[urete]|lang=udm}} || 'to divide' ||
|-
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]]{{sfnp|Danyenko|Vakulenko|1995|p=4}} ||{{lang|uk|[[Ukrainian alphabet|р'''у'''х]]}}/rukh ||{{IPA|[rux]}}|| 'motion'|| See [[Ukrainian phonology]]
| colspan="2" | [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]]{{sfnp|Danyenko|Vakulenko|1995|p=4}} ||{{lang|uk|[[Ukrainian alphabet|р'''у'''х]]}} / {{transliteration|uk|rukh}} || {{IPA|[rux]|lang=uk}} || 'motion' || See [[Ukrainian phonology]]
|-
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Upper Sorbian language|Upper Sorbian]]{{sfnp|Stone|2002|p=600}}{{sfnp|Šewc-Schuster|1984|p=20}} || {{lang|hsb|ž'''u'''k}} || {{IPA|[ʒuk]}} || 'beetle' ||
| colspan="2" | [[Upper Sorbian language|Upper Sorbian]]{{sfnp|Stone|2002|p=600}}{{sfnp|Šewc-Schuster|1984|p=20}} || {{lang|hsb|ž'''u'''k}} || {{IPA|[ʒuk]|lang=hsb}} || 'beetle' ||
|-
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Urdu language|Urdu]]
| colspan="2" | [[Urdu language|Urdu]] || {{lang|ur|[[Urdu alphabet|دُ'''و'''ر]]|rtl=yes}} / {{transliteration|ur|dur}} || {{IPA|[d̪uːɾ]|lang=ur}} || 'far' || See [[Urdu phonology]]
|| {{Lang|ur|[[Urdu alphabet|دُ'''و'''ر]]|rtl=yes}}/dur
|| {{IPA|[duɾ]}}
|| 'far'
|| See [[Urdu phonology]]
|-
|-
| colspan="2" |[[Welsh language|Welsh]]
| colspan="2" | [[Welsh language|Welsh]] || {{lang|cy|m'''w'''g}} || {{IPA|[muːɡ]|lang=cy}} || 'smoke' || See [[Welsh phonology]]
|m'''w'''g
|[muːɡ]
|'smoke'
|See [[Welsh phonology]]
|-
|-
| colspan="2" |[[West Frisian language|West Frisian]]
| colspan="2" |[[West Frisian language|West Frisian]] || {{lang|fy|j'''û'''n}} || {{IPA|[juːn]|lang=fy}} || 'evening, tonight' || See [[West Frisian phonology]]
|j'''û'''n
|[juːn]
|'evening, tonight'
|See [[West Frisian phonology]]
|-
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Yoruba language|Yoruba]]{{sfnp|Bamgboṣe|1966|p=166}} || itọju || [itɔju]
| colspan="2" | [[Yoruba language|Yoruba]]{{sfnp|Bamgboṣe|1966|p=166}} || {{lang|yo|itọju}} || {{IPA|[itɔju]|lang=yo}} ||  ||
|  ||
|-
|-
| [[Zapotec languages|Zapotec]]|| [[Tilquiapan Zapotec|Tilquiapan]]{{sfnp|Merrill|2008|p=109}} || ''gd'''u''''' || {{IPA|[ɡdu]}} || 'all' ||
| [[Zapotec languages|Zapotec]]|| [[Tilquiapan Zapotec|Tilquiapan]]{{sfnp|Merrill|2008|p=109}} || {{lang|zts|gd'''u'''}} || {{IPA|[ɡdu]|lang=zts}} || 'all' ||
|}
|}


Line 231: Line 196:
{{Infobox IPA
{{Infobox IPA
|above=Close back compressed vowel
|above=Close back compressed vowel
|ipa symbol = u͍
|ipa symbol = u᫦
|ipa symbol2 = ɯᵝ
|ipa symbol2 = ɯᵝ
|ipa symbol3 = u̜
|ipa symbol4 = ɯ̹
}}
}}
Some languages, such as [[Japanese language|Japanese]] and [[Swedish language|Swedish]], have a close back vowel that has a distinct [[roundedness#Types of rounding|type of rounding]], called ''compressed'' or ''exolabial''.{{sfnp|Ladefoged|Maddieson|1996|p=295}} Only [[Shanghainese]] is known to contrast it with the more typical ''protruded'' (endolabial) close back vowel, but the height of both vowels varies from close to close-mid.{{sfnp|Chen|Gussenhoven|2015|pp=328–329}}
Some languages, such as [[Japanese language|Japanese]] and [[Swedish language|Swedish]], have a close back vowel that has a distinct [[roundedness#Types of rounding|type of rounding]], called ''compressed'' or ''exolabial''.{{sfnp|Ladefoged|Maddieson|1996|p=295}} Only [[Shanghainese]] is known to contrast it with the more typical ''protruded'' (endolabial) close back vowel, but the height of both vowels varies from close to close-mid.{{sfnp|Chen|Gussenhoven|2015|pp=328–329}}


There is no dedicated [[IPA diacritic|diacritic]] for compression in the IPA. However, compression of the lips can be shown with the letter {{IPAalink|β̞}} as {{angbr IPA|ɯ͡β̞}} (simultaneous {{IPA|[ɯ]}} and labial compression) or {{angbr IPA|ɯᵝ}} ({{IPA|[ɯ]}} modified with labial compression). The spread-lip diacritic {{angbr IPA|&nbsp;&nbsp;͍ }} may also be used with a rounded vowel letter {{angbr IPA|u͍}} as an ''ad hoc'' symbol, but 'spread' technically means unrounded.
As there are no diacritics in the IPA to distinguish protruded and compressed rounding, an old diacritic for labialization, {{angbr IPA|◌᫦}} (the opposite of {{angbr IPA|◌̫}}), will be used here as an ''ad hoc'' symbol for compressed back vowels. It was only added to Unicode in 2025, however, and it may take some time for font support to catch up. Compression of the lips can be shown with the letter {{IPAalink|β̞}} as {{angbr IPA|ɯ͡β̞}} (simultaneous {{IPA|[ɯ]}} and labial compression) or {{angbr IPA|ɯᵝ}} ({{IPA|[ɯ]}} modified with labial compression), though that can suggest that the vowel is a diphthong (as indeed it is in Swedish).  


===Features===
===Features===
{{close vowel}}
{{close vowel}}
{{back vowel}}
{{back vowel}}
{{velar}}
{{compressed vowel}}
{{compressed vowel}}


Line 251: Line 215:
| [[Chinese language|Chinese]] || [[Shanghainese]]{{sfnp|Chen|Gussenhoven|2015|pp=328–329}} || {{lang|wuu|[[Chinese characters|都]]}}/tub ||{{IPA|[tɯᵝ˩]}} || 'capital' || Height varies between close and close-mid; contrasts with a close to close-mid back protruded vowel.{{sfnp|Chen|Gussenhoven|2015|pp=328–329}}
| [[Chinese language|Chinese]] || [[Shanghainese]]{{sfnp|Chen|Gussenhoven|2015|pp=328–329}} || {{lang|wuu|[[Chinese characters|都]]}}/tub ||{{IPA|[tɯᵝ˩]}} || 'capital' || Height varies between close and close-mid; contrasts with a close to close-mid back protruded vowel.{{sfnp|Chen|Gussenhoven|2015|pp=328–329}}
|-
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Japanese language|Japanese]]{{sfnp|Okada|1999|p=118}} || {{lang|ja|[[Japanese orthography|空気]]}} / {{Transliteration|ja|[[Romanization of Japanese|k'''ū'''ki]]}} || {{Audio-IPA|ja-kuuki.ogg|[kɯ̟ᵝːki]|help=no}} || 'air' || Near-back; may be realized as central {{IPAblink|ɨᵝ}} by younger speakers.{{sfnp|Okada|1999|p=118}} See [[Japanese phonology]]
| colspan="2" | [[Japanese language|Japanese]]{{sfnp|Okada|1999|p=118}} || {{lang|ja|[[Japanese orthography|空気]]}} / {{transliteration|ja|[[Romanization of Japanese|k'''ū'''ki]]}} || {{Audio-IPA|ja-kuuki.ogg|[kɯ̟ᵝːki]|help=no}} || 'air' || Near-back; may be realized as central {{IPAblink|ɨᵝ}} by younger speakers.{{sfnp|Okada|1999|p=118}} See [[Japanese phonology]]
|-
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Lizu language|Lizu]]{{sfnp|Chirkova|Chen|2013|p=78}} || colspan="2" align="center" | {{IPA|[<sup>F</sup>mɯ̟ᵝ]}}{{clarify|date=January 2019}} || 'feather' || Near-back.{{sfnp|Chirkova|Chen|2013|p=78}}
| colspan="2" | [[Lizu language|Lizu]]{{sfnp|Chirkova|Chen|2013|p=78}} || colspan="2" align="center" | {{IPA|[<sup>F</sup>mɯ̟ᵝ]|lang=}}{{clarify|date=January 2019}} || 'feather' || Near-back.{{sfnp|Chirkova|Chen|2013|p=78}}
|-
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]]{{sfnp|Vanvik|1979|pp=13, 17}}<ref>While {{Harvcoltxt|Vanvik|1979}} does not describe the exact type of rounding of this vowel, some other sources (e.g. {{Harvcoltxt|Haugen|1974|p=40}} and {{Harvcoltxt|Kristoffersen|2000|p=16}}) state explicitly that it is compressed.</ref> || {{lang|no|[[Norwegian alphabet|m'''o'''t]]}} || {{IPA|[mɯᵝːt]}} || 'courage' || The example word is from [[Urban East Norwegian]], in which the vowel can be diphthongized to {{IPA|[ɯᵝə̯]}}.{{sfnp|Vanvik|1979|p=17}} See [[Norwegian phonology]]
| colspan="2" | [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]]{{sfnp|Vanvik|1979|pp=13, 17}}<ref>While {{Harvcoltxt|Vanvik|1979}} does not describe the exact type of rounding of this vowel, some other sources (e.g. {{Harvcoltxt|Haugen|1974|p=40}} and {{Harvcoltxt|Kristoffersen|2000|p=16}}) state explicitly that it is compressed.</ref> || {{lang|no|[[Norwegian alphabet|m'''o'''t]]}} || {{IPA|[mɯᵝːt]|lang=no}} || 'courage' || The example word is from [[Urban East Norwegian]], in which the vowel can be diphthongized to {{IPA|[ɯᵝə̯]|lang=no}}.{{sfnp|Vanvik|1979|p=17}} See [[Norwegian phonology]]
|-
|-
| [[Swedish language|Swedish]] || Central Standard{{sfnp|Engstrand|1999|p=140}}{{sfnp|Rosenqvist|2007|p=9}} || {{lang|sv|[[Swedish alphabet|'''o'''r'''o''']]}} || {{IPA|[²ɯᵝːrɯᵝː]}} || 'unease' || Often realized as a sequence {{IPA|[ɯᵝβ̞]}} or {{IPA|[ɯᵝβ]}}{{sfnp|Engstrand|1999|p=140}} (hear the word: {{Audio-IPA|Sv-oro.ogg|[²ɯᵝβrɯᵝβ]|help=no}}). See [[Swedish phonology]]
| [[Swedish language|Swedish]] || Central Standard{{sfnp|Engstrand|1999|p=140}}{{sfnp|Rosenqvist|2007|p=9}} || {{lang|sv|[[Swedish alphabet|'''o'''r'''o''']]}} || {{IPA|[²ɯᵝːrɯᵝː]|lang=sv}} || 'unease' || Often realized as a sequence {{IPA|[ɯᵝβ̞]|lang=sv}} or {{IPA|[ɯᵝβ]|lang=sv}}{{sfnp|Engstrand|1999|p=140}} (hear the word: {{Audio-IPA|Sv-oro.ogg|[²ɯᵝβrɯᵝβ]|help=no}}). See [[Swedish phonology]]
|}
|}


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Latest revision as of 12:50, 28 December 2025

Template:Short description Script error: No such module "redirect hatnote". Template:Infobox IPA/core1Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Template:IPA vowels

The close back rounded vowel, or high back rounded vowel,[1] is a type of vowel sound used in many spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is Template:Angbr IPA.

In most languages, this rounded vowel is pronounced with protruded lips ('endolabial'). However, in a few cases the lips are compressed ('exolabial').

Script error: No such module "IPA". alternates with labio-velar approximant Script error: No such module "IPA". in certain languages, such as French, and in the diphthongs of some languages, Script error: No such module "IPA". with the non-syllabic diacritic and Script error: No such module "IPA". are used in different transcription systems to represent the same sound.

Close back protruded vowel

The close back protruded vowel is the most common variant of the close back rounded vowel. It is typically transcribed in IPA simply as Template:Angbr IPA (the convention used in this article). As there is no dedicated IPA diacritic for protrusion, the symbol for the close back rounded vowel with an old diacritic for labialization, Template:Angbr IPA, can be used as an ad hoc symbol Template:Angbr IPA. Another possible transcription is Template:Angbr IPA or Template:Angbr IPA (a close back vowel modified by endolabialization), but that could be misread as a diphthong.

Features

Template:Close vowel Template:Back vowel Template:Velar Template:Protruded vowel

File:IPA u Sagittal Section.svg
Sagittal section of a vocal tract pronouncing Template:Angbr IPA. Note that a wavy glottis in this diagram indicates a voiced sound.

Occurrence

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Afrikaans StandardTemplate:Sfnp Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'book' Only weakly rounded.Template:Sfnp See Afrikaans phonology
Arabic StandardTemplate:Sfnp Script error: No such module "Lang". / Script error: No such module "lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'south' See Arabic phonology
Armenian EasternTemplate:Sfnp Script error: No such module "Lang". / Script error: No such module "lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'door'
Bengali Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'still' See Bengali phonology
Bavarian Amstetten dialect[2] Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'and' Contrasts close Script error: No such module "IPA"., near-close Template:IPAblink, close-mid Template:IPAblink and open-mid Template:IPAblink back rounded vowels in addition to the open central unrounded Template:IPAblink.[2]
BulgarianTemplate:Sfnp Script error: No such module "Lang". / Script error: No such module "lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'crazy' See Bulgarian phonology
CatalanTemplate:Sfnp Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'juice' See Catalan phonology
Chinese MandarinTemplate:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp Script error: No such module "Lang". / Script error: No such module "lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'earth' See Standard Chinese phonology
CantoneseTemplate:Sfnp Script error: No such module "Lang". / Script error: No such module "lang". Template:ErrorTemplate:Category handlerTemplate:Category handler 'man' See Cantonese phonology
ShanghaineseTemplate:Sfnp Script error: No such module "Lang". / Script error: No such module "lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'melon' Height varies between close and close-mid; contrasts with a close to close-mid back compressed vowel.Template:Sfnp
Chuvash Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'street'
Danish StandardTemplate:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'you' See Danish phonology
Dutch StandardTemplate:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp Script error: No such module "Lang". Template:ErrorTemplate:Category handlerTemplate:Category handler 'foot' Somewhat fronted in Belgian Standard Dutch.Template:Sfnp
English AustralianTemplate:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp book Script error: No such module "IPA". 'book' Corresponds to Template:IPAblink in other accents. See Australian English phonology
Cape FlatsTemplate:Sfnp May be advanced to Template:IPAblink, or lowered and unrounded to Template:IPAblink.Template:Sfnp See South African English phonology
Cultivated South AfricanTemplate:Sfnp boot Script error: No such module "IPA". 'boot' Typically more front Script error: No such module "IPA". than cardinal Script error: No such module "IPA".. See White South African English phonology and American English phonology.
General AmericanTemplate:Sfnp
GeordieTemplate:Sfnp May be central Template:IPAblink instead.
Irish[3] Realized as central Template:IPAblink in Ulster.
Some Multicultural London speakersTemplate:Sfnp More commonly front Template:IPAblink.
Conservative Received PronunciationTemplate:Sfnp Realized as central Template:IPAblink in modern RP.
WelshTemplate:SfnpTemplate:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp
PakistaniTemplate:Sfnp Script error: No such module "IPA".
Greater New York City[4] Script error: No such module "IPA".[5]
New Zealand[6]Template:Sfnp treacle Script error: No such module "IPA". 'treacle' Possible realization of the unstressed vowel Script error: No such module "IPA"., which is variable in rounding and ranges from central to (more often) back and close to close-mid.[6]Template:Sfnp Corresponds to Script error: No such module "IPA". in other accents. See New Zealand English phonology
EstonianTemplate:Sfnp Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'feather' (gen. sg.) See Estonian phonology
FinnishTemplate:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'flower' See Finnish phonology
FaroeseTemplate:Sfnp Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'yellow' See Faroese phonology
FrenchTemplate:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp Script error: No such module "Lang". Template:ErrorTemplate:Category handlerTemplate:Category handler 'where' See French phonology
GeorgianTemplate:Sfnp Script error: No such module "Lang". / Script error: No such module "lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'leather bag'
German StandardTemplate:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp Script error: No such module "Lang". Template:ErrorTemplate:Category handlerTemplate:Category handler 'foot' See Standard German phonology
Many speakersTemplate:Sfnp Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'hour' The usual realization of Script error: No such module "IPA". in Switzerland, Austria and partially also in Western and Southwestern Germany (Palatinate, Swabia).Template:Sfnp See Standard German phonology
Greek Modern StandardTemplate:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp Script error: No such module "Lang". / Script error: No such module "lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'where' See Modern Greek phonology
Hindustani Hindi ख़ून(khoon) Script error: No such module "IPA". 'blood' See Hindustani phonology.
Urdu خون(khoon)
HungarianTemplate:Sfnp Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'way' See Hungarian phonology
IcelandicTemplate:Sfnp[7] Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'you' See Icelandic phonology
Indonesian[8] Standard Indonesian Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'camel' See Indonesian phonology
ItalianTemplate:Sfnp Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'all', 'everything' See Italian phonology
KaingangTemplate:Sfnp Script error: No such module "IPA". 'in the belly'
Kazakh Script error: No such module "Lang". / Script error: No such module "lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'native' Transcribed phonemically as Template:Angbr IPA.
Khmer Script error: No such module "Lang". / Script error: No such module "lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'village' See Khmer phonology
Korean Script error: No such module "Lang". / Script error: No such module "lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'snow' See Korean phonology
KurdishTemplate:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp[9] Kurmanji (Northern) Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'wood' See Kurdish phonology
Sorani (Central) Script error: No such module "Lang". / Script error: No such module "lang".
Palewani (Southern)
Latin ClassicalTemplate:Sfnp Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'pig'
LimburgishTemplate:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'beautiful' BackTemplate:Sfnp or near-back,Template:Sfnp depending on the dialect. The example word is from the Maastrichtian dialect.
Lower SorbianTemplate:Sfnp Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'tooth'
LuxembourgishTemplate:Sfnp Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'air' See Luxembourgish phonology
Malay Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'medicine' See Malay phonology
Malayalam Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'salt' See Malayalam phonology
MongolianTemplate:Sfnp Script error: No such module "Lang". / Script error: No such module "lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'nest'
MpadeTemplate:Sfnp Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'mouse'
Nogai Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'water'
Persian Script error: No such module "Lang". / Script error: No such module "lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'far' See Persian phonology
PolishTemplate:Sfnp Script error: No such module "Lang". Template:ErrorTemplate:Category handlerTemplate:Category handler 'beech tree' Also represented orthographically by Template:Angbr. See Polish phonology
PortugueseTemplate:Sfnp Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'you' See Portuguese phonology
RomanianTemplate:Sfnp Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'one' See Romanian phonology
RussianTemplate:Sfnp Script error: No such module "Lang". / Script error: No such module "lang". / Script error: No such module "lang". Template:ErrorTemplate:Category handlerTemplate:Category handler 'narrow' See Russian phonology
Scottish Gaelic Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'apples' Normal realisation of Script error: No such module "IPA". in most dialects. In Lewis and Wester Ross as an allophone in proximity to broad sonorants; Script error: No such module "IPA". elsewhere fronted to Template:IPAblink or Template:IPAblink.[10]Template:Sfnp
Serbo-CroatianTemplate:Sfnp Script error: No such module "Lang". / Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'rainbow' See Serbo-Croatian phonology
ShiwiarTemplate:Sfnp Script error: No such module "Unsubst".
SpanishTemplate:Sfnp Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'curable' See Spanish phonology
SothoTemplate:Sfnp Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'fame' Contrasts close, near-close and close-mid back rounded vowels.Template:Sfnp See Sotho phonology
Swahili Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'brain'
Tagalog Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'debt'
Thai StandardTemplate:Sfnp Script error: No such module "Lang". / Script error: No such module "lang". Template:ErrorTemplate:Category handlerTemplate:Category handler 'Chonburi'
TurkishTemplate:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'far' See Turkish phonology
UdmurtTemplate:Sfnp Script error: No such module "Lang". / Script error: No such module "lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'to divide'
UkrainianTemplate:Sfnp Script error: No such module "Lang". / Script error: No such module "lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'motion' See Ukrainian phonology
Upper SorbianTemplate:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'beetle'
Urdu Script error: No such module "Lang". / Script error: No such module "lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'far' See Urdu phonology
Welsh Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'smoke' See Welsh phonology
West Frisian Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'evening, tonight' See West Frisian phonology
YorubaTemplate:Sfnp Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA".
Zapotec TilquiapanTemplate:Sfnp Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'all'

Close back compressed vowel

Template:Infobox IPA/core1Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Some languages, such as Japanese and Swedish, have a close back vowel that has a distinct type of rounding, called compressed or exolabial.Template:Sfnp Only Shanghainese is known to contrast it with the more typical protruded (endolabial) close back vowel, but the height of both vowels varies from close to close-mid.Template:Sfnp

As there are no diacritics in the IPA to distinguish protruded and compressed rounding, an old diacritic for labialization, Template:Angbr IPA (the opposite of Template:Angbr IPA), will be used here as an ad hoc symbol for compressed back vowels. It was only added to Unicode in 2025, however, and it may take some time for font support to catch up. Compression of the lips can be shown with the letter Template:IPAalink as Template:Angbr IPA (simultaneous Script error: No such module "IPA". and labial compression) or Template:Angbr IPA (Script error: No such module "IPA". modified with labial compression), though that can suggest that the vowel is a diphthong (as indeed it is in Swedish).

Features

Template:Close vowel Template:Back vowel Template:Velar Template:Compressed vowel

Occurrence

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Chinese ShanghaineseTemplate:Sfnp Script error: No such module "Lang"./tub Script error: No such module "IPA". 'capital' Height varies between close and close-mid; contrasts with a close to close-mid back protruded vowel.Template:Sfnp
JapaneseTemplate:Sfnp Script error: No such module "Lang". / Script error: No such module "lang". Template:ErrorTemplate:Category handlerTemplate:Category handler 'air' Near-back; may be realized as central Template:IPAblink by younger speakers.Template:Sfnp See Japanese phonology
LizuTemplate:Sfnp Script error: No such module "IPA".Script error: No such module "Unsubst". 'feather' Near-back.Template:Sfnp
NorwegianTemplate:Sfnp[11] Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'courage' The example word is from Urban East Norwegian, in which the vowel can be diphthongized to Script error: No such module "IPA"..Template:Sfnp See Norwegian phonology
Swedish Central StandardTemplate:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'unease' Often realized as a sequence Script error: No such module "IPA". or Script error: No such module "IPA".Template:Sfnp (hear the word: Template:ErrorTemplate:Category handlerTemplate:Category handler). See Swedish phonology

See also

Citations

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  1. ↑ Template:Vowel terminology
  2. ↑ a b Template:Harvcoltxt, cited in Template:Harvcoltxt
  3. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  4. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  5. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1". chpt. 17
  6. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  7. ↑ Template:Harvcoltxt, cited in Template:Harvcoltxt
  8. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  9. ↑ Fattah describes the sound as being voyelle longue centrale arrondie (p. 116).
  10. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  11. ↑ While Template:Harvcoltxt does not describe the exact type of rounding of this vowel, some other sources (e.g. Template:Harvcoltxt and Template:Harvcoltxt) state explicitly that it is compressed.

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References

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External links

Template:IPA navigation

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