Open back unrounded vowel: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
← Previous edit
VisualWikitext
imported>Izno
m Reverted edit by Morderbottery (talk) to last version by Qx6644
imported>Oklopfer
 
Line 5: Line 5:
|decimal=593
|decimal=593
|x-sampa=A
|x-sampa=A
|kirshenbaum=A
|imagefile=IPA Unicode 0x0251.svg
|imagefile=IPA Unicode 0x0251.svg
|imagesize=150px
|imagesize=150px
Line 12: Line 11:
{{IPA vowels|class=floatright}}
{{IPA vowels|class=floatright}}


The '''open back unrounded vowel''', or '''low back unrounded vowel''',<ref>{{Vowel terminology}}</ref> is a type of [[vowel]] sound, used in some [[Speech|spoken]] [[language]]s. The symbol in the [[International Phonetic Alphabet]] that represents this sound is {{angbr IPA|ɑ}}, and the equivalent [[X-SAMPA]] symbol is <code>A</code>. The letter {{angbr IPA|ɑ}} is called ''script a'' because it lacks the extra hook on top of a printed letter ''a'', which corresponds to a different vowel, the [[open front unrounded vowel]]. ''Script a'', which has a full length linear stroke on its right, should not be confused with ''turned script a'', {{IPA|ɒ}}, which has the linear stroke on its left and corresponds to a [[roundedness|rounded]] version of this vowel, the [[open back rounded vowel]].
The '''open back unrounded vowel''', or '''low back unrounded vowel''',<ref>{{Vowel terminology}}</ref> is a type of [[vowel]] sound, used in some [[Speech|spoken]] [[language]]s. The symbol in the [[International Phonetic Alphabet]] that represents this sound is {{angbr IPA|ɑ}}. The letter {{angbr IPA|ɑ}} is called ''script a'' or ''handwritten a'' because it lacks the extra hook on top of a printed letter ''a'', which corresponds to a different vowel, the [[open front unrounded vowel]]. ''Script a'', which has a full length linear stroke on its right, should not be confused with ''turned script a'', {{angbr IPA|ɒ}}, which has the linear stroke on its left and corresponds to a [[roundedness|rounded]] version of this vowel, the [[open back rounded vowel]].


In some languages (such as [[Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]], [[Estonian language|Estonian]], [[Luxembourgish language|Luxembourgish]] and [[Toda language|Toda]]){{sfnp|Mokari|Werner|2016|p=509}}{{sfnp|Asu|Teras|2009|p=368}}{{sfnp|Gilles|Trouvain|2013|p=70}}{{sfnp|Shalev|Ladefoged|Bhaskararao|1993|p=92}} there is the '''near-open back unrounded vowel''' (a sound between cardinal {{IPA|[ɑ]}} and {{IPAblink|ʌ}}), which can be transcribed in IPA with {{angbr IPA|ɑ̝}} or {{angbr IPA|ʌ̞}}.
The open back unrounded vowel is the vocalic equivalent of the [[pharyngeal approximant]] {{IPA|[ʕ̞]}}.{{sfnp|International Phonetic Association|1999|p=11}}<ref>{{cite book|last=Esling|first=John H.|author-link=John Esling|year=2010|chapter=Phonetic Notation|editor1-last=Hardcastle|editor1-first=William J.|editor2-last=Laver|editor2-first=John|editor3-last=Gibbon|editor3-first=Fiona E.|title=The Handbook of Phonetic Sciences|edition=2nd|pages=678–702|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|doi=10.1002/9781444317251.ch18|isbn=978-1-4051-4590-9}}</ref>


== Features ==
== Features ==
{{open vowel}}
{{open vowel}}
{{back vowel}}
{{back vowel}}
{{pharyngeal}}
{{unrounded vowel}}
{{unrounded vowel}}


Line 25: Line 25:
! colspan="2" | Language !! Word !! [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]!! Meaning !! Notes
! colspan="2" | Language !! Word !! [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]!! Meaning !! Notes
|-
|-
| [[Afrikaans language|Afrikaans]] || Standard{{sfnp|Wissing|2016|loc=section "The unrounded low-central vowel {{IPA|/a/}}"}} || {{lang|af|[[Afrikaans alphabet|d'''aa'''r]]}} || {{IPA|[dɑːr]}} || 'there' || The quality varies between open near-back unrounded {{IPA|[ɑ̟ː]}}, open back unrounded {{IPA|[ɑː]}} and even open back rounded {{IPAblink|ɒː}}.{{sfnp|Wissing|2016|loc=section "The unrounded low-central vowel {{IPA|/a/}}"}} See [[Afrikaans phonology]]
| [[Afrikaans language|Afrikaans]] || Standard{{sfnp|Wissing|2016|loc=section "The unrounded low-central vowel {{IPA|/a/}}"}} || {{lang|af|[[Afrikaans alphabet|d'''aa'''r]]}} || {{audio-IPA|LL-Q14196 (afr)-Oesjaar-daar.wav|[dɑːr]}} || 'there' || The quality varies between open near-back unrounded {{IPA|[ɑ̟ː]}}, open back unrounded {{IPA|[ɑː]}} and even open back rounded {{IPAblink|ɒː}}.{{sfnp|Wissing|2016|loc=section "The unrounded low-central vowel {{IPA|/a/}}"}} See [[Afrikaans phonology]]
|-
|-
| colspan="2" |[[Äiwoo language|Äiwoo]]
| colspan="2" |[[Äiwoo language|Äiwoo]] || {{Lang|nfl|k'''â'''nongä}} || {{IPA|[kɑnoŋæ]}} || 'I want' ||
|{{Lang|nfl|k'''â'''nongä}}
|{{IPA|[kɑnoŋæ]}}
|'I want'
|
|-
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] || Standard{{sfnp|Thelwall|Sa'Adeddin|1990|p=39}} || {{lang|ar|[[Arabic alphabet|طويل]]|rtl=yes}} / ''ṭ'''a'''wīl''|| {{IPA|[tˤɑˈwiːl]}} || 'tall' || Allophone of long and short {{IPA|/a/}} near [[emphatic consonant]]s, depending on the speaker's accent. See [[Arabic phonology]]  
| rowspan="2" | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] || Standard{{sfnp|Thelwall|Sa'Adeddin|1990|p=39}} || {{lang|ar|[[Arabic alphabet|طويل]]|rtl=yes}} (''ṭ'''a'''wīl'') || {{audio-IPA|Ar-طويل.ogg|[tˤɑˈwiːl]}} || 'tall' || Allophone of long and short {{IPA|/a/}} near [[emphatic consonant]]s, depending on the speaker's accent. See [[Arabic phonology]]  
|-
|-
|[[Essaouira]]{{sfnp|Francisco|2019|p=74}}
| [[Essaouira]]{{sfnp|Francisco|2019|p=74}} || {{Lang|ar|[[Arabic alphabet|قال]]}} (''q'''ā'''l'') || {{IPA|[qɑːl]}} || 'he said' || One of the possible realisations of {{IPA|/ā/}}.{{sfnp|Francisco|2019|p=74}}
|{{Lang|ar|[[Arabic alphabet|قال]]}} / ''q'''ā'''l''
|{{IPA|[qɑːl]}}
|'he said'
|One of the possible realisations of {{IPA|/ā/}}.{{sfnp|Francisco|2019|p=74}}
|-
|-
| [[Armenian language|Armenian]] || [[Eastern Armenian|Eastern]]{{sfnp|Thelwall|Sa'Adeddin|1990|p=39}} || {{lang|hy|[[Armenian alphabet|հ'''ա'''ց]]}} / ''h'''a'''cʿ''|| {{IPA|[hɑt͡sʰ]}} || 'bread' ||  
| [[Armenian language|Armenian]] || [[Eastern Armenian|Eastern]]{{sfnp|Thelwall|Sa'Adeddin|1990|p=39}} || {{lang|hy|[[Armenian alphabet|հ'''ա'''ց]]}} (''h'''a'''cʿ'')|| {{IPA|[hɑt͡sʰ]}} || 'bread' ||  
|-
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]]{{sfnp|Mokari|Werner|2016|p=509}} || {{lang|az-Latn|[[Azerbaijani alphabet|q'''a'''rd'''a'''ş]]}} || {{IPA|[ɡɑ̝ɾˈd̪ɑ̝ʃ]}} || 'brother' || Near-open.{{sfnp|Mokari|Werner|2016|p=509}}
| colspan="2" | [[Bashkir language|Bashkir]] || {{lang|ba-Cyrl|[[:wikt:ҡаҙ|ҡ'''а'''ҙ]]}} ({{lang|ba-Latn|q'''a'''đ}}) || {{Audio-IPA|Ba-ҡаҙ.ogg|[qɑð]}} || 'goose' ||
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Bashkir language|Bashkir]]
| {{lang|ba-Cyrl|[[:wikt:ҡаҙ|ҡ'''а'''ҙ]]}} / {{lang|ba-Latn|q'''a'''đ}}
| {{Audio-IPA|Ba-ҡаҙ.ogg|[qɑð]}}
| 'goose'
|
|-
|-
| rowspan="4" | [[Catalan language|Catalan]] || Many dialects{{sfnp|Saborit|2009|p=10}} || {{lang|ca|[[Catalan alphabet|p'''a'''l]]}} || {{IPA|[ˈpɑɫ]}} || 'stick' || Allophone of {{IPA|/a/}} in contact with velar consonants.{{sfnp|Saborit|2009|p=10}} See [[Catalan phonology]]
| rowspan="4" | [[Catalan language|Catalan]] || Many dialects{{sfnp|Saborit|2009|p=10}} || {{lang|ca|[[Catalan alphabet|p'''a'''l]]}} || {{IPA|[ˈpɑɫ]}} || 'stick' || Allophone of {{IPA|/a/}} in contact with velar consonants.{{sfnp|Saborit|2009|p=10}} See [[Catalan phonology]]
|-
|-
| Some dialects{{sfnp|Rafel|1999|p=14}}{{sfnp|Recasens|1996|pp=90–92}} || {{lang|ca|[[Catalan alphabet|m'''à''']]}} || {{IPA|[ˈmɑ]}} || 'hand' || More central ({{IPA|[ɑ̟]}}, {{IPAblink|ä}}) in other dialects; fully front {{IPAblink|a}} in Majorcan Catalan.{{sfnp|Recasens|1996|pp=90–92}}
| Some dialects{{sfnp|Rafel|1999|p=14}}{{sfnp|Recasens|1996|pp=90–92}} || {{lang|ca|[[Catalan alphabet|m'''à''']]}} || {{IPA|[ˈmɑ]}} || 'hand' || More central ({{IPAblink|ä}} or {{IPA|[ɐ̞]}}) in other dialects; fully front {{IPAblink|a}} in Majorcan Catalan.{{sfnp|Recasens|1996|pp=90–92}} See [[Catalan phonology]]
|-
| Some [[Valencian language|Valencian]] and Majorcan speakers{{sfnp|Saborit|2009|p=10}} || {{lang|ca|[[Catalan alphabet|ll'''o'''c]]}} || {{IPA|[ˈʎ̟ɑk]}} || 'place' || Unrounded allophone of {{IPA|/ɔ/}} in some accents.{{sfnp|Saborit|2009|p=10}} Can be centralized.
|-
|-
| Some southern [[Valencian language|Valencian]] speakers{{sfnp|Recasens|1996|pp=131–132}} || | {{lang|ca|[[Catalan alphabet|b'''o'''u]]}} || {{IPA|[ˈbɑw]}} || 'bull' || Pronunciation of the vowel {{IPA|/ɔ/}} before {{IPA|[w]}}.{{sfnp|Recasens|1996|pp=131–132}} Can be centralized.
| [[Majorcan dialect|Majorcan]] and [[Valencian language|Valencian]] (some speakers){{sfnp|Saborit|2009|p=10}} || {{lang|ca|[[Catalan alphabet|ll'''o'''c]]}} || {{IPA|[ˈʎ̟ɑk]}} || 'place' || Unrounded allophone of {{IPA|/ɔ/}} in some accents.{{sfnp|Saborit|2009|p=10}} It can be centralized. See [[Catalan phonology]]
|-
|-
| [[Chinese language|Chinese]] || [[Standard Chinese|Mandarin]]{{sfnp|Mou|2006|p=65}} || {{lang|cmn-Hani|[[Chinese characters|棒]]}} / {{lang|cmn-Latn|[[Pinyin|b'''à'''ng]]}} || {{Audio-IPA|Zh-bàng.ogg|[pɑŋ˥˩]}} || 'stick' || Allophone of {{IPA|/a/}} before {{IPA|/ŋ/}}.{{sfnp|Mou|2006|p=65}} See [[Standard Chinese phonology]]
| Southern [[Valencian language|Valencian]]{{sfnp|Recasens|1996|pp=131–132}} || | {{lang|ca|[[Catalan alphabet|b'''o'''u]]}} || {{IPA|[ˈbɑw]}} || 'bull' || Pronunciation of the vowel {{IPA|/ɔ/}} before {{IPA|[w]}}.{{sfnp|Recasens|1996|pp=131–132}} It can be centralized. See [[Catalan phonology]]
|-
|-
| rowspan="7" | [[Dutch language|Dutch]] || Standard{{sfnp|Gussenhoven|1992|p=47}}{{sfnp|Verhoeven|2005|p=245}} || rowspan="3" | {{lang|nl|[[Dutch orthography|b'''a'''d]]}} || {{IPA|[bɑt]}} || rowspan="3" | 'bath' || Backness varies among dialects; in the Standard Northern accent it is fully back.{{sfnp|Collins|Mees|2003|p=131}}{{sfnp|Gussenhoven|1992|p=47}} In the Standard Belgian accent it is raised and fronted to {{IPA|[ɑ̝̈]}}.{{sfnp|Verhoeven|2005|p=245}} See [[Dutch phonology]]
| [[Chinese language|Chinese]] || [[Standard Chinese|Mandarin]]{{sfnp|Mou|2006|p=65}} || {{lang|cmn-Hani|[[Chinese characters|棒]]}} ({{lang|cmn-Latn|[[Pinyin|b'''à'''ng]]}}) || {{Audio-IPA|Zh-bàng.ogg|[pɑŋ˥˩]}} || 'stick' || Allophone of {{IPA|/a/}} before {{IPA|/ŋ/}}.{{sfnp|Mou|2006|p=65}} See [[Standard Chinese phonology]]
|-
|-
| [[Leiden]]{{sfnp|Collins|Mees|2003|p=131}} || rowspan="2" | {{IPA|[bɑ̝t]}} || rowspan="2" | Near-open fully back; can be rounded {{IPAblink|ɒ|ɒ̝}} instead.{{sfnp|Collins|Mees|2003|p=131}} See [[Dutch phonology]]
| rowspan="5" | [[Dutch language|Dutch]] || Standard{{sfnp|Gussenhoven|1992|p=47}}{{sfnp|Verhoeven|2005|p=245}} || {{lang|nl|[[Dutch orthography|b'''a'''d]]}} || {{audio-IPA|Nl-bad.ogg|[bɑt]}} || 'bath' || Backness varies among dialects; in the Standard Northern accent it is fully back.{{sfnp|Collins|Mees|2003|p=131}}{{sfnp|Gussenhoven|1992|p=47}} In the Standard Belgian accent it is raised and fronted to {{IPA|[ɑ̝̈]}}.{{sfnp|Verhoeven|2005|p=245}} See [[Dutch phonology]]
|-
| [[Rotterdam]]{{sfnp|Collins|Mees|2003|p=131}}
|-
|-
| [[Amsterdam]]{{sfnp|Collins|Mees|2003|pp=78, 104, 133}} || rowspan="3" | {{lang|nl|[[Dutch orthography|'''aa'''p]]}} || rowspan="3" | {{IPA|[ɑːp]}} || rowspan="3" | 'monkey' || rowspan="3" | Corresponds to {{IPA|[{{IPAplink|aː}} ~ {{IPAplink|äː}}]}} in standard Dutch.
| [[Amsterdam]]{{sfnp|Collins|Mees|2003|pp=78, 104, 133}} || rowspan="3" | {{lang|nl|[[Dutch orthography|'''aa'''p]]}} || rowspan="3" | {{IPA|[ɑːp]}} || rowspan="3" | 'monkey' || rowspan="3" | Corresponds to {{IPA|[{{IPAplink|aː}} ~ {{IPAplink|äː}}]}} in standard Dutch.
Line 75: Line 57:
| [[The Hague dialect|The Hague]]{{sfnp|Collins|Mees|2003|p=136}} || {{lang|nl|[[Dutch orthography|n'''auw''']]}} || {{IPA|[nɑː]}} || 'narrow' || Corresponds to {{IPA|[ʌu]}} in standard Dutch.  
| [[The Hague dialect|The Hague]]{{sfnp|Collins|Mees|2003|p=136}} || {{lang|nl|[[Dutch orthography|n'''auw''']]}} || {{IPA|[nɑː]}} || 'narrow' || Corresponds to {{IPA|[ʌu]}} in standard Dutch.  
|-
|-
| rowspan="8" | [[English language|English]] || [[Cardiff dialect|Cardiff]]{{sfnp|Collins|Mees|1990|p=95}} || rowspan=3 | [[English orthography|h'''o'''t]] || rowspan=2 | {{IPA|[hɑ̝̈t]}} || rowspan=3 | 'hot' || rowspan="2" | Somewhat raised and fronted.{{sfnp|Collins|Mees|1990|p=95}}{{sfnp|Lodge|2009|p=168}}
| rowspan="6" | [[English language|English]] || [[General American]]{{sfnp|Mannell|Cox|Harrington|2009}} || [[English orthography|h'''o'''t]] || {{IPA|[hɑt]}} || 'hot' || May be more front [{{IPA|ɑ̟}} ~ {{IPA link|ä}}], especially in accents without the [[cot-caught merger]].{{clarification needed|date=July 2024}} See [[English phonology]]
|-
| [[Norfolk dialect|Norfolk]]{{sfnp|Lodge|2009|p=168}}
|-
| [[General American]]{{sfnp|Mannell|Cox|Harrington|2009}} || {{IPA|[hɑt]}} || May be more front [{{IPA|ɑ̟}} ~ {{IPA link|ä}}], especially in accents without the [[cot-caught merger]].{{clarification needed|date=July 2024}} See [[English phonology]]
|-
|-
| [[Cockney]]{{sfnp|Wells|1982|p=305}} || rowspan="4" | [[English orthography|p'''a'''lm]] || rowspan="2" | {{IPA|[pɑːm]}} || rowspan="4" | 'palm' || Fully back. It can be more front {{IPA|[ɑ̟ː]}} instead.
| [[Cockney]]{{sfnp|Wells|1982|p=305}} || rowspan="4" | [[English orthography|p'''a'''lm]] || rowspan="2" | {{IPA|[pɑːm]}} || rowspan="4" | 'palm' || Fully back. It can be more front {{IPA|[ɑ̟ː]}} instead.
Line 90: Line 68:
|-
|-
| [[Hiberno-English|Non-local Dublin]]<ref name="unidue">{{cite web|title=Glossary|url=https://www.uni-due.de/vcde/VCDE_Glossary.htm#GlossB|access-date=10 February 2015}}</ref> || [[English orthography|b'''a'''ck]] || {{IPA|[bɑq]}} || 'back' || Allophone of {{IPA|/a/}} before velars for some speakers.<ref name="unidue"/>
| [[Hiberno-English|Non-local Dublin]]<ref name="unidue">{{cite web|title=Glossary|url=https://www.uni-due.de/vcde/VCDE_Glossary.htm#GlossB|access-date=10 February 2015}}</ref> || [[English orthography|b'''a'''ck]] || {{IPA|[bɑq]}} || 'back' || Allophone of {{IPA|/a/}} before velars for some speakers.<ref name="unidue"/>
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Estonian language|Estonian]]{{sfnp|Asu|Teras|2009|p=368}} || {{lang|et|[[Estonian orthography|v'''a'''le]]}} || {{IPA|[ˈvɑ̝le̞ˑ]}} || 'lie' || Near-open.{{sfnp|Asu|Teras|2009|p=368}} See [[Estonian phonology]]
|-
|-
| [[Faroese language|Faroese]] || Some dialects{{sfnp|Árnason|2011|pp=69, 79}} || {{lang|fo|[[Faroese orthography|v'''á'''tur]]}} || {{IPA|[ˈvɑːtʊɹ]}} || 'wet' || Corresponds to {{IPA|/ɔɑ/}} in standard language.{{sfnp|Árnason|2011|pp=69, 79}} See [[Faroese phonology]]
| [[Faroese language|Faroese]] || Some dialects{{sfnp|Árnason|2011|pp=69, 79}} || {{lang|fo|[[Faroese orthography|v'''á'''tur]]}} || {{IPA|[ˈvɑːtʊɹ]}} || 'wet' || Corresponds to {{IPA|/ɔɑ/}} in standard language.{{sfnp|Árnason|2011|pp=69, 79}} See [[Faroese phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Finnish language|Finnish]]{{sfnp|Suomi|Toivanen|Ylitalo|2008|p=21}} || {{lang|fi|[[Finnish alphabet|k'''a'''n'''a''']]}} || {{IPA|[ˈkɑ̝nɑ̝]}} || 'hen' || Near-open,{{sfnp|Suomi|Toivanen|Ylitalo|2008|p=21}} also described as open central {{IPAblink|ä}}.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Maddieson|1984}}, cited in {{Harvcoltxt|Suomi|Toivanen|Ylitalo|2008|p=21}}</ref> See [[Finnish phonology]]
|-
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[French language|French]] || Conservative Parisian{{sfnp|Ashby|2011|p=100}}{{sfnp|Collins|Mees|2013|pp=225–227}} || {{lang|fr|[[French orthography|p'''a'''s]]}} || {{IPA|[pɑ]}} || 'not' || Contrasts with {{IPAslink|a}}, but many speakers have only one open vowel {{IPAblink|ä}}.{{sfnp|Collins|Mees|2013|pp=226–227}} See [[French phonology]]
| rowspan="2" | [[French language|French]] || Conservative Parisian{{sfnp|Ashby|2011|p=100}}{{sfnp|Collins|Mees|2013|pp=225–227}} || {{lang|fr|[[French orthography|p'''a'''s]]}} || {{IPA|[pɑ]}} || 'not' || Contrasts with {{IPAslink|a}}, but many speakers have only one open vowel {{IPAblink|ä}}.{{sfnp|Collins|Mees|2013|pp=226–227}} See [[French phonology]]
Line 103: Line 77:
| colspan="2" | [[Galician language|Galician]]{{sfnp|Regueira|1996|p=122}}{{sfnp|Freixeiro Mato|2006|pp=72–73}} || {{lang|gl|irm'''á'''n}} ||{{IPA|[iɾˈmɑŋ]}} || 'brother' || Allophone of {{IPA|/a/}} in contact with velar consonants.{{sfnp|Regueira|1996|p=122}}{{sfnp|Freixeiro Mato|2006|pp=72–73}} See [[Galician phonology]]
| colspan="2" | [[Galician language|Galician]]{{sfnp|Regueira|1996|p=122}}{{sfnp|Freixeiro Mato|2006|pp=72–73}} || {{lang|gl|irm'''á'''n}} ||{{IPA|[iɾˈmɑŋ]}} || 'brother' || Allophone of {{IPA|/a/}} in contact with velar consonants.{{sfnp|Regueira|1996|p=122}}{{sfnp|Freixeiro Mato|2006|pp=72–73}} See [[Galician phonology]]
|-
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Georgian language|Georgian]]{{sfnp|Shosted|Chikovani|2006|pp=261–262}} || {{lang|ka|[[Georgian alphabet|გუდ'''ა''']]}} / {{lang|ka-Latn|gud'''a'''}} || {{IPA|[k̬ud̪ɑ]}} || 'leather bag'|| Usually not fully back {{IPA|[ɑ]}}, typically {{IPA|[ɑ̟]}} to {{IPA|[ä]}}.<ref>{{Citation|last=Aronson|first=Howard|year=1990|title=Georgian: A Reading Grammar|edition=2nd|publisher=Slavica|place=Columbus, OH}}</ref> Sometimes transcribed as {{IPA|/a/}}.
| colspan="2" | [[Georgian language|Georgian]]{{sfnp|Shosted|Chikovani|2006|pp=261–262}} || {{nowrap|{{lang|ka|[[Georgian alphabet|გუდ'''ა''']]}} ({{lang|ka-Latn|gud'''a'''}})}} || {{IPA|[k̬ud̪ɑ]}} || 'leather bag' || Usually not fully back {{IPA|[ɑ]}}, typically {{IPA|[ɑ̟]}} to {{IPA|[ä]}}.<ref>{{Citation|last=Aronson|first=Howard|year=1990|title=Georgian: A Reading Grammar|edition=2nd|publisher=Slavica|place=Columbus, OH}}</ref> Sometimes transcribed as {{IPA|/a/}}.
|-
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[German language|German]] || [[Standard German|Standard]]{{sfnp|Dudenredaktion|Kleiner|Knöbl|2015|pp=34, 38}} || {{lang|de|[[German alphabet|Gourm'''and''']]}} || {{IPA|[ɡ̊ʊʁˈmɑ̃ː]}} || 'gourmand' || [[Nasalization|Nasalized]]; often realized as rounded {{IPAblink|ɒ|ɒ̃ː}}.{{sfnp|Dudenredaktion|Kleiner|Knöbl|2015|p=38}} See [[Standard German phonology]]
| rowspan="2" | [[German language|German]] || [[Standard German|Standard]]{{sfnp|Dudenredaktion|Kleiner|Knöbl|2015|pp=34, 38}} || {{lang|de|[[German alphabet|Gourm'''and''']]}} || {{IPA|[ɡ̊ʊʁˈmɑ̃ː]}} || 'gourmand' || [[Nasalization|Nasalized]]; often realized as rounded {{IPAblink|ɒ|ɒ̃ː}}.{{sfnp|Dudenredaktion|Kleiner|Knöbl|2015|p=38}} See [[Standard German phonology]]
Line 109: Line 83:
| Many speakers{{sfnp|Dudenredaktion|Kleiner|Knöbl|2015|p=64}} || {{lang|de|[[German alphabet|n'''ah''']]}} || {{IPA|[nɑː]}} || 'near' || Used by speakers in Northern Germany, East Central Germany, Franconia and Switzerland.{{sfnp|Dudenredaktion|Kleiner|Knöbl|2015|p=64}} Also a part of the Standard Austrian accent.{{sfnp|Moosmüller|Schmid|Brandstätter|2015|pp=342–344}} More front in other accents. See [[Standard German phonology]]
| Many speakers{{sfnp|Dudenredaktion|Kleiner|Knöbl|2015|p=64}} || {{lang|de|[[German alphabet|n'''ah''']]}} || {{IPA|[nɑː]}} || 'near' || Used by speakers in Northern Germany, East Central Germany, Franconia and Switzerland.{{sfnp|Dudenredaktion|Kleiner|Knöbl|2015|p=64}} Also a part of the Standard Austrian accent.{{sfnp|Moosmüller|Schmid|Brandstätter|2015|pp=342–344}} More front in other accents. See [[Standard German phonology]]
|-
|-
| [[Modern Greek|Greek]] || [[Varieties of Modern Greek|Sfakian]]{{sfnp|Trudgill|2009|pp=83–84}} || {{lang|el|[[Greek orthography|μπύρ'''α''']]}} / ''býr'''a'''''|| {{IPA|[ˈbirɑ]}} || "beer" || Corresponds to central {{IPA|[{{IPAplink|ä}} ~ {{IPAplink|ɐ}}]}} in Modern Standard Greek.{{sfnp|Trudgill|2009|p=81}}{{sfnp|Arvaniti|2007|pp=25, 28}} See [[Modern Greek phonology]]
| [[Modern Greek|Greek]] || [[Varieties of Modern Greek|Sfakian]]{{sfnp|Trudgill|2009|pp=83–84}} || {{lang|el|[[Greek orthography|μπύρ'''α''']]}} (''býr'''a''''') || {{IPA|[ˈbirɑ]}} || "beer" || Corresponds to central {{IPA|[{{IPAplink|ä}} ~ {{IPAplink|ɐ}}]}} in Modern Standard Greek.{{sfnp|Trudgill|2009|p=81}}{{sfnp|Arvaniti|2007|pp=25, 28}} See [[Modern Greek phonology]]
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]] || [[Hindi]] || [[Hindustani phonology|ख़ास]]/kh'''a'''s || rowspan="2" | {{audio-IPA|ख़ासخاص.wav|[xɑːs]}} || rowspan="2" | 'special' || rowspan="2" | Allophone of {{IPA|[{{IPAplink|aː}}&nbsp;~&nbsp;{{IPAplink|ä}}]}}. More likely to be heard in serious speech or poetry. See [[Hindustani phonology]].
|-
| [[Urdu]] || [[Hindustani phonology|خاص]]/kh'''a'''s
|-
|-
| [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]] || Some dialects{{sfnp|Vago|1980|p=1}} || {{lang|hu|[[Hungarian orthography|m'''a'''gy'''a'''r]]}} || {{IPA|[ˈmɑɟɑr]}} || 'Hungarian' || Weakly rounded {{IPAblink|ɒ}} in standard Hungarian.{{sfnp|Szende|1994|p=92}} See [[Hungarian phonology]]
| [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]] || Some dialects{{sfnp|Vago|1980|p=1}} || {{lang|hu|[[Hungarian orthography|m'''a'''gy'''a'''r]]}} || {{IPA|[ˈmɑɟɑr]}} || 'Hungarian' || Weakly rounded {{IPAblink|ɒ}} in standard Hungarian.{{sfnp|Szende|1994|p=92}} See [[Hungarian phonology]]
Line 115: Line 93:
| [[Inuit language|Inuit]] || [[West Greenlandic]]{{sfnp|Fortescue|1990|p=317}} || {{lang|kl|oq'''a'''rpoq}} || {{IPA|[ɔˈqɑpːɔq̚]}} || 'he says' || Allophone of {{IPA|/a/}} before and especially between uvulars.{{sfnp|Fortescue|1990|p=317}} See [[Inuit phonology]]
| [[Inuit language|Inuit]] || [[West Greenlandic]]{{sfnp|Fortescue|1990|p=317}} || {{lang|kl|oq'''a'''rpoq}} || {{IPA|[ɔˈqɑpːɔq̚]}} || 'he says' || Allophone of {{IPA|/a/}} before and especially between uvulars.{{sfnp|Fortescue|1990|p=317}} See [[Inuit phonology]]
|-
|-
|[[Italian language|Italian]]
| [[Italian language|Italian]] || Some Piedmont dialects || {{lang|it|[[Italian orthography|c'''a'''s'''a''']]}} || {{IPA|[ˈkɑːzɑ]}} || 'house' || Allophone of {{IPA|/a/}} which in Italian is largely realised as central {{IPA|[ä]}}.
|Some Piedmont dialects
|{{lang|it|[[Italian orthography|c'''a'''s'''a''']]}}
|[ˈkɑːzɑ]
|'house'
|Allophone of {{IPA|/a/}} which in Italian is largely realised as central {{IPA|[ä]}}.
|-
|-
|[[Irish language|Irish]]
| [[Irish language|Irish]] || [[Munster Irish|Munster Dialect]] || {{lang|ga|[[Irish orthography|'''á'''it]]}} || {{IPA|[ɑːtʲ]}} || 'place' || See [[Irish phonology]]
|[[Munster Irish|Munster Dialect]]
|{{lang|ga|[[Irish orthography|'''á'''it]]}}
|[ɑːtʲ]
|'place'
|See [[Irish phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Kazakh language|Kazakh]] || {{lang|kk|'''a'''lm'''a'''}} || {{IPA|[ɑ̝ɫ̪ˈmɑ̝]}} || 'apple' || Can be realised as near-open.
|-
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Kaingang language|Kaingang]]{{sfnp|Jolkesky|2009|pp=676–677, 682}} || {{lang|kgp|g'''a'''}} || {{IPA|[ᵑɡɑ]}} || 'land, soil' || Varies between back {{IPA|[ɑ]}} and central {{IPAblink|ɐ}}.{{sfnp|Jolkesky|2009|pp=676, 682}}
| colspan="2" | [[Kaingang language|Kaingang]]{{sfnp|Jolkesky|2009|pp=676–677, 682}} || {{lang|kgp|g'''a'''}} || {{IPA|[ᵑɡɑ]}} || 'land, soil' || Varies between back {{IPA|[ɑ]}} and central {{IPAblink|ɐ}}.{{sfnp|Jolkesky|2009|pp=676, 682}}
|-
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Khmer language|Khmer]] || {{lang|km|[[Khmer script|ស្ករ]]}} / {{transliteration|km|sk'''â'''r}} || {{IPA|[skɑː]}} || 'sugar' || See [[Khmer phonology]]
| colspan="2" | [[Khmer language|Khmer]] || {{lang|km|[[Khmer script|ស្ករ]]}} ({{transliteration|km|sk'''â'''r}}) || {{IPA|[skɑː]}} || 'sugar' || See [[Khmer phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Limburgish language|Limburgish]]{{sfnp|Peters|2006|p=119}}{{sfnp|Heijmans|Gussenhoven|1998|p=110}}{{sfnp|Gussenhoven|Aarts|1999|p=159}} || {{lang|li|b'''a'''ts}} || {{IPA|[bɑ̽ts]}} || 'buttock' || The quality varies between open back {{IPA|[ɑ]}},{{sfnp|Peters|2006|p=119}} open near-back {{IPA|[ɑ̟]}}{{sfnp|Heijmans|Gussenhoven|1998|p=110}} and near-open near-back {{IPA|[ɑ̽]}}{{sfnp|Gussenhoven|Aarts|1999|p=159}} (illustrated in the example word, which is from the [[Maastrichtian dialect]]), depending on the dialect.
|-
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Low German]]{{sfnp|Prehn|2012|p=157}} || {{lang|nds|'''a'''l}} / {{lang|nds-NL|'''aa'''l}} || {{IPA|[ɑːl]}} || 'all' || Backness may vary among dialects.{{sfnp|Prehn|2012|p=157}}
| colspan="2" | [[Low German]]{{sfnp|Prehn|2012|p=157}} || {{lang|nds|'''a'''l}} / {{lang|nds-NL|'''aa'''l}} || {{IPA|[ɑːl]}} || 'all' || Backness may vary among dialects.{{sfnp|Prehn|2012|p=157}}
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Luxembourgish language|Luxembourgish]]{{sfnp|Gilles|Trouvain|2013|p=70}} || {{lang|lb|K'''a'''pp}} || {{IPA|[kʰɑ̝p]}} || 'head' || Near-open fully back.{{sfnp|Gilles|Trouvain|2013|p=70}} See [[Luxembourgish phonology]]
|-
|-
| rowspan="3" | [[Malay language|Malay]] ||[[Kedah Malay|Kedah]]{{sfnp|Zaharani Ahmad|1991}} || rowspan="2" | {{lang|ms|[[Malay alphabet|mat'''a''']]}} || rowspan="2" | {{IPA|[ma.tɑ]}}|| rowspan="2" | 'eye' || See [[Malay phonology]]
| rowspan="3" | [[Malay language|Malay]] ||[[Kedah Malay|Kedah]]{{sfnp|Zaharani Ahmad|1991}} || rowspan="2" | {{lang|ms|[[Malay alphabet|mat'''a''']]}} || rowspan="2" | {{IPA|[ma.tɑ]}}|| rowspan="2" | 'eye' || See [[Malay phonology]]
|-
|-
|[[Kelantan-Pattani Malay|Kelantan-Pattani]]
| [[Kelantan-Pattani Malay|Kelantan-Pattani]] || Allophone of syllable-final /a/ in open-ended words and before /k/ and /h/ codas. See [[Kelantan-Pattani Malay]]
|Allophone of syllable-final /a/ in open-ended words and before /k/ and /h/ codas. See [[Kelantan-Pattani Malay]]
|-
|-
|Standard
| Standard || ''q'''a'''ri'' || {{IPA|[qɑ.ri]}} || 'qari' || Found only in certain Arabic loanwords and used by speakers who know Arabic. Normally replaced by [{{IPA link|ä}}]. See [[Malay phonology]]
|''q'''a'''ri''
|{{IPA|[qɑ.ri]}}
|'qari'
|Found only in certain Arabic loanwords and used by speakers who know Arabic. Normally replaced by [{{IPA link|ä}}]. See [[Malay phonology]]
|-
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]]{{sfnp|Kristoffersen|2000|pp=16–17}}{{sfnp|Kvifte|Gude-Husken|2005|p=4}} || {{lang|no|[[Norwegian alphabet|h'''a'''t]]}} || {{IPA|[hɑːt]}} || 'hate' || The example word is from [[Urban East Norwegian]]. Central {{IPAblink|äː}} in some other dialects.{{sfnp|Kristoffersen|2000|pp=16–17}}{{sfnp|Kvifte|Gude-Husken|2005|p=4}}{{sfnp|Vanvik|1979|pp=16–17}} See [[Norwegian phonology]]
| colspan="2" | [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]]{{sfnp|Kristoffersen|2000|pp=16–17}}{{sfnp|Kvifte|Gude-Husken|2005|p=4}} || {{lang|no|[[Norwegian alphabet|h'''a'''t]]}} || {{IPA|[hɑːt]}} || 'hate' || The example word is from [[Urban East Norwegian]]. Central {{IPAblink|äː}} in some other dialects.{{sfnp|Kristoffersen|2000|pp=16–17}}{{sfnp|Kvifte|Gude-Husken|2005|p=4}}{{sfnp|Vanvik|1979|pp=16–17}} See [[Norwegian phonology]]
|-
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] ||Some [[Portuguese dialects#Portugal|Azorean]] dialects || {{lang|pt|[[Portuguese alphabet|n'''a'''da]]}} || {{IPA|[ˈnɑdɐ]}} || 'nothing' || See [[Portuguese phonology]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] ||Some [[Portuguese dialects#Portugal|Azorean]] dialects || {{lang|pt|[[Portuguese alphabet|n'''a'''da]]}} || {{IPA|[ˈnɑðɐ]}} || 'nothing' || See [[Portuguese phonology]]
|-
|-
|Paulista{{Sfnp|Galastri|2011|p=21}}
| Paulista{{Sfnp|Galastri|2011|p=21}} || {{lang|pt-BR|[[Portuguese alphabet|veget'''a'''l]]}} || {{IPA|[veʒeˈtɑw]}} || 'vegetable' || Only immediately before {{IPA|[w]}}.{{Sfnp|Galastri|2011|p=21}}
|{{lang|pt-BR|[[Portuguese alphabet|veget'''a'''l]]}}
|{{IPA|[veʒe'tɑʊ]}}
|'vegetable'
|Only immediately before {{IPA|[ʊ]}}.{{Sfnp|Galastri|2011|p=21}}
|-
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Russian language|Russian]]{{sfnp|Jones|Ward|1969|p=50}} || {{lang|ru|[[Russian orthography|п'''а'''лка]]}} / ''p'''a'''lka''|| {{IPA|[ˈpɑɫkə]}} || 'stick' || Occurs only before the hard {{IPA|/l/}}, but not when a [[Palatalization (phonetics)|palatalized]] consonant precedes. See [[Russian phonology]]
| colspan="2" | [[Russian language|Russian]]{{sfnp|Jones|Ward|1969|p=50}} || {{nowrap|{{lang|ru|[[Russian orthography|п'''а'''лка]]}} (''p'''a'''lka'')}} || {{IPA|[ˈpɑɫkə]}} || 'stick' || Occurs only before the hard {{IPA|/l/}}, but not when a [[Palatalization (phonetics)|palatalized]] consonant precedes. See [[Russian phonology]]
|-
|-
| [[Scottish Gaelic language|Scottish Gaelic]] || [[Isle of Lewis|Lewis]]{{sfnp|Oftedal|1956|p=53}} || {{lang|gd|[[Scottish Gaelic phonology and orthography|b'''a'''lach]]}} || {{IPA|[ˈpɑl̪ˠəx]}} || 'boy' || Allophone of {{IPAblink|a}} in proximity to broad sonorants.
| [[Scottish Gaelic language|Scottish Gaelic]] || [[Isle of Lewis|Lewis]]{{sfnp|Oftedal|1956|p=53}} || {{lang|gd|[[Scottish Gaelic phonology and orthography|b'''a'''lach]]}} || {{IPA|[ˈpɑl̪ˠəx]}} || 'boy' || Allophone of {{IPAblink|a}} in proximity to broad sonorants.
Line 170: Line 123:
| [[Swedish language|Swedish]] || Some dialects || {{lang|sv|[[Swedish orthography|j'''a'''g]]}} || {{IPA|[jɑːɡ]}} || 'I' || Weakly rounded {{IPAblink|ɒ|ɒ̜ː}} in Central Standard Swedish.{{sfnp|Engstrand|1999|p=141}} See [[Swedish phonology]]
| [[Swedish language|Swedish]] || Some dialects || {{lang|sv|[[Swedish orthography|j'''a'''g]]}} || {{IPA|[jɑːɡ]}} || 'I' || Weakly rounded {{IPAblink|ɒ|ɒ̜ː}} in Central Standard Swedish.{{sfnp|Engstrand|1999|p=141}} See [[Swedish phonology]]
|-
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Toda language|Toda]]{{sfnp|Shalev|Ladefoged|Bhaskararao|1993|p=92}} || {{lang|tcx|'''ஆ'''ந}} || {{IPA|[ɑ̝ːn]}} || 'elephant' || Near-open.{{sfnp|Shalev|Ladefoged|Bhaskararao|1993|p=92}}
| colspan="2" | [[Turkish language|Turkish]]{{sfnp|Göksel|Kerslake|2005|p=10}}|| {{lang|tr|[[Turkish alphabet|'''a'''t]]}} || {{audio-IPA|LL-Q256 (tur)-ToprakM-at.wav|[ɑt̪]}} || 'horse' || Also described as central {{IPAblink|ä}}.{{sfnp|Zimmer|Orgun|1999|p=155}} See [[Turkish phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Turkish language|Turkish]]{{sfnp|Göksel|Kerslake|2005|p=10}}|| {{lang|tr|[[Turkish alphabet|'''a'''t]]}} || {{IPA|[ɑt̪]}} || 'horse' || Also described as central {{IPAblink|ä}}.{{sfnp|Zimmer|Orgun|1999|p=155}} See [[Turkish phonology]]
|-
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]]{{sfnp|Danyenko|Vakulenko|1995|p=4}} || {{lang|uk|[[Ukrainian orthography|м'''а'''ти]]}} / ''m'''a'''ty''|| {{IPA|[ˈmɑtɪ]}} || 'mother'|| See [[Ukrainian phonology]]
| colspan="2" | [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]]{{sfnp|Danyenko|Vakulenko|1995|p=4}} || {{lang|uk|[[Ukrainian orthography|м'''а'''ти]]}} (''m'''a'''ty'') || {{IPA|[ˈmɑtɪ]}} || 'mother' || See [[Ukrainian phonology]]
|-
|-
|[[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]]
| [[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]] || Some dialects in [[Hà Tĩnh Province|North Central]] and [[Quảng Nam Province|Central]] || {{lang|vi|[[Vietnamese orthography|g'''à''']]}} || {{IPA|[ɣɑ˨˩]}} || 'chicken' || See [[Vietnamese phonology]]<ref>{{Citation|last=Phạm|first=Andrea Hòa|date=2014|title=Ngôn ngữ biến đổi và số phận của nguyên âm /a/ trong giọng Quảng Nam (Issues in Language change and the phonemic status of /a/ in the Quang Nam dialect)|url=https://people.clas.ufl.edu/apham/files/Ngôn-ngữ-biến-đổi-và-số-phận-cuả-nguyên-âm-a-trong-Giọng-Quảng-Nam.pdf|journal=Tạp Chí Ngôn Ngữ (Journal of Vietnamese Linguistics)|language=vi|volume=6|pages=10–18}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Phạm|first=Andrea Hòa|date=2016|title=Sự biến âm trong vần tiếng Việt: thổ ngữ làng Hến, huyện Đức Thọ, tỉnh Hà Tĩnh [Sound change in Vietnamese rhymes: the dialect of Hến Village of Đức Thọ District, Hà Tĩnh Province]|url=https://people.clas.ufl.edu/apham/files/Sự-biến-âm-trong-vần-tiếng-Việt-thổ-ngữ-làng-Hến-huyện-Đức-Thọ-tỉnh-Hà-tĩnh.pdf|journal=Tạp Chí Ngôn Ngữ Học (Journal of Vietnamese Linguistics)|language=vi|volume=11|pages=7–28}}</ref>
|Some dialects in [[Hà Tĩnh Province|North Central]] and [[Quảng Nam Province|Central]]
|{{lang|vi|[[Vietnamese orthography|g'''à''']]}}
|{{IPA|[ɣɑ˨˩]}}
|'chicken'
|See [[Vietnamese phonology]]<ref>{{Citation|last=Phạm|first=Andrea Hòa|date=2014|title=Ngôn ngữ biến đổi và số phận của nguyên âm /a/ trong giọng Quảng Nam (Issues in Language change and the phonemic status of /a/ in the Quang Nam dialect)|url=https://people.clas.ufl.edu/apham/files/Ngôn-ngữ-biến-đổi-và-số-phận-cuả-nguyên-âm-a-trong-Giọng-Quảng-Nam.pdf|journal=Tạp Chí Ngôn Ngữ (Journal of Vietnamese Linguistics)|language=vi|volume=6|pages=10–18}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Phạm|first=Andrea Hòa|date=2016|title=Sự biến âm trong vần tiếng Việt: thổ ngữ làng Hến, huyện Đức Thọ, tỉnh Hà Tĩnh [Sound change in Vietnamese rhymes: the dialect of Hến Village of Đức Thọ District, Hà Tĩnh Province]|url=https://people.clas.ufl.edu/apham/files/Sự-biến-âm-trong-vần-tiếng-Việt-thổ-ngữ-làng-Hến-huyện-Đức-Thọ-tỉnh-Hà-tĩnh.pdf|journal=Tạp Chí Ngôn Ngữ Học (Journal of Vietnamese Linguistics)|language=vi|volume=11|pages=7–28}}</ref>
|-
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[West Frisian language|West Frisian]] || Standard{{sfnp|de Haan|2010|p=333}} || {{lang|fy|l'''a'''ng}} || {{IPA|[ɫɑŋ]}} || 'long' || Also described as central {{IPAblink|ä}}.{{sfnp|Visser|1997|p=14}} See [[West Frisian phonology]]
| rowspan="2" | [[West Frisian language|West Frisian]] || Standard{{sfnp|de Haan|2010|p=333}} || {{lang|fy|l'''a'''ng}} || {{IPA|[ɫɑŋ]}} || 'long' || Also described as central {{IPAblink|ä}}.{{sfnp|Visser|1997|p=14}} See [[West Frisian phonology]]
|-
|-
| Aastersk{{sfnp|van der Veen|2001|p=102}} || {{lang|fy|m'''aa'''t}} || {{IPA|[mɑːt]}} || 'mate' || Contrasts with a front {{IPAslink|aː}}.{{sfnp|van der Veen|2001|p=102}} See [[West Frisian phonology]]
| Aastersk{{sfnp|van der Veen|2001|p=102}} || {{lang|fy|m'''aa'''t}} || {{IPA|[mɑːt]}} || 'mate' || Contrasts with a front {{IPAslink|aː}}.{{sfnp|van der Veen|2001|p=102}} See [[West Frisian phonology]]
|}
==Near-open back unrounded vowel==
{{Infobox IPA
|above=Near-open back unrounded vowel
|ipa symbol=ɑ̝
|ipa symbol2=ʌ̞
}}
In some languages (such as [[Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]], [[Estonian language|Estonian]], [[Luxembourgish language|Luxembourgish]] and [[Toda language|Toda]]){{sfnp|Mokari|Werner|2016|p=509}}{{sfnp|Asu|Teras|2009|p=368}}{{sfnp|Gilles|Trouvain|2013|p=70}}{{sfnp|Shalev|Ladefoged|Bhaskararao|1993|p=92}} there is the '''near-open back unrounded vowel''' (a sound between cardinal {{angbr IPA|ɑ}} and {{IPAalink|ʌ}}), which can be transcribed in IPA with {{IPA|[ɑ̝]}} or {{IPA|[ʌ̞]}}.
=== Features ===
{{near-open vowel}}
{{back vowel}}
{{pharyngeal}}
{{unrounded vowel}}
===Occurrence===
{| class="wikitable" style="clear: both;"
! colspan="2" | Language !! Word !! [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]!! Meaning !! Notes
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]]{{sfnp|Mokari|Werner|2016|p=509}} || {{lang|az-Latn|[[Azerbaijani alphabet|q'''a'''rd'''a'''ş]]}} || {{IPA|[ɡɑ̝ɾˈd̪ɑ̝ʃ]}} || 'brother' || Near-open.{{sfnp|Mokari|Werner|2016|p=509}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Dutch language|Dutch]] || [[Leiden]]{{sfnp|Collins|Mees|2003|p=131}} || rowspan="2" | {{lang|nl|[[Dutch orthography|b'''a'''d]]}} || rowspan="2" | {{IPA|[bɑ̝t]}} || rowspan="2" | 'bath' || rowspan="2" | Near-open fully back; can be rounded {{IPAblink|ɒ|ɒ̝}} instead.{{sfnp|Collins|Mees|2003|p=131}} See [[Dutch phonology]]
|-
| [[Rotterdam]]{{sfnp|Collins|Mees|2003|p=131}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[English language|English]] || [[Cardiff dialect|Cardiff]]{{sfnp|Collins|Mees|1990|p=95}} || rowspan=2 | [[English orthography|h'''o'''t]] || rowspan=2 | {{IPA|[hɑ̝̈t]}} || rowspan=2 | 'hot' || rowspan="2" | Somewhat raised and fronted.{{sfnp|Collins|Mees|1990|p=95}}{{sfnp|Lodge|2009|p=168}}
|-
| [[Norfolk dialect|Norfolk]]{{sfnp|Lodge|2009|p=168}}
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Estonian language|Estonian]]{{sfnp|Asu|Teras|2009|p=368}} || {{lang|et|[[Estonian orthography|v'''a'''le]]}} || {{IPA|[ˈvɑ̝le̞ˑ]}} || 'lie' || Near-open.{{sfnp|Asu|Teras|2009|p=368}} See [[Estonian phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Finnish language|Finnish]]{{sfnp|Suomi|Toivanen|Ylitalo|2008|p=21}} || {{lang|fi|[[Finnish alphabet|k'''a'''n'''a''']]}} || {{audio-IPA|Fi-kana.ogg|[ˈkɑ̝nɑ̝]}} || 'hen' || Near-open,{{sfnp|Suomi|Toivanen|Ylitalo|2008|p=21}} also described as open central {{IPAblink|ä}}.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Maddieson|1984}}, cited in {{Harvcoltxt|Suomi|Toivanen|Ylitalo|2008|p=21}}</ref> See [[Finnish phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Kazakh language|Kazakh]] || {{lang|kk|'''a'''lm'''a'''}} || {{IPA|[ɑ̝ɫ̪ˈmɑ̝]}} || 'apple' || Can be realised as near-open.{{citation needed|date=September 2025}}
|-
| [[Limburgish language|Limburgish]] || [[Maastrichtian dialect|Maastrichtian]]{{sfnp|Gussenhoven|Aarts|1999|p=159}} || {{lang|li|b'''a'''ts}} || {{IPA|[bɑ̽ts]}} || 'buttock' || The quality varies between open back {{IPA|[ɑ]}},{{sfnp|Peters|2006|p=119}} open near-back {{IPA|[ɑ̟]}},{{sfnp|Heijmans|Gussenhoven|1998|p=110}} and near-open near-back {{IPA|[ɑ̽]}},{{sfnp|Gussenhoven|Aarts|1999|p=159}} depending on the dialect.
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Luxembourgish language|Luxembourgish]]{{sfnp|Gilles|Trouvain|2013|p=70}} || {{lang|lb|K'''a'''pp}} || {{IPA|[kʰɑ̝p]}} || 'head' || Near-open fully back.{{sfnp|Gilles|Trouvain|2013|p=70}} See [[Luxembourgish phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Toda language|Toda]]{{sfnp|Shalev|Ladefoged|Bhaskararao|1993|p=92}} || {{lang|tcx|'''ஆ'''ந}} || {{IPA|[ɑ̝ːn]}} || 'elephant' || Near-open.{{sfnp|Shalev|Ladefoged|Bhaskararao|1993|p=92}}
|}
|}


Line 206: Line 194:
}}
}}
* {{citation
* {{citation
  |last     = Arvaniti
  |last         = Arvaniti
  |first   = Amalia
  |first       = Amalia
  |year     = 2007
  |year         = 2007
  |title   = Greek Phonetics: The State of the Art
  |title       = Greek Phonetics: The State of the Art
  |pages   = 97–208
  |pages       = 97–208
  |journal   = Journal of Greek Linguistics
  |journal     = Journal of Greek Linguistics
  |volume   = 8
  |volume       = 8
  |url     = http://www.kent.ac.uk/secl/ell/staff/amalia-arvaniti/docs/Greek%20Phonetics%20-%20The%20State%20of%20the%20Art.pdf
  |url         = http://www.kent.ac.uk/secl/ell/staff/amalia-arvaniti/docs/Greek%20Phonetics%20-%20The%20State%20of%20the%20Art.pdf
  |doi     = 10.1075/jgl.8.08arv
  |doi         = 10.1075/jgl.8.08arv
  |url-status = dead
  |url-status   = dead
  |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131211020607/http://www.kent.ac.uk/secl/ell/staff/amalia-arvaniti/docs/Greek%20Phonetics%20-%20The%20State%20of%20the%20Art.pdf
  |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131211020607/http://www.kent.ac.uk/secl/ell/staff/amalia-arvaniti/docs/Greek%20Phonetics%20-%20The%20State%20of%20the%20Art.pdf
  |archive-date = 2013-12-11
  |archive-date = 2013-12-11
  |citeseerx = 10.1.1.692.1365
  |citeseerx   = 10.1.1.692.1365
}}
}}
* {{citation
* {{citation
Line 436: Line 424:
|s2cid=145782045
|s2cid=145782045
|url=http://gep.ruhosting.nl/carlos/gussenhoven_aarts.pdf
|url=http://gep.ruhosting.nl/carlos/gussenhoven_aarts.pdf
|access-date=2014-06-06
|archive-date=2017-10-11
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011044945/http://gep.ruhosting.nl/carlos/gussenhoven_aarts.pdf
|url-status=dead
}}
}}
* {{citation
* {{citation
Line 451: Line 443:
|s2cid=145635698
|s2cid=145635698
|url=http://gep.ruhosting.nl/carlos/weert.pdf
|url=http://gep.ruhosting.nl/carlos/weert.pdf
|access-date=2014-06-06
|archive-date=2016-03-04
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304034049/http://gep.ruhosting.nl/carlos/weert.pdf
|url-status=dead
}}
* {{citation
|author=International Phonetic Association
|year=1999
|title=Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the Use of the International Phonetic Alphabet
|section=Phonetic description and the IPA Chart: Vowels
|publisher=Cambridge University Press
|isbn=0-521-65236-7
}}
}}
* {{citation
* {{citation
Line 546: Line 550:
|publisher=Macquarie University
|publisher=Macquarie University
|url=http://clas.mq.edu.au/speech/phonetics/phonetics/vowelgraphs/USE_Monophthongs.html
|url=http://clas.mq.edu.au/speech/phonetics/phonetics/vowelgraphs/USE_Monophthongs.html
|access-date=2013-05-26
|archive-date=2013-05-16
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130516060142/http://clas.mq.edu.au/speech/phonetics/phonetics/vowelgraphs/USE_Monophthongs.html
|url-status=dead
}}
}}
* {{citation
* {{citation
Line 645: Line 653:
|pages=239–245
|pages=239–245
|doi=10.1017/S0025100304001768
|doi=10.1017/S0025100304001768
|doi-broken-date=1 November 2024
|doi-access=free
|doi-access=free
}}
}}

Latest revision as of 08:47, 4 December 2025

Template:Short description Template:Infobox IPA/core1Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Template:IPA vowels

The open back unrounded vowel, or low back unrounded vowel,[1] is a type of vowel sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is Template:Angbr IPA. The letter Template:Angbr IPA is called script a or handwritten a because it lacks the extra hook on top of a printed letter a, which corresponds to a different vowel, the open front unrounded vowel. Script a, which has a full length linear stroke on its right, should not be confused with turned script a, Template:Angbr IPA, which has the linear stroke on its left and corresponds to a rounded version of this vowel, the open back rounded vowel.

The open back unrounded vowel is the vocalic equivalent of the pharyngeal approximant Script error: No such module "IPA"..Template:Sfnp[2]

Features

Template:Open vowel Template:Back vowel Template:Pharyngeal Template:Unrounded vowel

Occurrence

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Afrikaans StandardTemplate:Sfnp Script error: No such module "Lang". Template:ErrorTemplate:Category handlerTemplate:Category handler 'there' The quality varies between open near-back unrounded Script error: No such module "IPA"., open back unrounded Script error: No such module "IPA". and even open back rounded Template:IPAblink.Template:Sfnp See Afrikaans phonology
Äiwoo Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'I want'
Arabic StandardTemplate:Sfnp Script error: No such module "Lang". (ṭawīl) Template:ErrorTemplate:Category handlerTemplate:Category handler 'tall' Allophone of long and short Script error: No such module "IPA". near emphatic consonants, depending on the speaker's accent. See Arabic phonology
EssaouiraTemplate:Sfnp Script error: No such module "Lang". (qāl) Script error: No such module "IPA". 'he said' One of the possible realisations of Script error: No such module "IPA"..Template:Sfnp
Armenian EasternTemplate:Sfnp Script error: No such module "Lang". (hacʿ) Script error: No such module "IPA". 'bread'
Bashkir Script error: No such module "Lang". (Script error: No such module "Lang".) Template:ErrorTemplate:Category handlerTemplate:Category handler 'goose'
Catalan Many dialectsTemplate:Sfnp Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'stick' Allophone of Script error: No such module "IPA". in contact with velar consonants.Template:Sfnp See Catalan phonology
Some dialectsTemplate:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'hand' More central (Template:IPAblink or Script error: No such module "IPA".) in other dialects; fully front Template:IPAblink in Majorcan Catalan.Template:Sfnp See Catalan phonology
Majorcan and Valencian (some speakers)Template:Sfnp Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'place' Unrounded allophone of Script error: No such module "IPA". in some accents.Template:Sfnp It can be centralized. See Catalan phonology
Southern ValencianTemplate:Sfnp Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'bull' Pronunciation of the vowel Script error: No such module "IPA". before Script error: No such module "IPA"..Template:Sfnp It can be centralized. See Catalan phonology
Chinese MandarinTemplate:Sfnp Script error: No such module "Lang". (Script error: No such module "Lang".) Template:ErrorTemplate:Category handlerTemplate:Category handler 'stick' Allophone of Script error: No such module "IPA". before Script error: No such module "IPA"..Template:Sfnp See Standard Chinese phonology
Dutch StandardTemplate:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp Script error: No such module "Lang". Template:ErrorTemplate:Category handlerTemplate:Category handler 'bath' Backness varies among dialects; in the Standard Northern accent it is fully back.Template:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp In the Standard Belgian accent it is raised and fronted to Script error: No such module "IPA"..Template:Sfnp See Dutch phonology
AmsterdamTemplate:Sfnp Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'monkey' Corresponds to Script error: No such module "IPA". in standard Dutch.
AntwerpTemplate:Sfnp
UtrechtTemplate:Sfnp
The HagueTemplate:Sfnp Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'narrow' Corresponds to Script error: No such module "IPA". in standard Dutch.
English General AmericanTemplate:Sfnp hot Script error: No such module "IPA". 'hot' May be more front [Script error: No such module "IPA". ~ Template:IPA link], especially in accents without the cot-caught merger.Template:Clarification needed See English phonology
CockneyTemplate:Sfnp palm Script error: No such module "IPA". 'palm' Fully back. It can be more front Script error: No such module "IPA". instead.
General South AfricanTemplate:Sfnp Fully back. Broad varieties usually produce a rounded vowel [[[:Template:IPA link]] ~ Template:IPA link] instead, while Cultivated SAE prefers a more front vowel Script error: No such module "IPA".. See South African English phonology
Cultivated
South AfricanTemplate:Sfnp		 Script error: No such module "IPA". Typically more front than cardinal Script error: No such module "IPA".. It may be as front as Template:IPAblink in some Cultivated South African and southern English speakers. See English phonology and South African English phonology
Received PronunciationTemplate:Sfnp
Non-local Dublin[3] back Script error: No such module "IPA". 'back' Allophone of Script error: No such module "IPA". before velars for some speakers.[3]
Faroese Some dialectsTemplate:Sfnp Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'wet' Corresponds to Script error: No such module "IPA". in standard language.Template:Sfnp See Faroese phonology
French Conservative ParisianTemplate:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'not' Contrasts with Template:IPAslink, but many speakers have only one open vowel Template:IPAblink.Template:Sfnp See French phonology
QuebecTemplate:Sfnp Script error: No such module "Lang". Template:ErrorTemplate:Category handlerTemplate:Category handler 'paste' Contrasts with Template:IPAslink.Template:Sfnp See Quebec French phonology
GalicianTemplate:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'brother' Allophone of Script error: No such module "IPA". in contact with velar consonants.Template:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp See Galician phonology
GeorgianTemplate:Sfnp Script error: No such module "Lang". (Script error: No such module "Lang".) Script error: No such module "IPA". 'leather bag' Usually not fully back Script error: No such module "IPA"., typically Script error: No such module "IPA". to Script error: No such module "IPA"..[4] Sometimes transcribed as Script error: No such module "IPA"..
German StandardTemplate:Sfnp Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'gourmand' Nasalized; often realized as rounded Template:IPAblink.Template:Sfnp See Standard German phonology
Many speakersTemplate:Sfnp Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'near' Used by speakers in Northern Germany, East Central Germany, Franconia and Switzerland.Template:Sfnp Also a part of the Standard Austrian accent.Template:Sfnp More front in other accents. See Standard German phonology
Greek SfakianTemplate:Sfnp Script error: No such module "Lang". (býra) Script error: No such module "IPA". "beer" Corresponds to central Script error: No such module "IPA". in Modern Standard Greek.Template:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp See Modern Greek phonology
Hindustani Hindi ख़ास/khas Template:ErrorTemplate:Category handlerTemplate:Category handler 'special' Allophone of Script error: No such module "IPA".. More likely to be heard in serious speech or poetry. See Hindustani phonology.
Urdu خاص/khas
Hungarian Some dialectsTemplate:Sfnp Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'Hungarian' Weakly rounded Template:IPAblink in standard Hungarian.Template:Sfnp See Hungarian phonology
Inuit West GreenlandicTemplate:Sfnp Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'he says' Allophone of Script error: No such module "IPA". before and especially between uvulars.Template:Sfnp See Inuit phonology
Italian Some Piedmont dialects Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'house' Allophone of Script error: No such module "IPA". which in Italian is largely realised as central Script error: No such module "IPA"..
Irish Munster Dialect Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'place' See Irish phonology
KaingangTemplate:Sfnp Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'land, soil' Varies between back Script error: No such module "IPA". and central Template:IPAblink.Template:Sfnp
Khmer Script error: No such module "Lang". (Script error: No such module "lang".) Script error: No such module "IPA". 'sugar' See Khmer phonology
Low GermanTemplate:Sfnp Script error: No such module "Lang". / Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'all' Backness may vary among dialects.Template:Sfnp
Malay KedahTemplate:Sfnp Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'eye' See Malay phonology
Kelantan-Pattani Allophone of syllable-final /a/ in open-ended words and before /k/ and /h/ codas. See Kelantan-Pattani Malay
Standard qari Script error: No such module "IPA". 'qari' Found only in certain Arabic loanwords and used by speakers who know Arabic. Normally replaced by [[[:Template:IPA link]]]. See Malay phonology
NorwegianTemplate:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'hate' The example word is from Urban East Norwegian. Central Template:IPAblink in some other dialects.Template:SfnpTemplate:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp See Norwegian phonology
Portuguese Some Azorean dialects Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'nothing' See Portuguese phonology
PaulistaTemplate:Sfnp Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'vegetable' Only immediately before Script error: No such module "IPA"..Template:Sfnp
RussianTemplate:Sfnp Script error: No such module "Lang". (palka) Script error: No such module "IPA". 'stick' Occurs only before the hard Script error: No such module "IPA"., but not when a palatalized consonant precedes. See Russian phonology
Scottish Gaelic LewisTemplate:Sfnp Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'boy' Allophone of Template:IPAblink in proximity to broad sonorants.
SemaTemplate:Sfnp Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'lower back' Possible realization of Script error: No such module "IPA". after uvular stops.Template:Sfnp
Swedish Some dialects Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'I' Weakly rounded Template:IPAblink in Central Standard Swedish.Template:Sfnp See Swedish phonology
TurkishTemplate:Sfnp Script error: No such module "Lang". Template:ErrorTemplate:Category handlerTemplate:Category handler 'horse' Also described as central Template:IPAblink.Template:Sfnp See Turkish phonology
UkrainianTemplate:Sfnp Script error: No such module "Lang". (maty) Script error: No such module "IPA". 'mother' See Ukrainian phonology
Vietnamese Some dialects in North Central and Central Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'chicken' See Vietnamese phonology[5][6]
West Frisian StandardTemplate:Sfnp Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'long' Also described as central Template:IPAblink.Template:Sfnp See West Frisian phonology
AasterskTemplate:Sfnp Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'mate' Contrasts with a front Template:IPAslink.Template:Sfnp See West Frisian phonology

Near-open back unrounded vowel

Template:Infobox IPA/core1Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".

In some languages (such as Azerbaijani, Estonian, Luxembourgish and Toda)Template:SfnpTemplate:SfnpTemplate:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp there is the near-open back unrounded vowel (a sound between cardinal Template:Angbr IPA and Template:IPAalink), which can be transcribed in IPA with Script error: No such module "IPA". or Script error: No such module "IPA"..

Features

Template:Near-open vowel Template:Back vowel Template:Pharyngeal Template:Unrounded vowel

Occurrence

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
AzerbaijaniTemplate:Sfnp Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'brother' Near-open.Template:Sfnp
Dutch LeidenTemplate:Sfnp Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'bath' Near-open fully back; can be rounded Template:IPAblink instead.Template:Sfnp See Dutch phonology
RotterdamTemplate:Sfnp
English CardiffTemplate:Sfnp hot Script error: No such module "IPA". 'hot' Somewhat raised and fronted.Template:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp
NorfolkTemplate:Sfnp
EstonianTemplate:Sfnp Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'lie' Near-open.Template:Sfnp See Estonian phonology
FinnishTemplate:Sfnp Script error: No such module "Lang". Template:ErrorTemplate:Category handlerTemplate:Category handler 'hen' Near-open,Template:Sfnp also described as open central Template:IPAblink.[7] See Finnish phonology
Kazakh Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'apple' Can be realised as near-open.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".
Limburgish MaastrichtianTemplate:Sfnp Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'buttock' The quality varies between open back Script error: No such module "IPA".,Template:Sfnp open near-back Script error: No such module "IPA".,Template:Sfnp and near-open near-back Script error: No such module "IPA".,Template:Sfnp depending on the dialect.
LuxembourgishTemplate:Sfnp Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'head' Near-open fully back.Template:Sfnp See Luxembourgish phonology
TodaTemplate:Sfnp Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". 'elephant' Near-open.Template:Sfnp

See also

Notes

<templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

  1. ↑ Template:Vowel terminology
  2. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  3. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  4. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  5. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  6. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  7. ↑ Template:Harvcoltxt, cited in Template:Harvcoltxt

Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".

References

<templatestyles src="Refbegin/styles.css" />

  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Template:Cite thesis
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Template:Cite thesis
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Template:Cite thesis
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Template:Cite thesis
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

External links

Template:IPA navigation

Retrieved from "http://debianws.lexgopc.com/wiki143/index.php?title=Open_back_unrounded_vowel&oldid=5078693"