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{{Infobox language | {{Infobox language | ||
| name = Sindhi | | name = Sindhi | ||
| nativename = | | nativename = {{lang|sd|{{Naskh|سِنڌِي}}}} | ||
| pronunciation = {{IPA|sd|sɪndʱiː|}} | | pronunciation = {{IPA|sd|sɪndʱiː|}} | ||
| states = | | states = [[Pakistan]] and [[India]] | ||
| region = [[Sindh]] and surroundings | |||
| region = [[Sindh]] and | |||
| ethnicity = [[Sindhis]] | | ethnicity = [[Sindhis]] | ||
| speakers = 37 million | | speakers = 37 million | ||
| date = 2011–2023 | | date = 2011–2023 | ||
| ref = {{efn|[[2011 Indian Census]], [[2023 Pakistani Census | | ref = {{efn|[[2011 Indian Census]], [[2023 Pakistani Census]].}} | ||
| familycolor = Indo-European | | familycolor = Indo-European | ||
| fam2 = [[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]] | | fam2 = [[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]] | ||
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| ancestor4 = [[#Medieval Sindhi (16th–19th centuries)|Middle Sindhi]] | | ancestor4 = [[#Medieval Sindhi (16th–19th centuries)|Middle Sindhi]] | ||
| ancestor5 = [[#British India (1843–1947)|Early Modern Sindhi]] | | ancestor5 = [[#British India (1843–1947)|Early Modern Sindhi]] | ||
| script = {{ubl|[[Persian alphabet|Perso-Arabic]] ([[#Perso-Arabic script|Sindhi alphabet]]) | | script = {{ubl|'''Standard'''|[[Persian alphabet|Perso-Arabic]] ([[#Perso-Arabic script|Sindhi alphabet]])|'''Non-standard'''|[[Devanagari]]{{efn|In Pakistan, only the Perso-Arabic form of Sindhi is used. On the other hand, in India, both Perso-Arabic and Devanagari scripts are used.}}|[[Khudabadi script|Khudabadi]]|'''Historical'''|[[Khojki script|Khojki]]|[[Gurmukhi]]<ref name="in">{{cite journal|title =Like Community, Like Language: Seventy-Five Years of Sindhi in Post-Partition India |year = 2021|journal =Journal of Sindhi Studies |doi =10.1163/26670925-bja10002 |last1 =Iyengar |first1 =Arvind |last2 =Parchani |first2 =Sundri |volume =1 |pages =1–32 |s2cid =246551773 |doi-access =free | issn=2667-0925 }}</ref>}} | ||
| stand1 = [[#Dialects|Standard Sindhi]] | | stand1 = [[#Dialects|Standard Sindhi]] | ||
| sign = [[India–Pakistan Sign Language|Signed Sindhi]] | | sign = [[India–Pakistan Sign Language|Signed Sindhi]] | ||
| nation = *[[Languages of Pakistan|Pakistan]] | | nation = *[[Languages of Pakistan|Pakistan]] | ||
**[[Sindh]] | **[[Sindh]]<ref name="auto2">{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/545670/Sindhi-language |title=Sindhi Language |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |access-date=December 29, 2013}}</ref> | ||
*[[Official languages of India|India]]<ref name="in"/> | *[[Official languages of India|India]]<ref name="in"/> | ||
| agency = *[[Sindhi Language Authority]] (Pakistan) | | agency = *[[Sindhi Language Authority]] (Pakistan) | ||
* | *National Council for Promotion of Sindhi Language (India) | ||
| development_body = [[Sindhi Language Authority]] | |||
| iso1 = sd | | iso1 = sd | ||
| iso2 = snd | | iso2 = snd | ||
| iso3 = snd | | iso3 = snd | ||
| lingua = 59-AAF-f | | lingua = 59-AAF-f | ||
| image | | image = Sindhi.svg | ||
| imagecaption = Sindhi written in the [[Naskh (script)|Naskh script]] | |||
| imagecaption = Sindhi written in | |||
| notice = IPA | | notice = IPA | ||
| glotto = sind1272 | | glotto = sind1272 | ||
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{{Contains special characters|Sindhi}} | {{Contains special characters|Sindhi}} | ||
'''Sindhi''' ({{Lang|sd|{{resize|{{Naskh|سِنڌِي}}}}}}, ''Sindhī'', {{IPA|sd|sɪndʱiː|}}){{efn|{{IPAc-en|ˈ|s|ɪ|n|d|i}} {{respell|SIN|dee}};<ref>Laurie Bauer, 2007, ''The Linguistics Student’s Handbook'', Edinburgh</ref><br/>In some instances, the diasporic Sindhi population in India uses the [[Devanagari]] script to write the language in which 'Sindhi' is written as: {{lang|sd-Deva|सिन्धी}}<br />In less commonly used scripts: {{lang|sd-Guru|ਸਿੰਧੀ}} ([[Gurmukhi]]), {{lang|sd-Khoj|𑈩𑈭𑈴𑈝𑈮}} ([[Khojki]]), {{lang|sd-Sind|𑋝𑋡𑋟𑋐𑋢}} ([[Khudabadi]])}} is an [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan language]] belonging to the [[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]] branch of the [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] language family. It is primarily spoken by the [[Sindhis|Sindhi people]] native to the [[Administrative units of Pakistan|Pakistani province]] of [[Sindh]], where the language has [[1972 Sindhi Language Bill|official status]].<ref name="auto2">{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/545670/Sindhi-language |title=Sindhi Language |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |access-date=December 29, 2013}}</ref> It constitutes the [[First language|mother tongue]] of over 34 million people in Pakistan, primarily concentrated in Sindh; with [[Sindhis of Balochistan| | '''Sindhi''' ({{Lang|sd|{{resize|{{Naskh|سِنڌِي}}}}}}, ''Sindhī'', {{IPA|sd|sɪndʱiː|}}){{efn|{{IPAc-en|ˈ|s|ɪ|n|d|i}} {{respell|SIN|dee}};<ref>Laurie Bauer, 2007, ''The Linguistics Student’s Handbook'', Edinburgh</ref><br/>In some instances, the diasporic Sindhi population in India uses the [[Devanagari]] script to write the language in which 'Sindhi' is written as: {{lang|sd-Deva|सिन्धी}}<br />In less commonly used scripts: {{lang|sd-Guru|ਸਿੰਧੀ}} ([[Gurmukhi]]), {{lang|sd-Khoj|𑈩𑈭𑈴𑈝𑈮}} ([[Khojki]]), {{lang|sd-Sind|𑋝𑋡𑋟𑋐𑋢}} ([[Khudabadi]])}} is an [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan language]] belonging to the [[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]] branch of the [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] language family. It is primarily spoken by the [[Sindhis|Sindhi people]] native to the [[Administrative units of Pakistan|Pakistani province]] of [[Sindh]], where the language has [[1972 Sindhi Language Bill|official status]].<ref name="auto2">{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/545670/Sindhi-language |title=Sindhi Language |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |access-date=December 29, 2013}}</ref> It constitutes the [[First language|mother tongue]] of over 34 million people in Pakistan, primarily concentrated in Sindh; with [[Sindhis of Balochistan|historic communities]] in neighbouring [[Balochistan, Pakistan|Balochistan]] as well. It is also spoken by 1.7 million people in [[India]], mostly by the [[Sindhis in India|descendants of partition-era migrants]]; with it having the status of a [[Scheduled languages of India|scheduled language]] in the country without any state-level official status.<ref name="in"/> Sindhi is written in the [[#Perso-Arabic script|Sindhi alphabet]] of the [[Persian alphabet|Perso-Arabic script]], the sole official script for the language in Pakistan; while in India, both the Perso-Arabic and [[Devanagari]] scripts are used. | ||
With over 37 million native speakers, Sindhi is a major [[Languages of South Asia|South Asian language]], being the most-widely spoken language in southern Pakistan and [[Languages of Pakistan#Major regional languages|third most-widely spoken]] in the entirety of Pakistan (after [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] and [[Pashto]]) | With over 37 million native speakers, Sindhi is a major [[Languages of South Asia|South Asian language]], being the most-widely spoken language in southern Pakistan{{efn|Southern Pakistan constitutes the southern provinces, i.e. [[Sindh]] and [[Balochistan, Pakistan|Balochistan]].}} and [[Languages of Pakistan#Major regional languages|third most-widely spoken]] in the entirety of Pakistan (after [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] and [[Pashto]]). The language is also geographically spread out of [[South Asia]] as it is spoken by the [[Sindhi diaspora]], present around the world, primarily in the [[Arab states of the Persian Gulf|Gulf states]], the [[Western world]] and the [[Far East]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Sindh diaspora: India and the United Kingdom |url=https://gtr.ukri.org/project/438D25C7-5334-4E3B-B844-94D9696BDAE8 |url-status=live |access-date=19 January 2023 |website=UK Research and Innovation |archive-date=19 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230119183358/https://gtr.ukri.org/project/438D25C7-5334-4E3B-B844-94D9696BDAE8 }}</ref> | ||
Being classified under the [[Northwestern Indo-Aryan languages|Northwestern branch]] of the Indo-Aryan languages, Sindhi, apart from other [[Sindhi languages|Sindhic languages]], is most closely related to Punjabi. It is descended from [[Shauraseni Prakrit]], which gradually developed into [[Apabhraṃśa]] and then into [[#Early Sindhi (–16th century)|Early Sindhi]]. Sindhi further developed during the [[Islamic Golden Age]] and the [[Muslim period in the Indian subcontinent|Islamic period in South Asia]], expanding its vocabulary under the influence of [[Arabic]] and [[Persian language|Persian]]; with the earliest written evidence of Sindhi as a language being a [[Quran translations|translation]] of the [[Quran]], dated back to 883 AD.<ref name="ELL" /> [[#Medieval Sindhi (16th–19th centuries)|Middle Sindhi]] produced the language's greatest pieces of [[Sindhi literature|literature]], including recorded forms of orally-transmitted [[Sindhi folktales|folk tales]]; as well as [[Sufi literature]], including ''[[Shah Jo Risalo]]'', the single greatest piece of Sindhi literature, by [[Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai]]. [[#British India (1843–1947)|Modern Sindhi]] developed and was | Being classified under the [[Northwestern Indo-Aryan languages|Northwestern branch]] of the Indo-Aryan languages, Sindhi, apart from other [[Sindhi languages|Sindhic languages]], is most closely related to Punjabi. It is descended from [[Shauraseni Prakrit]], which gradually developed into [[Apabhraṃśa]] and then into [[#Early Sindhi (–16th century)|Early Sindhi]]. Sindhi further developed during the [[Islamic Golden Age]] and the [[Muslim period in the Indian subcontinent|Islamic period in South Asia]], expanding its vocabulary under the influence of [[Arabic]] and [[Persian language|Persian]]; with the earliest written evidence of Sindhi as a language being a [[Quran translations|translation]] of the [[Quran]], dated back to 883 AD.<ref name="ELL" /> [[#Medieval Sindhi (16th–19th centuries)|Middle Sindhi]] produced the language's greatest pieces of [[Sindhi literature|literature]], including recorded forms of orally-transmitted [[Sindhi folktales|folk tales]]; as well as [[Sufi literature]], including ''[[Shah Jo Risalo]]'', the single greatest piece of Sindhi literature, by [[Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai]]. [[#British India (1843–1947)|Modern Sindhi]] developed and was officially standardised and promoted during the [[History of Sindh#British Rule (1843–1947)|British colonial era]], replacing Persian as the primary official language of Sindh in 1848.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://tns.thenews.com.pk/declaring-major-languages-as-national-languages/#.U0oQ-VWSygQ |title= The language link |first= Naseer |last= Memon |date= April 13, 2014 |work= [[The News on Sunday]] |access-date= April 13, 2014 |archive-date= April 13, 2014 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140413143150/http://tns.thenews.com.pk/declaring-major-languages-as-national-languages/#.U0oQ-VWSygQ |url-status= dead }}</ref> | ||
Sindhi is an [[Fusional language|inflected language]], with five [[Grammatical case|cases]] for [[#Nouns|noun]], three for [[#Personal pronouns|personal pronoun]], four for [[#Third-person pronouns|third-person pronoun]]; eleven [[#Case markers|case markers]]; two [[Grammatical gender|genders]] (masculine, feminine); and two [[Grammatical number|numbers]] (singular, plural). The base of its vocabulary is derived from [[Sanskrit]] in the form of Prakrit and Apabhraṃśa, while a significant portion of its [[Register (sociolinguistics)#Register as formality scale|high-register speech]] is derived from Persian and Arabic, along with a number of recent loanwords borrowed from [[English language|English]]; and to a lesser extent from [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] and [[French language|French]]. It has also had minor influence from and on neighbouring languages such as Punjabi, [[Balochi language|Balochi]], [[Brahui language|Brahui]], [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], and [[Marwari language|Marwari]].<ref name="lsi">{{Linguistic Survey of India|8|3|chapter=Sindhi}}</ref> | Sindhi is an [[Fusional language|inflected language]], with five [[Grammatical case|cases]] for [[#Nouns|noun]], three for [[#Personal pronouns|personal pronoun]], four for [[#Third-person pronouns|third-person pronoun]]; eleven [[#Case markers|case markers]]; two [[Grammatical gender|genders]] (masculine, feminine); and two [[Grammatical number|numbers]] (singular, plural). The base of its vocabulary is derived from [[Sanskrit]] in the form of Prakrit and Apabhraṃśa, while a significant portion of its [[Register (sociolinguistics)#Register as formality scale|high-register speech]] is derived from Persian and Arabic, along with a number of recent loanwords borrowed from [[English language|English]]; and to a lesser extent from [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] and [[French language|French]]. It has also had minor influence from and on neighbouring languages such as Punjabi, [[Balochi language|Balochi]], [[Brahui language|Brahui]], [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], and [[Marwari language|Marwari]].<ref name="lsi">{{Linguistic Survey of India|8|3|chapter=Sindhi}}</ref> | ||
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===Origins=== | ===Origins=== | ||
The name "Sindhi" is derived from the [[Sanskrit]] ''síndhu'', the original name of the [[Indus River]], along whose delta Sindhi is spoken.<ref>{{cite web |url= | The name "Sindhi" is derived from the [[Sanskrit]] ''síndhu'', the original name of the [[Indus River]], along whose delta Sindhi is spoken.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.languagesgulper.com/eng/Sindhi.html |title=Sindhi |work= The Languages Gulper|access-date=January 29, 2013}}</ref> In the [[Bronze Age]] ({{circa|3300|1200 BCE}}), the primary language of this region was likely the [[Harappan language]], but no records exist indicating when or how that language was replaced by the [[Indo-Aryan languages]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cole |first=Jennifer |title=The Sindhi language |url=http://www.linguistics.uiuc.edu/jscole/Sindhi_Elsevier_encyl.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070106015921/http://www.linguistics.uiuc.edu/jscole/Sindhi_Elsevier_encyl.pdf |archive-date=January 6, 2007 |access-date=2025-06-02}}</ref> | ||
Like other languages of the Indo-Aryan family, Sindhi is descended from Old Indo-Aryan ([[Sanskrit]]) via Middle Indo-Aryan ([[Pali]], secondary Prakrits, and [[Apabhramsha]]). 20th century Western scholars such as [[George Abraham Grierson]] believed that Sindhi descended specifically from the Vrācaḍa dialect of Apabhramsha (described by [[Markandeya]] as being spoken in ''Sindhu-deśa'', corresponding to modern Sindh)<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Grierson |first1=G. A. |title=Apabhramsa According to Markandeya and "Dhakki" Prakrit |journal=The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland |date=1913 |pages= | Like other languages of the Indo-Aryan family, Sindhi is descended from Old Indo-Aryan ([[Sanskrit]]) via Middle Indo-Aryan ([[Pali]], secondary Prakrits, and [[Apabhramsha]]). 20th century Western scholars such as [[George Abraham Grierson]] believed that Sindhi descended specifically from the Vrācaḍa dialect of Apabhramsha (described by [[Markandeya]] as being spoken in ''Sindhu-deśa'', corresponding to modern Sindh)<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Grierson |first1=G. A. |title=Apabhramsa According to Markandeya and "Dhakki" Prakrit |journal=The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland |date=1913 |pages=875–883 |doi=10.1017/S0035869X00045627 |jstor=25189069 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25189069 |access-date=3 June 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Grierson |first1=G. A. |title=Vrācaḍa and Sindhī |journal=The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland |date=1902 |pages=47–48 |doi=10.1017/S0035869X00157077 |jstor=25208372 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25208372 |access-date=6 June 2025}}</ref> but later work has shown this to be unclear.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wadhwani |first1=Y. K. |title=The Origin of the Sindhi Language |journal=Bulletin of the Deccan College Post-Graduate and Research Institute |date=1981 |volume=40 |pages=192–201 |jstor=42931119 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/42931119.pdf |access-date=9 April 2021}}</ref> | ||
The sound changes that characterise the development of Sindhi from Middle Indo-Aryan are: | The sound changes that characterise the development of Sindhi from Middle Indo-Aryan are: | ||
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* Shortening of geminates (e.g. MIA ''akkhi'' > Sindhi ''akhi'' "eye"){{sfnp|Masica|1999|p=198}} | * Shortening of geminates (e.g. MIA ''akkhi'' > Sindhi ''akhi'' "eye"){{sfnp|Masica|1999|p=198}} | ||
* Voicing of post-nasal consonants (e.g. MIA ''danta'' > Sindhi ''ɗ̣andu'' "tooth"){{sfnp|Masica|1999|p=198}}{{sfnp|Masica|1999|p=203}} | * Voicing of post-nasal consonants (e.g. MIA ''danta'' > Sindhi ''ɗ̣andu'' "tooth"){{sfnp|Masica|1999|p=198}}{{sfnp|Masica|1999|p=203}} | ||
* [[Debuccalization]] of intervocalic ''-s-'' > ''-h-'' (shared with | * [[Debuccalization]] of intervocalic ''-s-'' > ''-h-'' (shared with some [[Punjabi dialects and languages|Punjabi varieties]], primarily [[Saraiki language|Saraiki]]){{sfnp|Masica|1999|p=194}} | ||
* Intervocalic ''-l-'' > ''-r-'' (likely via intermediate retroflex ''-ḷ-''), ''-ll-'' > ''-l-'',{{sfnp|Masica|1999|p=193}} ''-ḍ-'' > ''-ṛ-'' | * Intervocalic ''-l-'' > ''-r-'' (likely via intermediate retroflex ''-ḷ-''), ''-ll-'' > ''-l-'',{{sfnp|Masica|1999|p=193}} ''-ḍ-'' > ''-ṛ-'' | ||
* Fronting of ''r'' from medial clusters to initial (e.g. OIA ''dīrgha'' > Sindhi ''ḍrigho'' "long"){{sfnp|Masica|1999|p=209}} | * Fronting of ''r'' from medial clusters to initial (e.g. OIA ''dīrgha'' > Sindhi ''ḍrigho'' "long"){{sfnp|Masica|1999|p=209}} | ||
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* Retention of long vowels before geminates (more archaic than e.g. [[Prakrit]]){{sfnp|Masica|1999|p=198}} | * Retention of long vowels before geminates (more archaic than e.g. [[Prakrit]]){{sfnp|Masica|1999|p=198}} | ||
* Retention of stop + ''r'' clusters but with retroflexion, e.g. ''tr-'' > ''ṭr-''{{sfnp|Masica|1999|p=201}}{{sfnp|Masica|1999|p=210}} | * Retention of stop + ''r'' clusters but with retroflexion, e.g. ''tr-'' > ''ṭr-''{{sfnp|Masica|1999|p=201}}{{sfnp|Masica|1999|p=210}} | ||
* Retention of ''v-'' {{sfnp|Masica|1999|p=202}} | * Retention of ''v-''{{sfnp|Masica|1999|p=202}} | ||
===Early Sindhi (–16th century)=== | ===Early Sindhi (–16th century)=== | ||
Literary attestation of early Sindhi is sparse. The earliest written evidence of Sindhi as a language can be found in a translation of the Qur’an into Sindhi dating back to 883 A.D.<ref name="ELL">{{cite | Literary attestation of early Sindhi is sparse. The earliest written evidence of Sindhi as a language can be found in a translation of the Qur’an into Sindhi dating back to 883 A.D.<ref name="ELL">{{cite book |last1=Cole |first1=J. |editor1-last=Brown |editor1-first=Keith |chapter=Sindhi |title=Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics |edition=Second |date=2006 |pages=384–387 |doi=10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/02241-0 |chapter-url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B0080448542022410 |publisher=Elsevier|isbn=978-0-08-044854-1 |chapter-url-access=subscription }}</ref> Historically, [[Isma'ilism|Isma'ili]] religious literature and poetry in India, as old as the 11th century CE, used a language that was closely related to Sindhi and [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]; at this point in time, Sindhi was not clearly established as an independent literary language. Much of this work is in the form of ''[[ginans]]'' (a kind of devotional hymn).<ref name="shackle">{{Britannica|1550738|Sindhi literature|Christopher Shackle}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Sacred Literature-Ginans |url=http://heritage.ismaili.net/ginan_view |website=Ismaili.NET |publisher=Heritage Society |access-date=2 August 2022}}</ref> | ||
Sindhi was the first Indo-Aryan language to be in close contact with [[Arabic]] and [[Persian language|Persian]] following the [[Umayyad campaigns in India|Umayyad conquest of Sindh]] in 712 CE. Arabic sources thus do mention the language of Sindh in various instances. The following excerpts are translated from ''[[The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians]]'' by [[Henry Miers Elliot]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Elliot |first1=Henry Miers |editor1-last=Dawson |editor1-first=John |title=The History Of India As Told By Its Own Historians |date=1867–1877 |location=London |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.448955}}</ref> | Sindhi was the first Indo-Aryan language to be in close contact with [[Arabic]] and [[Persian language|Persian]] following the [[Umayyad campaigns in India|Umayyad conquest of Sindh]] in 712 CE. Arabic sources thus do mention the language of Sindh in various instances. The following excerpts are translated from ''[[The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians]]'' by [[Henry Miers Elliot]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Elliot |first1=Henry Miers |editor1-last=Dawson |editor1-first=John |title=The History Of India As Told By Its Own Historians |date=1867–1877 |location=London |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.448955}}</ref> | ||
{{Blockquote | {{Blockquote | ||
|text=The language of Sind is different than that of India. Sind is the country which is nearer the domains of the Moslims, India is farther from them. | |text=The '''language of Sind is different than that of India'''. Sind is the country which is nearer the domains of the Moslims, India is farther from them. | ||
|author=[[al-Masudi]] ({{circa|lk=no|896}}–956 CE) | |author=[[al-Masudi]] ({{circa|lk=no|896}}–956 CE) | ||
|source=''[[The Meadows of Gold]]'' | |source=''[[The Meadows of Gold]]'' | ||
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{{Blockquote | {{Blockquote | ||
|text=The language of [[Mansura, Sindh|Mansúra]], [[Multan|Multán]], and those parts is Arabic and Sindian. In [[Makran|Makrán]] they use Persian and Makranic. | |text=The language of [[Mansura, Sindh|Mansúra]], [[Multan|Multán]], and those parts is Arabic and '''Sindian'''. In [[Makran|Makrán]] they use Persian and Makranic. | ||
|author=[[Ibn Hawqal]] | |author=[[Ibn Hawqal]] | ||
|source=''[[Surat Al-Ard]]'' (977 CE) | |source=''[[Surat Al-Ard]]'' (977 CE) | ||
}} | |||
Additionally, the Korean [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] monk [[Hyech'o]] mentions the unique language of Sindh in his travelogue: | |||
{{Blockquote | |||
|text=From Takka I walked towards the West for another month and arrived at the country of Sindhukula. The dress, customs, climate, and temperature are similar to north India, although '''the language is slightly different'''. | |||
|author=[[Hyech'o]] | |||
|source=''[[Wang och'ŏnch'ukkuk chŏn]]'' ({{circa|lk=no|723}}–728 CE)<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ch'o |first1=Hye |last2=Ch'ao |first2=Hui |last3=Yang |first3=Han-sŭng |title=The Hye Ch'o Diary: Memoir of the Pilgrimage to the Five Regions of India |date=1984 |publisher=Jain Publishing Company |isbn=978-0-89581-024-3 |pages=45 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pWo47KtISe8C&pg=PA50 |language=en}} Also published by the Asian Humanities Press, 1986, [https://books.google.com/books/about/The_Hye_Ch_o_diary.html?id=9yHHzQEACAAJ Issue 2 of Religions of Asia series Unesco collection of representative works].</ref> | |||
}} | }} | ||
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===Independent Pakistan and India (1947–)=== | ===Independent Pakistan and India (1947–)=== | ||
The [[Partition of India]] in 1947 resulted in most Sindhi speakers ending up in the new state of [[Pakistan]], commencing a push to establish a strong sub-national linguistic identity for Sindhi. This manifested in resistance to the imposition of [[Urdu]] and eventually [[Sindhi nationalism]] in the 1980s.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Levesque |first1=Julien |title=Beyond Success or Failure: Sindhi Nationalism and the Social Construction of the "Idea of Sindh" |journal=Journal of Sindhi Studies |date=2021 |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=1–33 |doi=10.1163/26670925-bja10001 |s2cid=246560343 | The [[Partition of India]] in 1947 resulted in most Sindhi speakers ending up in the new state of [[Pakistan]], commencing a push to establish a strong sub-national linguistic identity for Sindhi. This manifested in resistance to the imposition of [[Urdu]] and eventually [[Sindhi nationalism]] in the 1980s.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Levesque |first1=Julien |title=Beyond Success or Failure: Sindhi Nationalism and the Social Construction of the "Idea of Sindh" |journal=Journal of Sindhi Studies |date=2021 |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=1–33 |doi=10.1163/26670925-bja10001 |s2cid=246560343 |doi-access=free }}</ref> | ||
The language and literary style of contemporary Sindhi writings in Pakistan and India were noticeably diverging by the late 20th century; authors from the former country were borrowing extensively from Urdu, while those from the latter were highly influenced by Hindi.<ref name="Encyclopædia Britannica">{{cite web |title=Sindhi language {{!}} Britannica |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/545670/Sindhi-language |access-date=6 October 2022 |website=[[Encyclopedia Britannica]]}}</ref> | The language and literary style of contemporary Sindhi writings in Pakistan and India were noticeably diverging by the late 20th century; authors from the former country were borrowing extensively from Urdu, while those from the latter were highly influenced by Hindi.<ref name="Encyclopædia Britannica">{{cite web |title=Sindhi language {{!}} Britannica |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/545670/Sindhi-language |access-date=6 October 2022 |website=[[Encyclopedia Britannica]]}}</ref> | ||
==Geographical distribution== | ==Geographical distribution== | ||
Sindhi is the official language of the Pakistani province of [[Sindh]]<ref name="auto">{{cite web |url= | Sindhi is the official language of the Pakistani province of [[Sindh]]<ref name="auto">{{cite web |url= https://pu.edu.pk/images/journal/pols/Currentissue-pdf/Gulshan3.pdf|title=Ethnicity and Ethnic Conflict in Pakistan|first=Gulshan |last=Majeed |work=Journal of Political Studies|access-date=December 27, 2013}}</ref><ref name="auto2"/> and one of the scheduled languages of India, where it does not have any state-level status.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rajbhasha.nic.in/en/languages-included-eighth-schedule-indian-constution |title=Languages Included in the Eighth Schedule of the Indian Constution |publisher=Department of Official Language, [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]] |access-date=2018-04-09}}</ref> Prior to the inception of Pakistan, Sindhi was the national language of Sindh.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Language and Politics in Pakistan|title=The Sindhi Language Movement |url=https://www.academia.edu/7588035|website=academia.edu|access-date=12 September 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=The Imposition Of Urdu|url=http://nation.com.pk/editorials/10-Sep-2015/the-imposition-of-urdu|access-date=12 September 2015|publisher=NAWAIWAQT GROUP OF NEWSPAPERS|date=September 10, 2015|archive-date=11 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150911082914/http://nation.com.pk/editorials/10-Sep-2015/the-imposition-of-urdu|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.apnaorg.com/research-papers-pdf/rahman-3.pdf |title=Microsoft Word - Teaching of Sindhi & Sindhi ethnicity.doc|website=Apnaorg.com |access-date=2018-08-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Sindhi Language Movement |url=http://www.tariqrahman.net/content/scholorly_articles/sindhi_lang_mov.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140905005418/http://www.tariqrahman.net/content/scholorly_articles/sindhi_lang_mov.pdf |archive-date=2014-09-05 |access-date=2015-09-12}}</ref> | ||
Sindhi is additionally spoken by many members of the [[Sindhi diaspora]], particularly in [[Malaysia]], [[Oman]], [[Singapore]], [[United Arab Emirates|UAE]], [[United States|USA]] and [[United Kingdom|UK]]. | Sindhi is additionally spoken by many members of the [[Sindhi diaspora]], particularly in [[Malaysia]], [[Oman]], [[Singapore]], [[United Arab Emirates|UAE]], [[United States|USA]] and [[United Kingdom|UK]]. | ||
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!State | !State | ||
!Population | !Population | ||
|- style="background:#e6e6e6" class="static-row- | |- style="background:#e6e6e6" class="sorttop static-row-header" | ||
| '''{{flag+link|Languages of|Pakistan}}''' | | '''{{flag+link|Languages of|Pakistan}}''' | ||
| 34,401,564 | | 34,401,564 | ||
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!State | !State | ||
!Population | !Population | ||
|- style="background:#e6e6e6" class="static-row- | |- style="background:#e6e6e6" class="sorttop static-row-header" | ||
| '''{{flag+link|Languages of|India}}''' | | '''{{flag+link|Languages of|India}}''' | ||
| 2,772,264 | | 2,772,264 | ||
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===Sindhi diaspora=== | ===Sindhi diaspora=== | ||
In [[Malaysia]], [[Indonesia]], and [[Singapore]] (where Sindhi has no official status), ethnics Sindhis are largely shifting to [[English language|English]] as their first language, excepting some monolingual first-generation immigrants and second-generation speakers who use Sindhi at home. Codeswitching of varying degrees is observed in some speakers, usually with English but also with [[Malay language|Malay]] and [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Khemlani-David |first1=Maya |title=Language shift, cultural maintenance, and ethnic identity; a study of a minority Community: the Sindhis of Malaysia |journal=International Journal of the Sociology of Language |date=1998 |issue=130 |url=https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/ijsl.1998.130.67/html |access-date=6 June 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Khemlani-David |first1=Maya |title=Language shift amongst the Sindhis of Malaysia |journal=South Pacific Journal of Psychology |date=1999 |volume=10 |issue=1}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Khemlani-David |first1=Maya |title=The Sindhis of Singapore–Language Maintenance or Language Shift? |journal=Migracijske i etničke teme |date=2000 |volume=16 |issue=3 |url=https://hrcak.srce.hr/clanak/159556 |access-date=6 June 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Cook |first1=Matthew A. |last2=Khemlani-David |first2=Maya |title=Language Shift and Identity Reproduction among Diaspora Sindhis in India and Southeast Asia |journal=Modern Asian Studies |date=2020 |access-date=6 June 2025 |doi=10.1017/S0026749X20000013 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/modern-asian-studies/article/language-shift-and-identity-reproduction-among-diaspora-sindhis-in-india-and-southeast-asia/678711394095029BE7AC10943ADA6946|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Similar shift to English is found in the smaller [[Hong Kong]] Sindhi community.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lock |first1=Graham |last2=Detaramani |first2=Champa |title=Being Indian in post-colonial Hong Kong: Models of ethnicity, culture and language among Sindhis and Sikhs in Hong Kong |journal=Asian Ethnicity |date=2006 |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages= | In [[Malaysia]], [[Indonesia]], and [[Singapore]] (where Sindhi has no official status), ethnics Sindhis are largely shifting to [[English language|English]] as their first language, excepting some monolingual first-generation immigrants and second-generation speakers who use Sindhi at home. Codeswitching of varying degrees is observed in some speakers, usually with English but also with [[Malay language|Malay]] and [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Khemlani-David |first1=Maya |title=Language shift, cultural maintenance, and ethnic identity; a study of a minority Community: the Sindhis of Malaysia |journal=International Journal of the Sociology of Language |date=1998 |issue=130 |doi=10.1515/ijsl.1998.130.67 |url=https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/ijsl.1998.130.67/html |access-date=6 June 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Khemlani-David |first1=Maya |title=Language shift amongst the Sindhis of Malaysia |journal=South Pacific Journal of Psychology |date=1999 |volume=10 |issue=1}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Khemlani-David |first1=Maya |title=The Sindhis of Singapore–Language Maintenance or Language Shift? |journal=Migracijske i etničke teme |date=2000 |volume=16 |issue=3 |url=https://hrcak.srce.hr/clanak/159556 |access-date=6 June 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Cook |first1=Matthew A. |last2=Khemlani-David |first2=Maya |title=Language Shift and Identity Reproduction among Diaspora Sindhis in India and Southeast Asia |journal=Modern Asian Studies |date=2020 |volume=55 |issue=3 |pages=734–763 |access-date=6 June 2025 |doi=10.1017/S0026749X20000013 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/modern-asian-studies/article/language-shift-and-identity-reproduction-among-diaspora-sindhis-in-india-and-southeast-asia/678711394095029BE7AC10943ADA6946|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Similar shift to English is found in the smaller [[Hong Kong]] Sindhi community.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lock |first1=Graham |last2=Detaramani |first2=Champa |title=Being Indian in post-colonial Hong Kong: Models of ethnicity, culture and language among Sindhis and Sikhs in Hong Kong |journal=Asian Ethnicity |date=2006 |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=267–284 |doi=10.1080/14631360600926972 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/14631360600926972#page=12.27 |access-date=6 June 2025|url-access=subscription }}</ref> | ||
===Sindhi speakers by country=== | ===Sindhi speakers by country=== | ||
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==Dialects== | ==Dialects== | ||
[[File:The dialects of Sindhi language.png|thumb|The dialects of Sindhi language shown on map.]] | [[File:The dialects of Sindhi language.png|thumb|The dialects of Sindhi language shown on map.]] | ||
Sindhi has many dialects, and forms a [[dialect continuum]] at some places with neighboring languages such as [[ | Sindhi has many dialects, and forms a [[dialect continuum]] at some places with neighboring languages such as [[Punjabi dialects and languages|Punjabi]] to the north and [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] to the south, but not with [[Marwari language|Marwari]] to the east.<ref name="lsi"/> Some of the documented dialects of Sindhi are:<ref>{{e19|Sindhi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q3tAqIU0dPsC|title=One Thousand Languages: Living, Endangered, and Lost|last1=Austin|first1=Peter|last2=Austin|first2=Marit Rausing Chair in Field Linguistics Peter K.|date=2008|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=9780520255609|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KYLpvaKJIMEC|title=Medieval Indian Literature: Surveys and selections|last=Paniker|first=K. Ayyappa|date=1997|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=9788126003655|language=en}}</ref><ref name="lsi"/><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xC7mfihnTcAC&q=sindhi+tribe |title=Gazetteer of the Province of Sind |date=1907 |publisher=Government at the "Mercantile" Steam Press |pages=188–519 |language=en}}</ref> | ||
* '''Vicholi''': The prestige dialect spoken around [[Hyderabad, Sindh|Hyderabad]] and central Sindh (the ''Vicholo'' region), on which the literary standard is based. | * '''Vicholi''': The prestige dialect spoken around [[Hyderabad, Sindh|Hyderabad]] and central Sindh (the ''Vicholo'' region), on which the literary standard is based. | ||
* '''Uttaradi:''' The dialect of northern Sindh (''Uttaru'', meaning "north"), with minor differences in [[Larkana District|Larkana]], [[Shikarpur District|Shikarpur]] and in parts of [[Sukkur District|Sukkur]] and [[Kandiaro Tehsil|Kandiaro]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=1919 |title=Uttaradi |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/books/lsi/lsi.php?volume=8-1&pages=600#page/1/mode/1up}}</ref> | * '''Uttaradi:''' The dialect of northern Sindh (''Uttaru'', meaning "north"), with minor differences in [[Larkana District|Larkana]], [[Shikarpur District|Shikarpur]] and in parts of [[Sukkur District|Sukkur]] and [[Kandiaro Tehsil|Kandiaro]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=1919 |title=Uttaradi |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/books/lsi/lsi.php?volume=8-1&pages=600#page/1/mode/1up}}</ref> | ||
* '''[[Lari dialect (Sindhi)|Lari]]''': The dialect of southern Sindh (''Lāṛu'') spoken around areas like [[Karachi]], [[Thatta District|Thatta]], [[Sujawal District|Sujawal]], [[Tando Muhammad Khan District|Tando Muhammad Khan]] and [[Badin District|Badin]] districts. | * '''[[Lari dialect (Sindhi)|Lari]]''': The dialect of southern Sindh (''Lāṛu'') spoken around areas like [[Karachi]], [[Thatta District|Thatta]], [[Sujawal District|Sujawal]], [[Tando Muhammad Khan District|Tando Muhammad Khan]] and [[Badin District|Badin]] districts. | ||
* [[Siraiki (Sindhi dialect)|'''Siroli''']] (also '''Siraiki''', '''Ubheji'''): The dialect of northernmost Sindh (''Siro'', meaning "head").{{sfnp|Shackle|2007|p=114}} Spoken in smaller number all over Sindh but mainly in [[Jacobabad District|Jacobabad]] and [[Kashmore District|Kashmore]] districts, it may be transitional with the [[Saraiki language]] of | * [[Siraiki (Sindhi dialect)|'''Siroli''']] (also '''Siraiki''', '''Ubheji'''): The dialect of northernmost Sindh (''Siro'', meaning "head").{{sfnp|Shackle|2007|p=114}} Spoken in smaller number all over Sindh but mainly in [[Jacobabad District|Jacobabad]] and [[Kashmore District|Kashmore]] districts, it may be transitional with the [[Saraiki language|Saraiki]] language variety of southern [[Punjab]]{{sfnp|Masica|1991|p=443}} and has variously been treated either as a dialect of Saraiki or as a dialect of Sindhi.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rahman |first=Tariq |date=1995 |title=The Siraiki Movement in Pakistan |journal=Language Problems & Language Planning |volume=19 |issue=1 |page=3 |doi=10.1075/lplp.19.1.01rah}}</ref> | ||
* '''[[Lasi dialect|Lasi]]''': The dialect of [[Lasbela District|Lasbela]], [[Hub District|Hub]] and [[Gwadar District|Gwadar]] districts in Balochistan, closely related to Lari and Vicholi, and in contact with [[Balochi language|Balochi]]. | * '''[[Lasi dialect|Lasi]]''': The dialect of [[Lasbela District|Lasbela]], [[Hub District|Hub]] and [[Gwadar District|Gwadar]] districts in Balochistan, closely related to Lari and Vicholi, and in contact with [[Balochi language|Balochi]]. | ||
* '''Firaqi''': The dialect of the [[Kacchi Plain|Kachhi plains]] the north eastern districts of Balochistan, where it is referred to as Firaqi Sindhi or commonly just Sindhi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fraki Sindhi |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/360206034 |quote=Sindhi spoken at Sibi is known as Fraki.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-11-30 |title=Firaqi Sindhi |url=https://iaoj.wordpress.com/2016/11/30/dialects-of-sindhi-language/comment-page-1/ |website=Indus Asia Online Journal}}</ref> | * '''Firaqi''': The dialect of the [[Kacchi Plain|Kachhi plains]] the north eastern districts of Balochistan, where it is referred to as Firaqi Sindhi or commonly just Sindhi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fraki Sindhi |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/360206034 |quote=Sindhi spoken at Sibi is known as Fraki.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-11-30 |title=Firaqi Sindhi |url=https://iaoj.wordpress.com/2016/11/30/dialects-of-sindhi-language/comment-page-1/ |website=Indus Asia Online Journal}}</ref> | ||
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Phar (animal) | Phar (animal) | ||
|Gabhar | |Gabhar | ||
|Bār/Gabhar | |Bār/Gabhar/Chokro | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Line 502: | Line 500: | ||
|Dhee/Adri | |Dhee/Adri | ||
|Dhia | |Dhia | ||
|Dhi | |Dhi/Dhikri | ||
|Dikri | |Dikri | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Line 583: | Line 581: | ||
|Kithē, Kāthe, Kehda, Kāday, Kādah, Kidah, Kithrē | |Kithē, Kāthe, Kehda, Kāday, Kādah, Kidah, Kithrē | ||
|Kith | |Kith | ||
| | |Kidhē/Kidhā | ||
|Kith | |Kith | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Line 600: | Line 598: | ||
Lapātu/Thapu | Lapātu/Thapu | ||
| | | | ||
| | |Thapaat | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Line 609: | Line 607: | ||
Dhowan(u) | Dhowan(u) | ||
| | | | ||
| | |Dhowan | ||
|Dhuwan(u)/ | |Dhuwan(u)/ | ||
Dhoon(u) | Dhoon(u) | ||
| Line 618: | Line 616: | ||
|Likhdum, Likhdus | |Likhdum, Likhdus | ||
|Likhdosī | |Likhdosī | ||
| | |likhdos (m) / likhdis (f) | ||
|Likhsā(n) | |Likhsā(n) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Line 626: | Line 624: | ||
|Ma(n) Vayus (m)/ Vayas (f) | |Ma(n) Vayus (m)/ Vayas (f) | ||
|Ã viosī | |Ã viosī | ||
| | |Aau vyos (m) / veyis (f) | ||
|Hu Gios | |Hu Gios | ||
|} | |} | ||
== Phonology == | == Phonology == | ||
Sindhi has a relatively large inventory of both consonants and vowels compared to other Indo-Aryan languages.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.mustgo.com/worldlanguages/sindhi/ | title=Sindhi Language - Structure, Writing & Alphabet - MustGo }}</ref> | Sindhi has a relatively large inventory of both consonants and vowels compared to other Indo-Aryan languages.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.mustgo.com/worldlanguages/sindhi/ | title=Sindhi Language - Structure, Writing & Alphabet - MustGo }}</ref> Sindhi has 46 [[consonant]] [[phoneme]]s and 10 [[vowel]]s.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Raza |first1=Sarfraz |last2=Zahid |first2=Agha Furrukh |last3=Raza |first3=Usman |title=Phonemic Inventory of Sindhi and Acoustic Analysis of Voiced Implosives |url=https://uogenglish.files.wordpress.com/2011/07/sindhi-phonemic-inventory.pdf |access-date=29 October 2023 |website=uogenglish.files.wordpress.com}}</ref> The consonant to vowel ratio is around average for the world's languages at 2.8.<ref>Nihalani, Paroo. (1999). ''Handbook of the International Phonetic Association'' (Sindhi). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</ref> All [[plosive]]s, [[affricate]]s, [[nasal stop|nasals]], the [[retroflex flap]], and the [[lateral approximant]] /l/ have [[Aspiration (phonetics)|aspirated]] or [[breathy voice]]d counterparts. The language also features four [[Implosive consonant|implosive]]s. | ||
=== Consonants === | === Consonants === | ||
| Line 647: | Line 645: | ||
! rowspan="2" | <small> [[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]</small> | ! rowspan="2" | <small> [[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]</small> | ||
!<small>plain</small> | !<small>plain</small> | ||
| style="border-right:none;"| || style="border-left:none;"|{{nowrap|{{IPA link|m}} {{lang|sd|{{Naskh|م}}}}}} | | style="border-right:none;"| || style="border-left:none;"|{{nowrap|{{IPA link|m}} {{lang|sd|{{Naskh|م}}}} {{script/Devanagari|म}}}} 𑋗 | ||
| style="border-right:none;"| || style="border-left:none;"|{{nowrap|{{IPA link|n}} {{lang|sd|{{Naskh|ن}}}}}} | | style="border-right:none;"| || style="border-left:none;"|{{nowrap|{{IPA link|n}} {{lang|sd|{{Naskh|ن}}}} {{script/Devanagari|न}}}} 𑋑 | ||
| style="border-right:none;"| || style="border-left:none;"|{{nowrap|{{IPA link|ɳ}} {{lang|sd|{{Naskh|ڻ}}}}}} | | style="border-right:none;"| || style="border-left:none;"|{{nowrap|{{IPA link|ɳ}} {{lang|sd|{{Naskh|ڻ}}}} {{script/Devanagari|ण}}}} 𑋌 | ||
| style="border-right:none;"| || style="border-left:none;"|{{nowrap|{{IPA link|ɲ}} {{lang|sd|{{Naskh|ڃ}}}}}} | | style="border-right:none;"| || style="border-left:none;"|{{nowrap|{{IPA link|ɲ}} {{lang|sd|{{Naskh|ڃ}}}} {{script/Devanagari|ञ}}}} 𑋅 | ||
| style="border-right:none;"| || style="border-left:none;"|{{nowrap|{{IPA link|ŋ}} {{lang|sd|{{Naskh|ڱ}}}}}} | | style="border-right:none;"| || style="border-left:none;"|{{nowrap|{{IPA link|ŋ}} {{lang|sd|{{Naskh|ڱ}}}} {{script/Devanagari|ङ}}}} 𑊿 | ||
| colspan="2" | | | colspan="2" | | ||
|- | |- | ||
!<small>[[Breathy voice|breathy]]</small> | !<small>[[Breathy voice|breathy]]</small> | ||
| style="border-right:none;"| || style="border-left:none;"|{{nowrap|{{IPA link|mʱ}} {{lang|sd|{{Naskh|مهہ}}}}}} | | style="border-right:none;"| || style="border-left:none;"|{{nowrap|{{IPA link|mʱ}} {{lang|sd|{{Naskh|مهہ}}}} {{script/Devanagari|म्ह}}}} | ||
| style="border-right:none;"| || style="border-left:none;"|{{nowrap|{{IPA link|nʱ}} {{lang|sd|{{Naskh|نهہ}}}}}} | | style="border-right:none;"| || style="border-left:none;"|{{nowrap|{{IPA link|nʱ}} {{lang|sd|{{Naskh|نهہ}}}} {{script/Devanagari|न्ह}}}} | ||
| style="border-right:none;"| || style="border-left:none;"|{{nowrap|{{IPA link|ɳʱ}} {{lang|sd|{{Naskh|ڻهہ}}}}}} | | style="border-right:none;"| || style="border-left:none;"|{{nowrap|{{IPA link|ɳʱ}} {{lang|sd|{{Naskh|ڻهہ}}}} {{script/Devanagari|ण्ह}}}} | ||
| colspan="2" | | | colspan="2" | | ||
| colspan="2" | | | colspan="2" | | ||
| Line 664: | Line 662: | ||
! rowspan="2" | <small>[[Stop consonant|Stop]]/<br />[[Affricate consonant|Affricate]]</small> | ! rowspan="2" | <small>[[Stop consonant|Stop]]/<br />[[Affricate consonant|Affricate]]</small> | ||
!<small>plain</small> | !<small>plain</small> | ||
| style="border-right:none;" |{{nowrap|{{IPA link|p}} {{lang|sd|{{Naskh|پ}}}}}}|| style="border-left:none;" |{{nowrap|{{IPA link|b}} {{lang|sd|{{Naskh|ب}}}}}} | | style="border-right:none;" |{{nowrap|{{IPA link|p}} {{lang|sd|{{Naskh|پ}}}} {{script/Devanagari|प}}}}|| style="border-left:none;" |{{nowrap|{{IPA link|b}} {{lang|sd|{{Naskh|ب}}}} {{script/Devanagari|ब}}}} | ||
| style="border-right:none;" |{{nowrap|{{IPA link|t̪|t̪}} {{lang|sd|{{Naskh|ت}}}}}}|| style="border-left:none;" |{{nowrap|{{IPA link|d̪|d̪}} {{lang|sd|{{Naskh|د}}}}}} | | style="border-right:none;" |{{nowrap|{{IPA link|t̪|t̪}} {{lang|sd|{{Naskh|ت}}}}{{script/Devanagari|त}}}}|| style="border-left:none;" |{{nowrap|{{IPA link|d̪|d̪}} {{lang|sd|{{Naskh|د}}}}{{script/Devanagari|द}}}} | ||
| style="border-right:none;" |{{nowrap|{{IPA link|ʈ}} {{lang|sd|{{Naskh|ٽ}}}}}}|| style="border-left:none;" |{{nowrap|{{IPA link|ɖ}} {{lang|sd|{{Naskh|ڊ}}}}}} | | style="border-right:none;" |{{nowrap|{{IPA link|ʈ}} {{lang|sd|{{Naskh|ٽ}}}} {{script/Devanagari|ट}}}}|| style="border-left:none;" |{{nowrap|{{IPA link|ɖ}} {{lang|sd|{{Naskh|ڊ}}}}{{script/Devanagari|ड}}}} | ||
| style="border-right:none;" |{{nowrap|{{IPA link|tɕ}} {{lang|sd|{{Naskh|چ}}}}}}|| style="border-left:none;" |{{nowrap|{{IPA link|dʑ}} {{lang|sd|{{Naskh|ج}}}}}} | | style="border-right:none;" |{{nowrap|{{IPA link|tɕ}} {{lang|sd|{{Naskh|چ}}}}{{script/Devanagari|च}} {{script/Khudawadi|𑋀}}}}|| style="border-left:none;" |{{nowrap|{{IPA link|dʑ}} {{lang|sd|{{Naskh|ج}}}}{{script/Devanagari|ज}}}} | ||
| style="border-right:none;" |{{nowrap|{{IPA link|k}} {{lang|sd|{{Naskh|ڪ}}}}}}|| style="border-left:none;" |{{nowrap|{{IPA link|ɡ}} {{lang|sd|{{Naskh|گ}}}}}} | | style="border-right:none;" |{{nowrap|{{IPA link|k}} {{lang|sd|{{Naskh|ڪ}}}}{{script/Devanagari|क}} {{script/Khudawadi|𑊺}}}}|| style="border-left:none;" |{{nowrap|{{IPA link|ɡ}} {{lang|sd|{{Naskh|گ}}}}{{script/Devanagari|ग}} {{script/Khudawadi|𑊼}}}} | ||
| colspan="2" | | | colspan="2" | | ||
|- | |- | ||
!<small>[[Breathy voice|breathy]]</small> | !<small>[[Breathy voice|breathy]]</small> | ||
| style="border-right:none;" |{{nowrap|{{IPA link|pʰ}} {{lang|sd|{{Naskh|ڦ}}}}}}|| style="border-left:none;" |{{nowrap|{{IPA link|bʱ}} {{lang|sd|{{Naskh|ڀ}}}}}} | | style="border-right:none;" |{{nowrap|{{IPA link|pʰ}} {{lang|sd|{{Naskh|ڦ}}}}{{script/Devanagari|फ}}}}|| style="border-left:none;" |{{nowrap|{{IPA link|bʱ}} {{lang|sd|{{Naskh|ڀ}}}}{{script/Devanagari|भ}}}} | ||
| style="border-right:none;" |{{nowrap|{{IPA link|t̪ʰ}} {{lang|sd|{{Naskh|ٿ}}}}}}|| style="border-left:none;" |{{nowrap|{{IPA link|d̪ʱ}} {{lang|sd|{{Naskh|ڌ}}}}}} | | style="border-right:none;" |{{nowrap|{{IPA link|t̪ʰ}} {{lang|sd|{{Naskh|ٿ}}}}{{script/Devanagari|थ}}}}|| style="border-left:none;" |{{nowrap|{{IPA link|d̪ʱ}} {{lang|sd|{{Naskh|ڌ}}}}{{script/Devanagari|ध}}}} | ||
| style="border-right:none;" |{{nowrap|{{IPA link|ʈʰ}} {{lang|sd|{{Naskh|ٺ}}}}}}|| style="border-left:none;" |{{nowrap|{{IPA link|ɖʱ}} {{lang|sd|{{Naskh|ڍ}}}}}} | | style="border-right:none;" |{{nowrap|{{IPA link|ʈʰ}} {{lang|sd|{{Naskh|ٺ}}}}{{script/Devanagari|ठ}}}}|| style="border-left:none;" |{{nowrap|{{IPA link|ɖʱ}} {{lang|sd|{{Naskh|ڍ}}}}{{script/Devanagari|ढ}}}} | ||
| style="border-right:none;" |{{nowrap|{{IPA link|tɕʰ}} {{lang|sd|{{Naskh|ڇ}}}}}}|| style="border-left:none;" |{{nowrap|{{IPA link|dʑʱ}} {{lang|sd|{{Naskh|جهہ}}}}}} | | style="border-right:none;" |{{nowrap|{{IPA link|tɕʰ}} {{lang|sd|{{Naskh|ڇ}}}}{{script/Devanagari|छ}} {{script/Khudawadi|𑋁}}}}|| style="border-left:none;" |{{nowrap|{{IPA link|dʑʱ}} {{lang|sd|{{Naskh|جهہ}}}}{{script/Devanagari|झ}}}} | ||
| style="border-right:none;" |{{nowrap|{{IPA link|kʰ}} {{lang|sd|{{Naskh|ک}}}}}}|| style="border-left:none;" |{{nowrap|{{IPA link|ɡʱ}} {{lang|sd|{{Naskh|گهہ}}}}}} | | style="border-right:none;" |{{nowrap|{{IPA link|kʰ}} {{lang|sd|{{Naskh|ک}}}}{{script/Devanagari|ख}} {{script/Khudawadi|𑊻}}}}|| style="border-left:none;" |{{nowrap|{{IPA link|ɡʱ}} {{lang|sd|{{Naskh|گهہ}}}}{{script/Devanagari|घ}} {{script/Khudawadi|𑊾}}}} | ||
| colspan="2" | | | colspan="2" | | ||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan="2" | <small>[[Implosive consonant|Implosive]]</small> | ! colspan="2" | <small>[[Implosive consonant|Implosive]]</small> | ||
| style="border-right:none;" | || style="border-left:none;" |{{nowrap|{{IPA link|ɓ}} {{lang|sd|{{Naskh|ٻ}}}}}} | | style="border-right:none;" | || style="border-left:none;" |{{nowrap|{{IPA link|ɓ}} {{lang|sd|{{Naskh|ٻ}}}}{{script/Devanagari|ॿ}}}} | ||
| style="border-right:none;" | || style="border-left:none;" |{{nowrap|{{IPA link|ɗ}} {{lang|sd|{{Naskh|ڏ}}}}}} | | style="border-right:none;" | || style="border-left:none;" |{{nowrap|{{IPA link|ɗ}} {{lang|sd|{{Naskh|ڏ}}}}{{script/Devanagari|ॾ}}}} | ||
| colspan="2" | | | colspan="2" | | ||
| style="border-right:none;" | || style="border-left:none;" |{{nowrap|{{IPA link|ʄ}} {{lang|sd|{{Naskh|ڄ}}}}}} | | style="border-right:none;" | || style="border-left:none;" |{{nowrap|{{IPA link|ʄ}} {{lang|sd|{{Naskh|ڄ}}}}{{script/Devanagari|ॼ}}}} | ||
| style="border-right:none;" | || style="border-left:none;" |{{nowrap|{{IPA link|ɠ}} {{lang|sd|{{Naskh|ڳ}}}}}} | | style="border-right:none;" | || style="border-left:none;" |{{nowrap|{{IPA link|ɠ}} {{lang|sd|{{Naskh|ڳ}}}}{{script/Devanagari|ॻ}} {{script/Khudawadi|𑊽}}}} | ||
| colspan="2" | | | colspan="2" | | ||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan="2" | <small>[[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]</small> | ! colspan="2" | <small>[[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]</small> | ||
| style="border-right:none;" |{{nowrap|{{IPA link|f}} {{lang|sd|{{Naskh|ف}}}}}}|| style="border-left:none;" | | | style="border-right:none;" |{{nowrap|{{IPA link|f}} {{lang|sd|{{Naskh|ف}}}}{{script/Devanagari|फ़}}}}|| style="border-left:none;" | | ||
| style="border-right:none;" |{{nowrap|{{IPA link|s}} {{lang|sd|{{Naskh|س}}}}}}|| style="border-left:none;" |{{nowrap|{{IPA link|z}} {{lang|sd|{{Naskh|ز}}}}}} | | style="border-right:none;" |{{nowrap|{{IPA link|s}} {{lang|sd|{{Naskh|س}}}}{{script/Devanagari|स}}}}|| style="border-left:none;" |{{nowrap|{{IPA link|z}} {{lang|sd|{{Naskh|ز}}}}{{script/Devanagari|ज़}}}} | ||
| style="border-right:none;" |{{nowrap|{{IPA link|ʂ}} {{lang|sd|{{Naskh|ش}}}}}}|| style="border-left:none;" | | | style="border-right:none;" |{{nowrap|{{IPA link|ʂ}} {{lang|sd|{{Naskh|ش}}}}{{script/Devanagari|श ष}}}}|| style="border-left:none;" | | ||
| colspan="2" | | | colspan="2" | | ||
| style="border-right:none;" |{{nowrap|{{IPA link|x}} {{lang|sd|{{Naskh|خ}}}}}}|| style="border-left:none;" |{{nowrap|{{IPA link|ɣ}} {{lang|sd|{{Naskh|غ}}}}}} | | style="border-right:none;" |{{nowrap|{{IPA link|x}} {{lang|sd|{{Naskh|خ}}}}{{script/Devanagari|ख़}} {{script/Khudawadi|𑊻𑋩}}}}|| style="border-left:none;" |{{nowrap|{{IPA link|ɣ}} {{lang|sd|{{Naskh|غ}}}}{{script/Devanagari|ग़}} {{script/Khudawadi|𑊼𑋩}}}} | ||
| style="border-right:none;" |{{nowrap|{{IPA link|h}} {{lang|sd|{{Naskh|ھ ه}}}}}}|| style="border-left:none;" | | | style="border-right:none;" |{{nowrap|{{IPA link|h}} {{lang|sd|{{Naskh|ھ ه}}}}{{script/Devanagari|ह}}}}|| style="border-left:none;" | | ||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan="2" | <small>[[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]</small> | ! rowspan="2" | <small>[[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]</small> | ||
!<small>plain</small> | !<small>plain</small> | ||
| style="border-right:none;" | || style="border-left:none;" |{{nowrap|{{IPA link|ʋ}} {{lang|sd|{{Naskh|و}}}}}} | | style="border-right:none;" | || style="border-left:none;" |{{nowrap|{{IPA link|ʋ}} {{lang|sd|{{Naskh|و}}}}{{script/Devanagari|व}}}} | ||
| style="border-right:none;" | || style="border-left:none;" |{{nowrap|{{IPA link|l̪|l}} {{lang|sd|{{Naskh|ل}}}}}} | | style="border-right:none;" | || style="border-left:none;" |{{nowrap|{{IPA link|l̪|l}} {{lang|sd|{{Naskh|ل}}}}{{script/Devanagari|ल}}}} | ||
| colspan="2" | | | colspan="2" | | ||
| style="border-right:none;" | || style="border-left:none;" |{{nowrap|{{IPA link|j}} {{lang|sd|{{Naskh|ي}}}}}} | | style="border-right:none;" | || style="border-left:none;" |{{nowrap|{{IPA link|j}} {{lang|sd|{{Naskh|ي}}}}{{script/Devanagari|य}}}} | ||
| colspan="2" | | | colspan="2" | | ||
| colspan="2" | | | colspan="2" | | ||
| Line 706: | Line 704: | ||
!<small>[[Breathy voice|breathy]]</small> | !<small>[[Breathy voice|breathy]]</small> | ||
| colspan="2" | | | colspan="2" | | ||
| style="border-right:none;" | || style="border-left:none;" |{{nowrap|{{IPA link|lʱ}} {{lang|sd|{{Naskh|لهہ}}}}}} | | style="border-right:none;" | || style="border-left:none;" |{{nowrap|{{IPA link|lʱ}} {{lang|sd|{{Naskh|لهہ}}}}{{script/Devanagari|ल्ह}}}} | ||
| colspan="2" | | | colspan="2" | | ||
| colspan="2" | | | colspan="2" | | ||
| Line 715: | Line 713: | ||
!<small>plain</small> | !<small>plain</small> | ||
| colspan="2" | | | colspan="2" | | ||
| style="border-right:none;" | || style="border-left:none;" |{{nowrap|{{IPA link|r}} {{lang|sd|{{Naskh|ر}}}}}} | | style="border-right:none;" | || style="border-left:none;" |{{nowrap|{{IPA link|r}} {{lang|sd|{{Naskh|ر}}}}{{script/Devanagari|र}}}} | ||
| style="border-right:none;" | || style="border-left:none;" |{{nowrap|{{IPA link|ɽ}} {{lang|sd|{{Naskh|ڙ}}}}}} | | style="border-right:none;" | || style="border-left:none;" |{{nowrap|{{IPA link|ɽ}} {{lang|sd|{{Naskh|ڙ}}}}{{script/Devanagari|ड़}}}} | ||
| colspan="2" | | | colspan="2" | | ||
| colspan="2" | | | colspan="2" | | ||
| Line 724: | Line 722: | ||
| colspan="2" | | | colspan="2" | | ||
| colspan="2" | | | colspan="2" | | ||
| style="border-right:none;" | || style="border-left:none;" |{{nowrap|{{IPA link|ɽʱ}} {{lang|sd|{{Naskh|ڙهہ}}}}}} | | style="border-right:none;" | || style="border-left:none;" |{{nowrap|{{IPA link|ɽʱ}} {{lang|sd|{{Naskh|ڙهہ}}}}{{script/Devanagari|ढ़}}}} | ||
| colspan="2" | | | colspan="2" | | ||
| colspan="2" | | | colspan="2" | | ||
| Line 786: | Line 784: | ||
! rowspan=6 | {{gcl|M}} | ! rowspan=6 | {{gcl|M}} | ||
! ''I'' | ! ''I'' | ||
| {{Naskh|ڇوڪِرو}}<br>''chokiro'' | | {{Naskh|ڇوڪِرو}}<br>{{script/Devanagari|छोकिरो}}<br>''chokiro'' | ||
| {{Naskh|ڇوڪِرا}}<br>''chokirā'' | | {{Naskh|ڇوڪِرا}}<br>{{script/Devanagari|छोकिरा}}<br>''chokirā'' | ||
| {{Naskh|ڇوڪِري}}<br>''chokire'' | | {{Naskh|ڇوڪِري}}<br>{{script/Devanagari|छोकिरे}}<br>''chokire'' | ||
| {{Naskh|ڇوڪِرا}}<br>''chokirā'' | | {{Naskh|ڇوڪِرا}}<br>{{script/Devanagari|छोकिरा}}<br>''chokirā'' | ||
| {{Naskh|ڇوڪِرا / ڇوڪِرَ}}<br>''chokirā'' / ''chokira'' | | {{Naskh|ڇوڪِرا / ڇوڪِرَ}}{{script/Devanagari|छोकिरो / छोकिर}}<br>''chokirā'' / ''chokira'' | ||
| {{Naskh|ڇوڪِرَنِ}}<br>''chokirani'' | | {{Naskh|ڇوڪِرَنِ}}{{script/Devanagari|छोकिरनि}}<br>''chokirani'' | ||
| boy | | boy | ||
|- | |- | ||
! ''II'' | ! ''II'' | ||
| {{Naskh|ٻارُ}}<br>''ɓāru'' | | {{Naskh|ٻارُ}}<br>{{script/Devanagari|ॿारु}}<br>''ɓāru'' | ||
| colspan=3 | {{Naskh|ٻارَ}}<br>''ɓāra'' | | colspan=3 | {{Naskh|ٻارَ}}<br>{{script/Devanagari|ॿार}}<br>''ɓāra'' | ||
| {{Naskh|ٻارو / ٻارَ}}<br>''ɓāra'' / ''ɓāro'' | | {{Naskh|ٻارو / ٻارَ}}<br>{{script/Devanagari|ॿार /ॿारो}}<br>''ɓāra'' / ''ɓāro'' | ||
| {{Naskh|ٻارَنِ}}<br>''ɓārani'' | | {{Naskh|ٻارَنِ}}<br>{{script/Devanagari|ॿारनि}}<br>''ɓārani'' | ||
| child | | child | ||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan=2 | ''III'' | ! rowspan=2 | ''III'' | ||
| colspan=2 | {{Naskh|ساٿِي}}<br>''sāthī'' | | colspan=2 | {{Naskh|ساٿِي}}<br>{{script/Devanagari|साथी}}<br>''sāthī'' | ||
| {{Naskh|ساٿِيءَ}}<br>''sāthīa'' | | {{Naskh|ساٿِيءَ}}<br>{{script/Devanagari|साथीअ}}<br>''sāthīa'' | ||
| {{Naskh|ساٿِي}}<br>''sāthī'' | | {{Naskh|ساٿِي}}<br>{{script/Devanagari|साथी}}<br>''sāthī'' | ||
| {{Naskh|ساٿيئَرو}}<br>''sāthīaro'' | | {{Naskh|ساٿيئَرو}}<br>{{script/Devanagari|साथीअरो}}<br>''sāthīaro'' | ||
| {{Naskh|ساٿيَنِ}}<br>''sāthyani'' | | {{Naskh|ساٿيَنِ}}<br>{{script/Devanagari|साथियनि}}<br>''sāthyani'' | ||
| companion | | companion | ||
|- | |- | ||
| colspan=2 | {{Naskh|رَھاڪُو}}<br>''rahākū'' | | colspan=2 | {{Naskh|رَھاڪُو}}<br>{{script/Devanagari|रहाकू}}<br>''rahākū'' | ||
| {{Naskh|رَھاڪُوءَ}}<br>''rahākūa'' | | {{Naskh|رَھاڪُوءَ}}<br>{{script/Devanagari|रहाकूअ}}<br>''rahākūa'' | ||
| {{Naskh|رَھاڪُو}}<br>''rahākū'' | | {{Naskh|رَھاڪُو}}<br>{{script/Devanagari|रहाकू}}<br>''rahākū'' | ||
| {{Naskh|رَھاڪُئو}}<br>''rahākuo'' | | {{Naskh|رَھاڪُئو}}<br>{{script/Devanagari|रहाकूओ}}<br>''rahākuo'' | ||
| {{Naskh|رَھاڪُنِ}}<br>''rahākuni'' | | {{Naskh|رَھاڪُنِ}}<br>{{script/Devanagari|रहाकुनि}}<br>''rahākuni'' | ||
| inhabitant | | inhabitant | ||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan=2 | ''IV'' | ! rowspan=2 | ''IV'' | ||
| colspan=3 | {{Naskh|راجا}}<br>''rājā'' | | colspan=3 | {{Naskh|راجا}}<br>{{script/Devanagari|राजा}}<br>''rājā'' | ||
| colspan=2 | {{Naskh|راجا / راجائتو }}<br>''rājā'' / ''rājāito'' | | colspan=2 | {{Naskh|راجا / راجائتو }}<br>{{script/Devanagari|राजा / राजाइतो}}<br>''rājā'' / ''rājāito'' | ||
| {{Naskh|راجائُنِ }}<br>''rājāuni'' | | {{Naskh|راجائُنِ }}<br>{{script/Devanagari|राजाउनि}}<br>''rājāuni'' | ||
| king | | king | ||
|- | |- | ||
| colspan=3 | {{Naskh|سيٺُ}}<br>''seṭhu'' | | colspan=3 | {{Naskh|سيٺُ}}<br>{{script/Devanagari|सेठु}}<br>''seṭhu'' | ||
| colspan=2 | {{Naskh|سيٺَ }}<br>''seṭha'' | | colspan=2 | {{Naskh|سيٺَ }}<br>{{script/Devanagari|सेठ}}<br>''seṭha'' | ||
| {{Naskh|سيٺَنِ }}<br>''seṭhani'' | | {{Naskh|سيٺَنِ }}<br>{{script/Devanagari|सेठनि}}<br>''seṭhani'' | ||
| merchant | | merchant | ||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan=7 | {{gcl|F}} | ! rowspan=7 | {{gcl|F}} | ||
! rowspan=2 | ''I'' | ! rowspan=2 | ''I'' | ||
| colspan=3 | {{Naskh|زالَ}}<br>''zāla'' | | colspan=3 | {{Naskh|زالَ}}<br>{{script/Devanagari|ज़ाल}}<br>''zāla'' | ||
| colspan=2 | {{Naskh|زالُون}}<br>''zālū̃'' | | colspan=2 | {{Naskh|زالُون}}<br>{{script/Devanagari|ज़ालूं}}<br>''zālū̃'' | ||
| {{Naskh|زالُنِ}}<br>''zāluni'' | | {{Naskh|زالُنِ}}<br>{{script/Devanagari|ज़ालुनि}}<br>''zāluni'' | ||
| woman, wife | | woman, wife | ||
|- | |- | ||
| colspan=3 | {{Naskh|سَسُ}}<br>''sasu'' | | colspan=3 | {{Naskh|سَسُ}}<br>{{script/Devanagari|ससु}}<br>''sasu'' | ||
| colspan=2 | {{Naskh|سَسُون}}<br>''sasū̃'' | | colspan=2 | {{Naskh|سَسُون}}<br>{{script/Devanagari|ससूं}}<br>''sasū̃'' | ||
| {{Naskh|سَسُنِ}}<br>''sasuni'' | | {{Naskh|سَسُنِ}}<br>{{script/Devanagari|ससुनि}}<br>''sasuni'' | ||
| mother-in-law | | mother-in-law | ||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan=3 | ''II'' | ! rowspan=3 | ''II'' | ||
| colspan=3 | {{Naskh|دَوا}}<br>''davā'' | | colspan=3 | {{Naskh|دَوا}}<br>{{script/Devanagari|दवा}}<br>''davā'' | ||
| colspan=2 | {{Naskh|دَوائُون}}<br>''davāū̃'' | | colspan=2 | {{Naskh|دَوائُون}}<br>{{script/Devanagari|दवाऊं}}<br>''davāū̃'' | ||
| {{Naskh|دَوائُنِ}}<br>''davāuni'' | | {{Naskh|دَوائُنِ}}<br>{{script/Devanagari|दवाउनि}}<br>''davāuni'' | ||
| medicine | | medicine | ||
|- | |- | ||
| colspan=3 | {{Naskh|راتِ}}<br>''rāti'' | | colspan=3 | {{Naskh|راتِ}}<br>{{script/Devanagari|राति}}<br>''rāti'' | ||
| colspan=2 | {{Naskh|راتيُون}}<br>''rātyū̃'' | | colspan=2 | {{Naskh|راتيُون}}<br>{{script/Devanagari|रातियूं}}<br>''rātyū̃'' | ||
| {{Naskh|راتيُنِ}}<br>''rātyuni'' | | {{Naskh|راتيُنِ}}<br>{{script/Devanagari|रातियुनि}}<br>''rātyuni'' | ||
| night | | night | ||
|- | |- | ||
| colspan=3 | {{Naskh|هوٽَل}}<br>''hoṭal'' | | colspan=3 | {{Naskh|هوٽَل}}<br>{{script/Devanagari|होटल}}<br>''hoṭal'' | ||
| colspan=2 | {{Naskh|هوٽَلُون}}<br>''hoṭalū̃'' | | colspan=2 | {{Naskh|هوٽَلُون}}<br>{{script/Devanagari|होटलूं}}<br>''hoṭalū̃'' | ||
| {{Naskh|هوٽَلُنِ}}<br>''hoṭaluni'' | | {{Naskh|هوٽَلُنِ}}<br>{{script/Devanagari|होटलुनि}}<br>''hoṭaluni'' | ||
| hotel | | hotel | ||
|- | |- | ||
! ''III'' | ! ''III'' | ||
| colspan=2 | {{Naskh|ڳَئُون}}<br>''ɠaū̃'' | | colspan=2 | {{Naskh|ڳَئُون}}<br>{{script/Devanagari|ॻऊं}}<br>''ɠaū̃'' | ||
| {{Naskh|ڳَئُونَ}}<br>''ɠaū̃a'' | | {{Naskh|ڳَئُونَ}}<br>{{script/Devanagari|ॻऊंअ}}<br>''ɠaū̃a'' | ||
| colspan=2 | {{Naskh|ڳَئُون}}<br>''ɠaū̃'' | | colspan=2 | {{Naskh|ڳَئُون}}<br>{{script/Devanagari|ॻऊं}}<br>''ɠaū̃'' | ||
| {{Naskh|ڳَئُونِ}}<br>''ɠaūni'' | | {{Naskh|ڳَئُونِ}}<br>{{script/Devanagari|ॻऊनि}}<br>''ɠaūni'' | ||
| cow | | cow | ||
|- | |- | ||
! ''IV'' | ! ''IV'' | ||
| colspan=2 | {{Naskh|نَدِي}}<br>''nadī'' | | colspan=2 | {{Naskh|نَدِي}}<br>{{script/Devanagari|नदी}}<br>''nadī'' | ||
| {{Naskh|نَدِيءَ}}<br>''nadīa'' | | {{Naskh|نَدِيءَ}}<br>{{script/Devanagari|नदीअ}}<br>''nadīa'' | ||
| colspan=2 | {{Naskh|نَديُون}}<br>''nadyū̃'' | | colspan=2 | {{Naskh|نَديُون}}<br>{{script/Devanagari|नदियूं}}<br>''nadyū̃'' | ||
| {{Naskh|نَديُنِ}}<br>''nadyuni'' | | {{Naskh|نَديُنِ}}<br>{{script/Devanagari|नदियुनि}}<br>''nadyuni'' | ||
| river | | river | ||
|} | |} | ||
A few nouns representing familial relations take irregular declensions with an extension in ''-r-'' in the plural. These are the masculine nouns {{Naskh|ڀاءُ}} ''bhāu'' "brother", {{Naskh|پِيءُ}} ''pīu'' "father", and the feminine nouns {{Naskh|ڌِيءَ}} ''dhīa'' "daughter", {{Naskh|نُونھَن}} ''nū̃hã'' "daughter-in-law", {{Naskh|ڀيڻَ}} ''bheṇa'' "sister", {{Naskh|ماءُ}} ''māu'' "mother", and {{Naskh|جوءِ}} ''joi'' "wife".<ref name="jetley"/> | A few nouns representing familial relations take irregular declensions with an extension in ''-r-'' in the plural. These are the masculine nouns {{Naskh|ڀاءُ}} {{script/Devanagari|भाउ}} ''bhāu'' "brother", {{Naskh|پِيءُ}} {{script/Devanagari|पिउ}} ''pīu'' "father", and the feminine nouns {{Naskh|ڌِيءَ}} {{script/Devanagari|धीअ}} ''dhīa'' "daughter", {{Naskh|نُونھَن}} {{script/Devanagari|नूंहं}} ''nū̃hã'' "daughter-in-law", {{Naskh|ڀيڻَ}} {{script/Devanagari|भेण}} ''bheṇa'' "sister", {{Naskh|ماءُ}} {{script/Devanagari|माउ}} ''māu'' "mother", and {{Naskh|جوءِ}} {{script/Devanagari|जोइ}} ''joi'' "wife".<ref name="jetley"/> | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
| Line 882: | Line 880: | ||
|- | |- | ||
! {{gcl|M}} | ! {{gcl|M}} | ||
| colspan=3 | {{Naskh|ڀاءُ}}<br>''bhāu'' | | colspan=3 | {{Naskh|ڀاءُ}}<br>{{script/Devanagari|भाउ}}<br>''bhāu'' | ||
| {{Naskh|ڀائُرُ / ڀائُرَ}}<br>''bhāuru'' / ''bhāura'' | | {{Naskh|ڀائُرُ / ڀائُرَ}}<br>{{script/Devanagari|भाउरु / भाउर}}<br>''bhāuru'' / ''bhāura'' | ||
| {{Naskh|ڀائُرَ / ڀائُرو}}<br>''bhāura'' / ''bhāuro'' | | {{Naskh|ڀائُرَ / ڀائُرو}}<br>{{script/Devanagari|भाउर / भाउरो}}<br>''bhāura'' / ''bhāuro'' | ||
| {{Naskh|ڀائُرَنِ / ڀائُنِ}}<br>''bhāurani'' / ''bhāuni'' | | {{Naskh|ڀائُرَنِ / ڀائُنِ}}<br>{{script/Devanagari|भाउरनि / भाउनि}}<br>''bhāurani'' / ''bhāuni'' | ||
| brother | | brother | ||
|- | |- | ||
! {{gcl|F}} | ! {{gcl|F}} | ||
| colspan=3 | {{Naskh|ڌِيءَ / ڌِيءُ}}<br>''dhīa'' / ''dhīu'' | | colspan=3 | {{Naskh|ڌِيءَ / ڌِيءُ}}<br>{{script/Devanagari|धीअ / धीउ}}<br>''dhīa'' / ''dhīu'' | ||
| colspan=2 | {{Naskh|ڌِيئَرُ / ڌِيئَرُون / ڌِيئُون}}<br>''dhīaru'' / ''dhīarū̃'' / ''dhīū̃'' | | colspan=2 | {{Naskh|ڌِيئَرُ / ڌِيئَرُون / ڌِيئُون}}<br>{{script/Devanagari|धीअरु / धीअरूं / धीऊं}}<br>''dhīaru'' / ''dhīarū̃'' / ''dhīū̃'' | ||
| {{Naskh|ڌِيئَرُنِ / ڌِيئُنِ}}<br>''dhīaruni'' / ''dhīuni'' | | {{Naskh|ڌِيئَرُنِ / ڌِيئُنِ}}<br>{{script/Devanagari|धीअरुनि / धीउनि}}<br>''dhīaruni'' / ''dhīuni'' | ||
| daughter | | daughter | ||
|} | |} | ||
| Line 909: | Line 907: | ||
|- | |- | ||
! {{gcl|NOM}} | ! {{gcl|NOM}} | ||
| {{script/Arabic|مَان}} / {{script/Arabic|آئُون}}<br>''mā̃'' / ''āū̃'' | | {{script/Arabic|مَان}} / {{script/Arabic|آئُون}} <br>{{script/Devanagari|मां}} / {{script/Devanagari|आऊं}} <br>''mā̃'' / ''āū̃'' | ||
| {{script/Arabic|تُون}}<br>''tū̃'' | | {{script/Arabic|تُون}}<br>{{script/Devanagari|तूं}}<br>''tū̃'' | ||
| {{script/Arabic|اَسِين}}<br>''asī̃'' | | {{script/Arabic|اَسِين}}<br>{{script/Devanagari|असीं}}<br>''asī̃'' | ||
| {{script/Arabic|تَوِھِين}}<br>''tavhī̃'' | | {{script/Arabic|تَوِھِين}}<br>{{script/Devanagari|तव्हीं}}<br>''tavhī̃'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! {{gcl|OBL}} | ! {{gcl|OBL}} | ||
| {{script/Arabic|مُون}}<br>''mū̃'' | | {{script/Arabic|مُون}}<br>{{script/Devanagari|मूं}}<br>''mū̃'' | ||
| {{script/Arabic|تو}}<br>''to'' | | {{script/Arabic|تو}}<br>{{script/Devanagari|तो}}<br>''to'' | ||
| {{script/Arabic|اَسَان}}<br>''asā̃'' | | {{script/Arabic|اَسَان}}<br>{{script/Devanagari|असां}}<br>''asā̃'' | ||
| {{script/Arabic|تَوِھَان}}<br>''tavhā̃'' | | {{script/Arabic|تَوِھَان}}<br>{{script/Devanagari|तव्हां}}<br>''tavhā̃'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! {{gcl|GEN}} | ! {{gcl|GEN}} | ||
| {{script/Arabic|مُنھِنجو}}<br>''mũhinjo'' | | {{script/Arabic|مُنھِنجو}}<br>{{script/Devanagari|मुंहिंजो}}<br>''mũhinjo'' | ||
| {{script/Arabic|تُنھِنجو}}<br>''tũhinjo'' | | {{script/Arabic|تُنھِنجو}}<br>{{script/Devanagari|तुंहिंजो}}<br>''tũhinjo'' | ||
| colspan=4 {{n/a}} | | colspan=4 {{n/a}} | ||
|} | |} | ||
Like other Indo-Aryan languages, Sindhi has first and second-person [[personal pronoun]]s as well as several types of third-person proximal and distal [[demonstrative]]s. These decline in the nominative and oblique cases. The genitive is a special form for the first and second-person singular, but formed as usual with the oblique and case marker جو ''jo'' for the rest. The personal pronouns are listed to the right.{{sfnp|Khubchandani|2003}}<ref name="sindhi1">{{cite web |date=April 21, 2024 |title=Structure of Sindhi Language |url=http://lisindia.ciil.org/Sindhi/sindhi_struct.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20241028182548/http://lisindia.ciil.org/Sindhi/sindhi_struct.html |archive-date=28 October 2024 |website=Central Institute of Indian Languages |location=India Mysore}}</ref> | Like other Indo-Aryan languages, Sindhi has first and second-person [[personal pronoun]]s as well as several types of third-person proximal and distal [[demonstrative]]s. These decline in the nominative and oblique cases. The genitive is a special form for the first and second-person singular, but formed as usual with the oblique and case marker جو {{script/Devanagari|जो}} ''jo'' for the rest. The personal pronouns are listed to the right.{{sfnp|Khubchandani|2003}}<ref name="sindhi1">{{cite web |date=April 21, 2024 |title=Structure of Sindhi Language |url=http://lisindia.ciil.org/Sindhi/sindhi_struct.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20241028182548/http://lisindia.ciil.org/Sindhi/sindhi_struct.html |archive-date=28 October 2024 |website=Central Institute of Indian Languages |location=India Mysore}}</ref> | ||
The third-person pronouns are listed below. Besides the unmarked demonstratives, there are also "specific" and "present" demonstratives. In the nominative singular, the demonstratives are marked for gender. Some other pronouns which decline identically to {{script/Arabic|ڪو}} ''ko'' "someone" are {{script/Arabic|ھَرڪو}} ''har-ko'' "everyone", {{script/Arabic|سَڀڪو}} ''sabh-ko'' "all of them", {{script/Arabic|جيڪو}} ''je-ko'' "whoever" (relative), and {{script/Arabic|تيڪو}} ''te-ko'' "that one" (correlative).{{sfnp|Khubchandani|2003}} | The third-person pronouns are listed below. Besides the unmarked demonstratives, there are also "specific" and "present" demonstratives. In the nominative singular, the demonstratives are marked for gender. Some other pronouns which decline identically to {{script/Arabic|ڪو}} {{script/Devanagari|को}} ''ko'' "someone" are {{script/Arabic|ھَرڪو}} {{script/Devanagari|हरको}} ''har-ko'' "everyone", {{script/Arabic|سَڀڪو}} {{script/Devanagari|सभको}} ''sabh-ko'' "all of them", {{script/Arabic|جيڪو}} {{script/Devanagari|जेको}} ''je-ko'' "whoever" (relative), and {{script/Arabic|تيڪو}} {{script/Devanagari|तेको}} ''te-ko'' "that one" (correlative).{{sfnp|Khubchandani|2003}} | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
| Line 949: | Line 947: | ||
! rowspan=2 | {{gcl|NOM}} | ! rowspan=2 | {{gcl|NOM}} | ||
! {{gcl|M}} | ! {{gcl|M}} | ||
| {{script/Arabic|ھِي}}<br>''hī'' | | {{script/Arabic|ھِي}}<br>{{script/Devanagari|ही}}<br>''hī'' | ||
| {{script/Arabic|ھُو}}<br>''hū'' | | {{script/Arabic|ھُو}}<br>{{script/Devanagari|हू}}<br>''hū'' | ||
| {{script/Arabic|اِھو}}<br>''iho'' | | {{script/Arabic|اِھو}}<br>{{script/Devanagari|इहो}}<br>''iho'' | ||
| {{script/Arabic|اُھو}}<br>''uho'' | | {{script/Arabic|اُھو}}<br>{{script/Devanagari|उहो}}<br>''uho'' | ||
| {{script/Arabic|اِجهو}}<br>''ijho'' | | {{script/Arabic|اِجهو}}<br>{{script/Devanagari|इझो}}<br>''ijho'' | ||
| {{script/Arabic|اوجهو}}<br>''ojho'' | | {{script/Arabic|اوجهو}}<br>{{script/Devanagari|ओझो}}<br>''ojho'' | ||
| {{script/Arabic|ڪو}}<br>''ko'' | | {{script/Arabic|ڪو}}<br>{{script/Devanagari|को}}<br>''ko'' | ||
| {{script/Arabic|ڪيرُ}}<br>''keru'' | | {{script/Arabic|ڪيرُ}}<br>{{script/Devanagari|केरु}}<br>''keru'' | ||
| {{script/Arabic|جو}}<br>''jo'' | | {{script/Arabic|جو}}<br>{{script/Devanagari|जो}}<br>''jo'' | ||
| {{script/Arabic|سو}}<br>''so'' | | {{script/Arabic|سو}}<br>{{script/Devanagari|सो}}<br>''so'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! {{gcl|F}} | ! {{gcl|F}} | ||
| {{script/Arabic|ھِيءَ}}<br>''hīa'' | | {{script/Arabic|ھِيءَ}}<br>{{script/Devanagari|हीअ}}<br>''hīa'' | ||
| {{script/Arabic|ھُوءَ}}<br>''hūa'' | | {{script/Arabic|ھُوءَ}}<br>{{script/Devanagari|हूअ}}<br>''hūa'' | ||
| {{script/Arabic|اِھَا}}<br>''ihā'' | | {{script/Arabic|اِھَا}}<br>{{script/Devanagari|इहा}}<br>''ihā'' | ||
| {{script/Arabic|اُھَا}}<br>''uhā'' | | {{script/Arabic|اُھَا}}<br>{{script/Devanagari|उहा}}<br>''uhā'' | ||
| {{script/Arabic|اِجَها}}<br>''ijhā'' | | {{script/Arabic|اِجَها}}<br>{{script/Devanagari|इझा}}<br>''ijhā'' | ||
| {{script/Arabic|اوجَها}}<br>''ojhā'' | | {{script/Arabic|اوجَها}}<br>{{script/Devanagari|ओझा}}<br>''ojhā'' | ||
| {{script/Arabic|ڪَا}}<br>''kā'' | | {{script/Arabic|ڪَا}}<br>{{script/Devanagari|का}}<br>''kā'' | ||
| {{script/Arabic|ڪيرَ}}<br>''kera'' | | {{script/Arabic|ڪيرَ}}<br>{{script/Devanagari|केर}}<br>''kera'' | ||
| {{script/Arabic|جَا}}<br>''jā'' | | {{script/Arabic|جَا}}<br>{{script/Devanagari|जा}}<br>''jā'' | ||
| {{script/Arabic|سَا}}<br>''sā'' | | {{script/Arabic|سَا}}<br>{{script/Devanagari|सा}}<br>''sā'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan=2 | {{gcl|OBL}} | ! colspan=2 | {{gcl|OBL}} | ||
| {{script/Arabic|ھِنَ}}<br>''hina'' | | {{script/Arabic|ھِنَ}}<br>{{script/Devanagari|हिन}}<br>''hina'' | ||
| {{script/Arabic|ھُنَ}}<br>''huna'' | | {{script/Arabic|ھُنَ}}<br>{{script/Devanagari|हुन}}<br>''huna'' | ||
| {{script/Arabic|اِنهين}}<br>''inhẽ'' | | {{script/Arabic|اِنهين}}<br>{{script/Devanagari|इन्हें}}<br>''inhẽ'' | ||
| {{script/Arabic|اُنهين}}<br>''unhẽ'' | | {{script/Arabic|اُنهين}}<br>{{script/Devanagari|उन्हें}}<br>''unhẽ'' | ||
| colspan=2 {{n/a}} | | colspan=2 {{n/a}} | ||
| colspan=2 | {{script/Arabic|ڪَنْھِن}}<br>''kãhĩ'' | | colspan=2 | {{script/Arabic|ڪَنْھِن}}<br>{{script/Devanagari|कंहिं}}<br>''kãhĩ'' | ||
| {{script/Arabic|جَنْھِن}}<br>''jãhĩ'' | | {{script/Arabic|جَنْھِن}}<br>{{script/Devanagari|जंहिं}}<br>''jãhĩ'' | ||
| {{script/Arabic|تَنْھِن}}<br>''tãhĩ'' | | {{script/Arabic|تَنْھِن}}<br>{{script/Devanagari|तंहिं}}<br>''tãhĩ'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan=2 | {{gcl|PL}} | ! rowspan=2 | {{gcl|PL}} | ||
! colspan=2 | {{gcl|NOM}} | ! colspan=2 | {{gcl|NOM}} | ||
| {{script/Arabic|ھِي}}<br>''hī'' | | {{script/Arabic|ھِي}}<br>{{script/Devanagari|ही}}<br>''hī'' | ||
| {{script/Arabic|ھُو}}<br>''hū'' | | {{script/Arabic|ھُو}}<br>{{script/Devanagari|हू}}<br>''hū'' | ||
| {{script/Arabic|اِھي}}<br>''ihe'' | | {{script/Arabic|اِھي}}<br>{{script/Devanagari|इहे}}<br>''ihe'' | ||
| {{script/Arabic|اُھي}}<br>''uhe'' | | {{script/Arabic|اُھي}}<br>{{script/Devanagari|उहे}}<br>''uhe'' | ||
| {{script/Arabic|اِجهي}}<br>''ijhe'' | | {{script/Arabic|اِجهي}}<br>{{script/Devanagari|इझे}}<br>''ijhe'' | ||
| {{script/Arabic|اوجهي}}<br>''ojhe'' | | {{script/Arabic|اوجهي}}<br>{{script/Devanagari|ओझे}}<br>''ojhe'' | ||
| {{script/Arabic|ڪي}}<br>''ke'' | | {{script/Arabic|ڪي}}<br>{{script/Devanagari|के}}<br>''ke'' | ||
| {{script/Arabic|ڪيرَ}}<br>''kera'' | | {{script/Arabic|ڪيرَ}}<br>{{script/Devanagari|केर}}<br>''kera'' | ||
| {{script/Arabic|جي}}<br>''je'' | | {{script/Arabic|جي}}<br>{{script/Devanagari|जे}}<br>''je'' | ||
| {{script/Arabic|سي}}<br>''se'' | | {{script/Arabic|سي}}<br>{{script/Devanagari|से}}<br>''se'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan=2 | {{gcl|OBL}} | ! colspan=2 | {{gcl|OBL}} | ||
| {{script/Arabic|ھِنَنِ}}<br>''hinani'' | | {{script/Arabic|ھِنَنِ}}<br>{{script/Devanagari|हिननि}}<br>''hinani'' | ||
| {{script/Arabic|ھُنَنِ}}<br>''hunani'' | | {{script/Arabic|ھُنَنِ}}<br>{{script/Devanagari|हुननि}}<br>''hunani'' | ||
| {{script/Arabic|اِنَهنِ}}<br>''inhani'' | | {{script/Arabic|اِنَهنِ}}<br>{{script/Devanagari|इन्हनि}}<br>''inhani'' | ||
| {{script/Arabic|اُنَهنِ}}<br>''unhani'' | | {{script/Arabic|اُنَهنِ}}<br>{{script/Devanagari|उन्हनि}}<br>''unhani'' | ||
| colspan=2 {{n/a}} | | colspan=2 {{n/a}} | ||
| colspan=2 | {{script/Arabic|ڪِنِ}}<br>''kini'' | | colspan=2 | {{script/Arabic|ڪِنِ}}<br>{{script/Devanagari|किनि}}<br>''kini'' | ||
| {{script/Arabic|جِنِ}}<br>''jini'' | | {{script/Arabic|جِنِ}}<br>{{script/Devanagari|जिनि}}<br>''jini'' | ||
| {{script/Arabic|تنِ}}<br>''tini'' | | {{script/Arabic|تنِ}}<br>{{script/Devanagari|तिनि}}<br>''tini'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
| Line 1,014: | Line 1,012: | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 0 | ! 0 | ||
| {{lang|sd-Arab|{{script/Arabic|ٻُڙِي}}}} || {{Transliteration|sd|ɓuṛi}} | | {{lang|sd-Arab|{{script/Arabic|ٻُڙِي}}}} || {{lang|sd-Deva|{{script/Devanagari|ॿुड़ी}}}} ||{{Transliteration|sd|ɓuṛi}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 1 | ! 1 | ||
| {{lang|sd-Arab|{{script/Arabic|هِڪُ}}}} || {{Transliteration|sd|hiku}} | | {{lang|sd-Arab|{{script/Arabic|هِڪُ}}}} || {{lang|sd-Deva|{{script/Devanagari|हिकु}}}} ||{{Transliteration|sd|hiku}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 2 | ! 2 | ||
| {{lang|sd-Arab|{{script/Arabic|ٻَہ}}}} || {{Transliteration|sd|ɓa}} | | {{lang|sd-Arab|{{script/Arabic|ٻَہ}}}} || {{lang|sd-Deva|{{script/Devanagari|ॿ}}}} ||{{Transliteration|sd|ɓa}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 3 | ! 3 | ||
| {{lang|sd-Arab|{{script/Arabic|ٽِي}}}} || {{Transliteration|sd|ṭī}} | | {{lang|sd-Arab|{{script/Arabic|ٽِي}}}} || {{lang|sd-Deva|{{script/Devanagari|टी}}}} ||{{Transliteration|sd|ṭī}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 4 | ! 4 | ||
| {{lang|sd-Arab|{{script/Arabic|چَارِ}}}} || {{Transliteration|sd|cāri}} | | {{lang|sd-Arab|{{script/Arabic|چَارِ}}}} || {{lang|sd-Deva|{{script/Devanagari|चारि}}}} ||{{Transliteration|sd|cāri}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 5 | ! 5 | ||
| {{lang|sd-Arab|{{script/Arabic|پَنج}}}} || {{Transliteration|sd|pañja}} | | {{lang|sd-Arab|{{script/Arabic|پَنج}}}} || {{lang|sd-Deva|{{script/Devanagari|पञ्ज}}}} ||{{Transliteration|sd|pañja}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 6 | ! 6 | ||
| {{lang|sd-Arab|{{script/Arabic|ڇَھَہ}}}} || {{Transliteration|sd|chaha}} | | {{lang|sd-Arab|{{script/Arabic|ڇَھَہ}}}} || {{lang|sd-Deva|{{script/Devanagari|छह}}}} ||{{Transliteration|sd|chaha}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 7 | ! 7 | ||
| {{lang|sd-Arab|{{script/Arabic|سَتَ}}}} || {{Transliteration|sd|sata}} | | {{lang|sd-Arab|{{script/Arabic|سَتَ}}}} || {{lang|sd-Deva|{{script/Devanagari|सत}}}} ||{{Transliteration|sd|sata}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 8 | ! 8 | ||
| {{lang|sd-Arab|{{script/Arabic|اَٺَ}}}} || {{Transliteration|sd|aṭha}} | | {{lang|sd-Arab|{{script/Arabic|اَٺَ}}}} || {{lang|sd-Deva|{{script/Devanagari|अठ}}}} ||{{Transliteration|sd|aṭha}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 9 | ! 9 | ||
| {{lang|sd-Arab|{{script/Arabic|نَوَ}}}} || {{Transliteration|sd|nava}} | | {{lang|sd-Arab|{{script/Arabic|نَوَ}}}} || {{lang|sd-Deva|{{script/Devanagari|नव}}}} ||{{Transliteration|sd|nava}} | ||
|} | |} | ||
| | | | ||
| Line 1,049: | Line 1,047: | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 10 | ! 10 | ||
| {{lang|sd-Arab|{{script/Arabic|ڏَھَہ}}}} || {{Transliteration|sd|ɗaha}} | | {{lang|sd-Arab|{{script/Arabic|ڏَھَہ}}}} || {{lang|sd-Deva|{{script/Devanagari|ॾह}}}} ||{{Transliteration|sd|ɗaha}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 11 | ! 11 | ||
| {{lang|sd-Arab|{{script/Arabic|يَارَنھَن}}}} || {{Transliteration|sd|yārãhã}} | | {{lang|sd-Arab|{{script/Arabic|يَارَنھَن}}}} || {{lang|sd-Deva|{{script/Devanagari|यारंहं}}}} ||{{Transliteration|sd|yārãhã}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 12 | ! 12 | ||
| {{lang|sd-Arab|{{script/Arabic|ٻَارَھَن}}}} || {{Transliteration|sd|ɓārahã}} | | {{lang|sd-Arab|{{script/Arabic|ٻَارَھَن}}}} || {{lang|sd-Deva|{{script/Devanagari|ॿारहं}}}} ||{{Transliteration|sd|ɓārahã}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 13 | ! 13 | ||
| {{lang|sd-Arab|{{script/Arabic|تيرَھَن}}}} || {{Transliteration|sd|terahã}} | | {{lang|sd-Arab|{{script/Arabic|تيرَھَن}}}} || {{lang|sd-Deva|{{script/Devanagari|तेरहं}}}} ||{{Transliteration|sd|terahã}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 14 | ! 14 | ||
| {{lang|sd-Arab|{{script/Arabic|چوڏَھَن}}}} || {{Transliteration|sd|coɗahã}} | | {{lang|sd-Arab|{{script/Arabic|چوڏَھَن}}}} || {{lang|sd-Deva|{{script/Devanagari|चोॾहं}}}} ||{{Transliteration|sd|coɗahã}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 15 | ! 15 | ||
| {{lang|sd-Arab|{{script/Arabic|پَندرَھَن}}}} || {{Transliteration|sd|pandrahã}} | | {{lang|sd-Arab|{{script/Arabic|پَندرَھَن}}}} || {{lang|sd-Deva|{{script/Devanagari|पन्द्रहं}}}} ||{{Transliteration|sd|pandrahã}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 16 | ! 16 | ||
| {{lang|sd-Arab|{{script/Arabic|سورَھَن}}}} || {{Transliteration|sd|sorahã}} | | {{lang|sd-Arab|{{script/Arabic|سورَھَن}}}} || {{lang|sd-Deva|{{script/Devanagari|सोरहं}}}} ||{{Transliteration|sd|sorahã}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 17 | ! 17 | ||
| {{lang|sd-Arab|{{script/Arabic|سَترَھَن}}}} || {{Transliteration|sd|satrahã}} | | {{lang|sd-Arab|{{script/Arabic|سَترَھَن}}}} || {{lang|sd-Deva|{{script/Devanagari|सत्रहं}}}} ||{{Transliteration|sd|satrahã}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 18 | ! 18 | ||
| {{lang|sd-Arab|{{script/Arabic|اَرِڙَھَن / اَٺَارَھَن}}}} || {{Transliteration|sd|ariṛahã / aṭhārahã}} | | {{lang|sd-Arab|{{script/Arabic|اَرِڙَھَن / اَٺَارَھَن}}}} || {{lang|sd-Deva|{{script/Devanagari|अरिड़हं/ अठारहं}}}} || {{Transliteration|sd|ariṛahã / aṭhārahã}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 19 | ! 19 | ||
| {{lang|sd-Arab|{{script/Arabic|اُڻوِيھَہ}}}} || {{Transliteration|sd|uṇvīha}} | | {{lang|sd-Arab|{{script/Arabic|اُڻوِيھَہ}}}} || {{lang|sd-Deva|{{script/Devanagari|उणवीह}}}} ||{{Transliteration|sd|uṇvīha}} | ||
|} | |} | ||
|} | |} | ||
===Postpositions=== | ===Postpositions=== | ||
Most nominal relations (e.g. the [[theta role|semantic role]] of a nominal as an argument to a verb) are indicated using postpositions, which follow a noun in the oblique case. The subject of the verb takes the bare oblique case, while the object may be in nominative case or in oblique case and followed by the [[accusative case]] marker کي ''khe''.<ref name="trumpp">{{cite book |last1=Trumpp |first1=Ernest |title=Grammar of the Sindhi language |date=1872 |publisher=Trübner and Co. |location=London |url=https://archive.org/details/grammarofsindhil00trum}}</ref> | Most nominal relations (e.g. the [[theta role|semantic role]] of a nominal as an argument to a verb) are indicated using postpositions, which follow a noun in the oblique case. The subject of the verb takes the bare oblique case, while the object may be in nominative case or in oblique case and followed by the [[accusative case]] marker {{lang|sd-Arab|{{script/Arabic|کي}}}} {{lang|sd-Deva|{{script/Devanagari|खे}}}} ''khe''.<ref name="trumpp">{{cite book |last1=Trumpp |first1=Ernest |title=Grammar of the Sindhi language |date=1872 |publisher=Trübner and Co. |location=London |url=https://archive.org/details/grammarofsindhil00trum}}</ref> | ||
The postpositions are divided into '''case markers''', which directly follow the noun, and '''complex postpositions''', which combine with a case marker (usually the genitive جو ''jo''). | The postpositions are divided into '''case markers''', which directly follow the noun, and '''complex postpositions''', which combine with a case marker (usually the genitive {{lang|sd-Arab|{{script/Arabic|جو}}}} {{lang|sd-Deva|{{script/Devanagari|जो}}}} ''jo''). | ||
====Case markers==== | ====Case markers==== | ||
The case markers are listed below.{{r|trumpp|p=399}} | The case markers are listed below.{{r|trumpp|p=399}} | ||
The postpositions with the suffix ''-o'' decline in gender and number to agree with their governor, e.g. {{script/Arabic|ڇوڪِرو جو پِيءُ}} ''chokiro j-o pīu'' "the boy's father" but {{script/Arabic|ڇوڪِر جِي مَاءُ}} ''chokiro j-ī māu'' "the boy's mother". | The postpositions with the suffix ''-o'' decline in gender and number to agree with their governor, e.g. {{script/Arabic|ڇوڪِرو جو پِيءُ}} {{lang|sd-Deva|{{script/Devanagari|छोकिरो जो पीउ}}}} ''chokiro j-o pīu'' "the boy's father" but {{script/Arabic|ڇوڪِر جِي مَاءُ}} {{lang|sd-Deva|{{script/Devanagari|छोकिरो जी माउ}}}} ''chokiro j-ī māu'' "the boy's mother". | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
| Line 1,094: | Line 1,092: | ||
! Case !! Marker !! Example !! English | ! Case !! Marker !! Example !! English | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[Nominative case|Nominative]] || — || {{script/Arabic|ڇوڪِرو}}<br>''chokiro'' || the boy | | [[Nominative case|Nominative]] || — || {{script/Arabic|ڇوڪِرو}}<br>{{lang|sd-Deva|{{script/Devanagari|छोकिरो}}}}<br>''chokiro'' || the boy | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[Accusative case|Accusative]]<br>[[Dative case|Dative]] | | [[Accusative case|Accusative]]<br>[[Dative case|Dative]] | ||
| {{script/Arabic|کي}}<br>''khe'' | | {{script/Arabic|کي}}<br>{{lang|sd-Deva|{{script/Devanagari|खे}}}}<br>''khe'' | ||
| {{script/Arabic|ڇوڪِري کي}}<br>''chokire khe'' | | {{script/Arabic|ڇوڪِري کي}}<br>{{lang|sd-Deva|{{script/Devanagari|छोकिरे खे}}}}<br>''chokire khe'' | ||
| the boy<br>to the boy | | the boy<br>to the boy | ||
|- | |- | ||
| rowspan=2 | [[Genitive case|Genitive]] | | rowspan=2 | [[Genitive case|Genitive]] | ||
| {{script/Arabic|جو}}<br>''j-o'' || {{script/Arabic|ڇوڪِري جو}}<br>''chokire jo'' | | {{script/Arabic|جو}}<br>{{lang|sd-Deva|{{script/Devanagari|जो}}}}<br>''j-o'' || {{script/Arabic|ڇوڪِري جو}}<br>{{lang|sd-Deva|{{script/Devanagari|छोकिरे जो}}}}<br>''chokire jo'' | ||
| rowspan=2 | of the boy | | rowspan=2 | of the boy | ||
|- | |- | ||
| {{script/Arabic|سَندو}}<br>''sand-o'' || {{script/Arabic|ڇوڪِري سَندو}}<br>''chokire sando'' | | {{script/Arabic|سَندو}}<br>{{lang|sd-Deva|{{script/Devanagari|सन्दो}}}}<br>''sand-o'' || {{script/Arabic|ڇوڪِري سَندو}}<br>{{lang|sd-Deva|{{script/Devanagari|छोकिरे सन्दो}}}}<br>''chokire sando'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[Sociative case|Sociative]] || {{script/Arabic|سُڌو}}<br>''sudh-o'' || {{script/Arabic|ڇوڪِري سُڌو}}<br>''chokire sudho'' || along with the boy | | [[Sociative case|Sociative]] || {{script/Arabic|سُڌو}}<br>{{lang|sd-Deva|{{script/Devanagari|सुधो}}}}<br>''sudh-o'' || {{script/Arabic|ڇوڪِري سُڌو}}<br>{{lang|sd-Deva|{{script/Devanagari|छोकिरे सुधो}}}}<br>''chokire sudho'' || along with the boy | ||
|- | |- | ||
| rowspan=2 | [[Comitative case|Comitative]]<br>[[Instrumental case|Instrumental]] | | rowspan=2 | [[Comitative case|Comitative]]<br>[[Instrumental case|Instrumental]] | ||
| {{script/Arabic|سَان}}<br>''sā̃'' || {{script/Arabic|ڇوڪِري سَان}}<br>''chokire sā̃'' | | {{script/Arabic|سَان}}<br>{{lang|sd-Deva|{{script/Devanagari|सां}}}}<br>''sā̃'' || {{script/Arabic|ڇوڪِري سَان}}<br>{{lang|sd-Deva|{{script/Devanagari|छोकिरे सां}}}}<br>''chokire sā̃'' | ||
| rowspan=2 | with the boy | | rowspan=2 | with the boy | ||
|- | |- | ||
| {{script/Arabic|سَاڻُ}}<br>''sāṇu'' || {{script/Arabic|ڇوڪِري سَاڻُ}}<br>''chokire sāṇu'' | | {{script/Arabic|سَاڻُ}}<br>{{lang|sd-Deva|{{script/Devanagari|साणु}}}}<br>''sāṇu'' || {{script/Arabic|ڇوڪِري سَاڻُ}}<br>{{lang|sd-Deva|{{script/Devanagari|छोकिरे साणु}}}}<br>''chokire sāṇu'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| rowspan=2 | [[Locative case|Locative]] | | rowspan=2 | [[Locative case|Locative]] | ||
| {{script/Arabic|۾}}<br>''mẽ'' || {{script/Arabic|ڇوڪِري ۾}}<br>''chokire mẽ'' | | {{script/Arabic|۾}}<br>{{lang|sd-Deva|{{script/Devanagari|में}}}}<br>''mẽ'' || {{script/Arabic|ڇوڪِري ۾}}<br>{{lang|sd-Deva|{{script/Devanagari|छोकिरे में}}}}<br>''chokire mẽ'' | ||
| rowspan=2 | in the boy | | rowspan=2 | in the boy | ||
|- | |- | ||
| {{script/Arabic|مَنجِهہ}}<br>''manjhi'' || {{script/Arabic|ڇوڪِري مَنجِهہ}}<br>''chokire manjhi'' | | {{script/Arabic|مَنجِهہ}}<br>{{lang|sd-Deva|{{script/Devanagari|मंझि}}}}<br>''manjhi'' || {{script/Arabic|ڇوڪِري مَنجِهہ}}<br>{{lang|sd-Deva|{{script/Devanagari|छोकिरे मंझि}}}}<br>''chokire manjhi'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| rowspan=2 | [[Adessive case|Adessive]] | | rowspan=2 | [[Adessive case|Adessive]] | ||
| {{script/Arabic|تي}}<br>''te'' || {{script/Arabic|ڇوڪِري تي}}<br>''chokire te'' || on the boy | | {{script/Arabic|تي}}<br>{{lang|sd-Deva|{{script/Devanagari|टे}}}}<br>''te'' || {{script/Arabic|ڇوڪِري تي}}<br>{{lang|sd-Deva|{{script/Devanagari|छोकिरे टे}}}}<br>''chokire te'' || on the boy | ||
|- | |- | ||
| {{script/Arabic|وَٽِ}}<br>''vaṭi'' || {{script/Arabic|ڇوڪِري وَٽِ}}<br>''chokire vaṭi'' || near the boy<br>the boy has... | | {{script/Arabic|وَٽِ}}<br>{{lang|sd-Deva|{{script/Devanagari|वटि}}}}<br>''vaṭi'' || {{script/Arabic|ڇوڪِري وَٽِ}}<br>{{lang|sd-Deva|{{script/Devanagari|छोकिरे वटि}}}}<br>''chokire vaṭi'' || near the boy<br>the boy has... | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[Orientative case|Orientative]] || {{script/Arabic|ڏَانھَن}}<br>''ḍā̃hã'' || {{script/Arabic|ڇوڪِري ڏَانھَن}}<br>''chokire ḍā̃hã'' || towards the boy | | [[Orientative case|Orientative]] || {{script/Arabic|ڏَانھَن}}<br>{{lang|sd-Deva|{{script/Devanagari|ॾांहं}}}}<br>''ḍā̃hã'' || {{script/Arabic|ڇوڪِري ڏَانھَن}}<br>{{lang|sd-Deva|{{script/Devanagari|छोकिरे ॾांहं}}}}<br>''chokire ḍā̃hã'' || towards the boy | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[Terminative case|Terminative]] || {{script/Arabic|تَائيِن}}<br>''tāī̃'' || {{script/Arabic|ڇوڪِري تَائيِن}}<br>''chokire tāī̃'' || up to the boy | | [[Terminative case|Terminative]] || {{script/Arabic|تَائيِن}}<br>{{lang|sd-Deva|{{script/Devanagari|ताईं}}}}<br>''tāī̃'' || {{script/Arabic|ڇوڪِري تَائيِن}}<br>{{lang|sd-Deva|{{script/Devanagari|छोकिरे ताईं}}}}<br>''chokire tāī̃'' || up to the boy | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[Benefactive case|Benefactive]] || {{script/Arabic| | | [[Benefactive case|Benefactive]] || {{script/Arabic|لاءِ}}<br>{{lang|sd-Deva|{{script/Devanagari|लाइ}}}}<br>''lāi'' || {{script/Arabic|ڇوڪِري لاءِ}}<br>{{lang|sd-Deva|{{script/Devanagari|छोकिरे लाइ}}}}<br>''chokire lāi'' || for the boy | ||
|- | |- | ||
| rowspan=2 | [[Semblative case|Semblative]] | | rowspan=2 | [[Semblative case|Semblative]] | ||
| {{script/Arabic|وَانگُرُ}}<br>''vānguru'' || {{script/Arabic|ڇوڪِري وَانگُرُ}}<br>''chokire vānguru'' | | {{script/Arabic|وَانگُرُ}}<br>{{lang|sd-Deva|{{script/Devanagari|वांगुरु}}}}<br>''vānguru'' || {{script/Arabic|ڇوڪِري وَانگُرُ}}<br>{{lang|sd-Deva|{{script/Devanagari|छोकिरे वांगुरु}}}}<br>''chokire vānguru'' | ||
| rowspan=2 | like the boy | | rowspan=2 | like the boy | ||
|- | |- | ||
| {{script/Arabic|جَھْڙو}}<br>''jahṛ-o'' || {{script/Arabic|ڇوڪِري جَھْڙو}}<br>''chokire jahṛo'' | | {{script/Arabic|جَھْڙو}}<br>{{lang|sd-Deva|{{script/Devanagari|जहड़ो}}}}<br>''jahṛ-o'' || {{script/Arabic|ڇوڪِري جَھْڙو}}<br>{{lang|sd-Deva|{{script/Devanagari|छोकिरे जहड़ो}}}}<br>''chokire jahṛo'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
| Line 1,145: | Line 1,143: | ||
! Marker !! Example !! English | ! Marker !! Example !! English | ||
|- | |- | ||
| {{script/Arabic|کَان}}<br>''khā̃'' || {{script/Arabic|ڇوڪِري کَان}}<br>''chokire khā̃'' || from the boy | | {{script/Arabic|کَان}}<br>{{lang|sd-Deva|{{script/Devanagari|खां}}}}<br>''khā̃'' || {{script/Arabic|ڇوڪِري کَان}}<br>{{lang|sd-Deva|{{script/Devanagari|छोकिरे खां}}}}<br>''chokire khā̃'' || from the boy | ||
|- | |- | ||
| {{script/Arabic|مَان}}<br>''mā̃'' || {{script/Arabic|ڇوڪِري مَان}}<br>''chokire mā̃'' || from inside the boy | | {{script/Arabic|مَان}}<br>{{lang|sd-Deva|{{script/Devanagari|मां}}}}<br>''mā̃'' || {{script/Arabic|ڇوڪِري مَان}}<br>{{lang|sd-Deva|{{script/Devanagari|छोकिरे मां}}}}<br>''chokire mā̃'' || from inside the boy | ||
|- | |- | ||
| {{script/Arabic|تَان}}<br>''tā̃'' || {{script/Arabic|ڇوڪِري تَان}}<br>''chokire tā̃'' || from upon the boy | | {{script/Arabic|تَان}}<br>{{lang|sd-Deva|{{script/Devanagari|तां}}}}<br>''tā̃'' || {{script/Arabic|ڇوڪِري تَان}}<br>{{lang|sd-Deva|{{script/Devanagari|छोकिरे तां}}}}<br>''chokire tā̃'' || from upon the boy | ||
|- | |- | ||
| {{script/Arabic|ڏَانھَان}}<br>''ḍā̃hā̃'' || {{script/Arabic|ڇوڪِري ڏَانھَان}}<br>''chokire ḍā̃hā̃'' || from the direction of the boy | | {{script/Arabic|ڏَانھَان}}<br>{{lang|sd-Deva|{{script/Devanagari|ॾांहां}}}}<br>''ḍā̃hā̃'' || {{script/Arabic|ڇوڪِري ڏَانھَان}}<br>{{lang|sd-Deva|{{script/Devanagari|छोकिरे ॾांहां}}}}<br>''chokire ḍā̃hā̃'' || from the direction of the boy | ||
|} | |} | ||
| Line 1,160: | Line 1,158: | ||
! Case !! Marker !! Example !! English | ! Case !! Marker !! Example !! English | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[Accusative case|Accusative]]<br>[[Adessive case|Adessive]] || {{script/Arabic|ڪَني}}<br>''kane'' || {{script/Arabic|ڇوڪِري ڪَني}}<br>''chokire kane'' || to/near the boy | | [[Accusative case|Accusative]]<br>[[Adessive case|Adessive]] || {{script/Arabic|ڪَني}}<br>{{lang|sd-Deva|{{script/Devanagari|कने}}}}<br>''kane'' || {{script/Arabic|ڇوڪِري ڪَني}}<br>{{lang|sd-Deva|{{script/Devanagari|छोकिरे कने}}}}<br>''chokire kane'' || to/near the boy | ||
|} | |} | ||
| Line 1,167: | Line 1,165: | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
! | ! {{script/Arabic|سِنڌِي}} !! {{script/Devanagari|सिन्धी}} !! Transliteration !! Explanation | ||
|- | |- | ||
| {{script/Arabic|جي اَڳيَان}} || ''je aɠyā̃'' || "ahead of, before"; [[apudessive case|apudessive]] | | {{script/Arabic|جي اَڳيَان}} || {{script/Devanagari|जे अॻ्यां}} || ''je aɠyā̃'' || "ahead of, before"; [[apudessive case|apudessive]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| {{script/Arabic|جي اَندَرِ}} || ''je andari'' || "inside of"; [[inessive case|inessive]] | | {{script/Arabic|جي اَندَرِ}} || {{script/Devanagari|जे अन्दरि}} || ''je andari'' || "inside of"; [[inessive case|inessive]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| {{script/Arabic|جي بَدِرَان}} || ''je badirā̃'' || "instead of, in place of" | | {{script/Arabic|جي بَدِرَان}} || {{script/Devanagari|जे बदिरां}} || ''je badirā̃'' || "instead of, in place of" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| {{script/Arabic|جي بَرَابَر}} || ''je barābar'' || "equal to" | | {{script/Arabic|جي بَرَابَر}} || {{script/Devanagari|जे बराबर}} || ''je barābar'' || "equal to" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| {{script/Arabic|جي ٻَاھَرَان}} || ''je ɓāharā̃'' | | {{script/Arabic|جي ٻَاھَرَان}} || {{script/Devanagari|जे ॿाहरां}} || ''je ɓāharā̃'' | ||
| rowspan=2 | "outside of" | | rowspan=2 | "outside of" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| {{script/Arabic|کَان ٻَاھَرِ}} || ''khā̃ ɓāhari'' | | {{script/Arabic|کَان ٻَاھَرِ}} || {{script/Devanagari|खां ॿाहरि}} || ''khā̃ ɓāhari'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| {{script/Arabic|جي باري ۾}} || ''je bāre mẽ'' || "about, concerning" | | {{script/Arabic|جي باري ۾}} || ''{{script/Devanagari|जे बारे में}}'' || ''je bāre mẽ''|| "about, concerning" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| {{script/Arabic|جي چَوڌَارِي}} || ''je caudhārī'' || "around" | | {{script/Arabic|جي چَوڌَارِي}} || {{script/Devanagari|जे चौधारी}} || ''je caudhārī'' || "around" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| {{script/Arabic|جي ھيٺَان}} || ''je heṭhā̃'' || "below, under" | | {{script/Arabic|جي ھيٺَان}} || {{script/Devanagari|जे हेठां}} || ''je heṭhā̃'' || "below, under" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| {{script/Arabic|جي ڪَري}} || ''je kare'' || "for, on account of" | | {{script/Arabic|جي ڪَري}} || {{script/Devanagari|जे करे}} || ''je kare'' || "for, on account of" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| {{script/Arabic|جي لَاءِ}} || | | {{script/Arabic|جي لَاءِ}} || {{script/Devanagari|जे लाइ}} || ''je lāi'' || "for" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| {{script/Arabic|جي مَٿَان}} || ''je mathā̃'' || "above, on top of, upon" | | {{script/Arabic|جي مَٿَان}} || {{script/Devanagari|जे मथां}} || ''je mathā̃'' || "above, on top of, upon" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| {{script/Arabic|کَان پَري}} || ''khā̃ pare'' || "far from" | | {{script/Arabic|کَان پَري}} || {{script/Devanagari|खां परे}} || ''khā̃ pare'' || "far from" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| {{script/Arabic|جي پَارِ}} || ''je pāri'' || "across, on the other side of" | | {{script/Arabic|جي پَارِ}} || {{script/Devanagari|जे पारि}} || ''je pāri'' || "across, on the other side of" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| {{script/Arabic|جي پَاسي}} || ''je pāse'' || "on the side of, near" | | {{script/Arabic|جي پَاسي}} || {{script/Devanagari|जे पासे}} || ''je pāse'' || "on the side of, near" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| {{script/Arabic|کَان پوءِ}} || ''khā̃ poi'' || "after" | | {{script/Arabic|کَان پوءِ}} || {{script/Devanagari|खां पोइ}} || ''khā̃ poi'' || "after" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| {{script/Arabic|جي پُٺيَان}} || ''je puṭhyā̃'' || "behind" | | {{script/Arabic|جي پُٺيَان}} || {{script/Devanagari|जे पुठियां}} || ''je puṭhyā̃'' || "behind" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| {{script/Arabic|جي سَامهون}} || ''je sāmhõ'' || "in front of, facing" | | {{script/Arabic|جي سَامهون}} || {{script/Devanagari|जे साम्हों}} || ''je sāmhõ'' || "in front of, facing" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| {{script/Arabic|کَان سِوَاءِ}} || ''khā̃ sivāi'' || "besides, apart from" | | {{script/Arabic|کَان سِوَاءِ}} || {{script/Devanagari|खां सिवाइ}} || ''khā̃ sivāi'' || "besides, apart from" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| {{script/Arabic|جي وَاسطي}} || ''je vāste'' || "for the sake of, on account of" | | {{script/Arabic|جي وَاسطي}} || {{script/Devanagari|जे वास्ते}} || ''je vāste'' || "for the sake of, on account of" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| {{script/Arabic|جي ويجهو}} || ''je vejho'' || "near"; [[adessive case|adessive]] | | {{script/Arabic|جي ويجهو}} || {{script/Devanagari|जे वेझो}} || ''je vejho'' || "near"; [[adessive case|adessive]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| {{script/Arabic|جي وِچِ ۾}} || ''je vici mẽ'' || "between, among" | | {{script/Arabic|جي وِچِ ۾}} || {{script/Devanagari|जे विचि में}} || ''je vici mẽ'' || "between, among" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| {{script/Arabic|جي خَاطِرِ}} || ''je xātiri'' || "for the sake of" | | {{script/Arabic|جي خَاطِرِ}} || {{script/Devanagari|जे ख़ातिरि}} || ''je xātiri'' || "for the sake of" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| {{script/Arabic|جي خِلَافِ}} || ''je xilāfi'' || "against" | | {{script/Arabic|جي خِلَافِ}} || {{script/Devanagari|जे ख़िलाफ़ि}} || ''je xilāfi'' || "against" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| {{script/Arabic|جي ذَرِيعي}} || ''je zarī'e'' || "via, through"; [[perlative case|perlative]] | | {{script/Arabic|جي ذَرِيعي}} || {{script/Devanagari|जे ज़रिये}} || ''je zarī'e'' || "via, through"; [[perlative case|perlative]] | ||
|} | |} | ||
| Line 1,239: | Line 1,237: | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Perso-Arabic<br><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]<nowiki>]</nowiki> | ! Perso-Arabic<br><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]<nowiki>]</nowiki> | ||
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ا}}</span><br>{{IPAblink|∅}}/{{IPAblink|ʔ}}/{{IPAblink|aː}} | | style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ا}}</span><br>{{IPAblink|∅|audio=yes}}/{{IPAblink|ʔ|audio=yes}}/{{IPAblink|aː|audio=yes}} | ||
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ب}}</span><br>{{IPAblink|b}} | | style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ب}}</span><br>{{IPAblink|b|audio=yes}} | ||
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ٻ}}</span><br>{{IPAblink|ɓ}} | | style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ٻ}}</span><br>{{IPAblink|ɓ|audio=yes}} | ||
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ڀ}}</span><br>{{IPAblink|bʱ}} | | style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ڀ}}</span><br>{{IPAblink|bʱ|audio=yes}} | ||
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ت}}</span><br>{{IPAblink|t}} | | style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ت}}</span><br>{{IPAblink|t|audio=yes}} | ||
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ٿ}}</span><br>{{IPAblink|tʰ}} | | style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ٿ}}</span><br>{{IPAblink|tʰ|audio=yes}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Perso-Arabic<br><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]<nowiki>]</nowiki> | ! Perso-Arabic<br><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]<nowiki>]</nowiki> | ||
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ٽ}}</span><br>{{IPAblink|ʈ}} | | style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ٽ}}</span><br>{{IPAblink|ʈ|audio=yes}} | ||
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ٺ}}</span><br>{{IPAblink|ʈʰ}} | | style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ٺ}}</span><br>{{IPAblink|ʈʰ|audio=yes}} | ||
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" bgcolor="#FFEFD5" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ث}}</span><br>{{IPAblink|s}} | | style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" bgcolor="#FFEFD5" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ث}}</span><br>{{IPAblink|s|audio=yes}} | ||
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|پ}}</span><br>{{IPAblink|p}} | | style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|پ}}</span><br>{{IPAblink|p|audio=yes}} | ||
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ج}}</span><br>{{IPAblink|d͡ʑ}} | | style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ج}}</span><br>{{IPAblink|d͡ʑ|audio=yes}} | ||
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ڄ}}</span><br>{{IPAblink|ʄ}} | | style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ڄ}}</span><br>{{IPAblink|ʄ|audio=yes}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Perso-Arabic<br><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]<nowiki>]</nowiki> | ! Perso-Arabic<br><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]<nowiki>]</nowiki> | ||
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|جهہ}}</span><br>{{IPAblink|d͡ʑʰ}} | | style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|جهہ}}</span><br>{{IPAblink|d͡ʑʰ|audio=yes}} | ||
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ڃ}}</span><br>{{IPAblink|ɲ}} | | style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ڃ}}</span><br>{{IPAblink|ɲ|audio=yes}} | ||
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|چ}}</span><br>{{IPAblink|t͡ɕ}} | | style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|چ}}</span><br>{{IPAblink|t͡ɕ|audio=yes}} | ||
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ڇ}}</span><br>{{IPAblink|t͡ɕʰ}} | | style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ڇ}}</span><br>{{IPAblink|t͡ɕʰ|audio=yes}} | ||
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" bgcolor="#FFEFD5" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ح}}</span><br>{{IPAblink|h}} | | style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" bgcolor="#FFEFD5" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ح}}</span><br>{{IPAblink|h|audio=yes}} | ||
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|خ}}</span><br>{{IPAblink|x}} | | style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|خ}}</span><br>{{IPAblink|x|audio=yes}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Perso-Arabic<br><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]<nowiki>]</nowiki> | ! Perso-Arabic<br><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]<nowiki>]</nowiki> | ||
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|د}}</span><br>{{IPAblink|d}} | | style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|د}}</span><br>{{IPAblink|d|audio=yes}} | ||
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ڌ}}</span><br>{{IPAblink|dʱ}} | | style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ڌ}}</span><br>{{IPAblink|dʱ|audio=yes}} | ||
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ڏ}}</span><br>{{IPAblink|ɗ}} | | style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ڏ}}</span><br>{{IPAblink|ɗ|audio=yes}} | ||
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ڊ}}</span><br>{{IPAblink|ɖ}} | | style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ڊ}}</span><br>{{IPAblink|ɖ|audio=yes}} | ||
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ڍ}}</span><br>{{IPAblink|ɖʱ}} | | style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ڍ}}</span><br>{{IPAblink|ɖʱ|audio=yes}} | ||
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" bgcolor="#FFEFD5" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ذ}}</span><br>{{IPAblink|z}} | | style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" bgcolor="#FFEFD5" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ذ}}</span><br>{{IPAblink|z|audio=yes}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Perso-Arabic<br><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]<nowiki>]</nowiki> | ! Perso-Arabic<br><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]<nowiki>]</nowiki> | ||
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ر}}</span><br>{{IPAblink|r}} | | style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ر}}</span><br>{{IPAblink|r|audio=yes}} | ||
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ڙ}}</span><br>{{IPAblink|ɽ}} | | style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ڙ}}</span><br>{{IPAblink|ɽ|audio=yes}} | ||
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" bgcolor="#d0dead" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ڙهہ}}</span><br>{{IPAblink|ɽʰ}} | | style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" bgcolor="#d0dead" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ڙهہ}}</span><br>{{IPAblink|ɽʰ|audio=yes}} | ||
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ز}}</span><br>{{IPAblink|z}} | | style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ز}}</span><br>{{IPAblink|z|audio=yes}} | ||
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" bgcolor="#FFEFD5" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ژ}}</span><br>{{IPAblink|ʒ}} | | style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" bgcolor="#FFEFD5" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ژ}}</span><br>{{IPAblink|ʒ|audio=yes}} | ||
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|س}}</span><br>{{IPAblink|s}} | | style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|س}}</span><br>{{IPAblink|s|audio=yes}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Perso-Arabic<br><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]<nowiki>]</nowiki> | ! Perso-Arabic<br><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]<nowiki>]</nowiki> | ||
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ش}}</span><br>{{IPAblink|ʂ}} | | style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ش}}</span><br>{{IPAblink|ʂ|audio=yes}} | ||
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" bgcolor="#FFEFD5" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ص}}</span><br>{{IPAblink|s}} | | style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" bgcolor="#FFEFD5" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ص}}</span><br>{{IPAblink|s|audio=yes}} | ||
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" bgcolor="#FFEFD5" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ض}}</span><br>{{IPAblink|z}} | | style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" bgcolor="#FFEFD5" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ض}}</span><br>{{IPAblink|z|audio=yes}} | ||
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" bgcolor="#FFEFD5" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ط}}</span><br>{{IPAblink|t}} | | style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" bgcolor="#FFEFD5" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ط}}</span><br>{{IPAblink|t|audio=yes}} | ||
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" bgcolor="#FFEFD5" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ظ}}</span><br>{{IPAblink|z}} | | style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" bgcolor="#FFEFD5" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ظ}}</span><br>{{IPAblink|z|audio=yes}} | ||
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" bgcolor="#FFEFD5" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ع}}</span><br>{{IPAblink|ɑː}}/{{IPAblink|oː}}/{{IPAblink|eː}}/{{IPAblink|ʔ}}/{{IPAblink|∅}} | | style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" bgcolor="#FFEFD5" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ع}}</span><br>{{IPAblink|ɑː|audio=yes}}/{{IPAblink|oː|audio=yes}}/{{IPAblink|eː|audio=yes}}/{{IPAblink|ʔ|audio=yes}}/{{IPAblink|∅|audio=yes}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Perso-Arabic<br><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]<nowiki>]</nowiki> | ! Perso-Arabic<br><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]<nowiki>]</nowiki> | ||
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|غ}}</span><br>{{IPAblink|ɣ}} | | style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|غ}}</span><br>{{IPAblink|ɣ|audio=yes}} | ||
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ف}}</span><br>{{IPAblink|f}} | | style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ف}}</span><br>{{IPAblink|f|audio=yes}} | ||
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ڦ}}</span><br>{{IPAblink|pʰ}} | | style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ڦ}}</span><br>{{IPAblink|pʰ|audio=yes}} | ||
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ق}}</span><br>{{IPAblink|q}} | | style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ق}}</span><br>{{IPAblink|q|audio=yes}} | ||
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ڪ}}</span><br>{{IPAblink|k}} | | style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ڪ}}</span><br>{{IPAblink|k|audio=yes}} | ||
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ک}}</span><br>{{IPAblink|kʰ}} | | style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ک}}</span><br>{{IPAblink|kʰ|audio=yes}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Perso-Arabic<br><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]<nowiki>]</nowiki> | ! Perso-Arabic<br><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]<nowiki>]</nowiki> | ||
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|گ}}</span><br>{{IPAblink|ɡ}} | | style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|گ}}</span><br>{{IPAblink|ɡ|audio=yes}} | ||
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ڳ}}</span><br>{{IPAblink|ɠ}} | | style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ڳ}}</span><br>{{IPAblink|ɠ|audio=yes}} | ||
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|گهہ}}</span><br>{{IPAblink|ɡʱ}} | | style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|گهہ}}</span><br>{{IPAblink|ɡʱ|audio=yes}} | ||
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ڱ}}</span><br>{{IPAblink|ŋ}} | | style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ڱ}}</span><br>{{IPAblink|ŋ|audio=yes}} | ||
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ل}}</span><br>{{IPAblink|l}} | | style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ل}}</span><br>{{IPAblink|l|audio=yes}} | ||
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" bgcolor="#d0dead" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|لهہ}}</span><br>{{IPAblink|lʱ}} | | style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" bgcolor="#d0dead" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|لهہ}}</span><br>{{IPAblink|lʱ|audio=yes}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Perso-Arabic<br><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]<nowiki>]</nowiki> | ! Perso-Arabic<br><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]<nowiki>]</nowiki> | ||
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic| | | style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|مـ}}</span><br>{{IPAblink|m|audio=yes}} | ||
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" bgcolor="#d0dead" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|مهہ}}</span><br>{{IPAblink|mʰ}} | | style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" bgcolor="#d0dead" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|مهہ}}</span><br>{{IPAblink|mʰ|audio=yes}} | ||
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ن}}</span><br>{{IPAblink|n}}/{{IPAblink|◌̃}} | | style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ن}}</span><br>{{IPAblink|n|audio=yes}}/{{IPAblink|◌̃|audio=yes}} | ||
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" bgcolor="#d0dead" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|نهہ}}</span><br>{{IPAblink|nʰ}} | | style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" bgcolor="#d0dead" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|نهہ}}</span><br>{{IPAblink|nʰ|audio=yes}} | ||
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ڻ}}</span><br>{{IPAblink|ɳ}} | | style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ڻ}}</span><br>{{IPAblink|ɳ|audio=yes}} | ||
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" bgcolor="#d0dead" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ڻهہ}}</span><br>{{IPAblink|ɳʰ}} | | style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" bgcolor="#d0dead" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ڻهہ}}</span><br>{{IPAblink|ɳʰ}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Perso-Arabic<br><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]<nowiki>]</nowiki> | ! Perso-Arabic<br><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]<nowiki>]</nowiki> | ||
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|و}}</span><br>{{IPAblink|ʋ}}/{{IPAblink|ʊ}}/{{IPAblink|oː}}/{{IPAblink|ɔː}}/{{IPAblink|uː}} | | style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|و}}</span><br>{{IPAblink|ʋ|audio=yes}}/{{IPAblink|ʊ|audio=yes}}/{{IPAblink|oː|audio=yes}}/{{IPAblink|ɔː|audio=yes}}/{{IPAblink|uː|audio=yes}} | ||
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ھ}}</span><br>{{IPAblink|h}} | | style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ھ}}</span><br>{{IPAblink|h|audio=yes}} | ||
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" bgcolor="#FFEFD5" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|هـ ه}}</span><br>{{IPAblink|h}} | | style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" bgcolor="#FFEFD5" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|هـ ه}}</span><br>{{IPAblink|h|audio=yes}} | ||
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ـہ ہ}}</span><br>[ə]/[əʰ]/[∅] | | style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ـہ ہ}}</span><br>[ə]/[əʰ]/[∅] | ||
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ء}}</span><br>{{IPAblink|ʔ}}/{{IPAblink|∅}} | | style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ء}}</span><br>{{IPAblink|ʔ|audio=yes}}/{{IPAblink|∅|audio=yes}} | ||
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ي}}</span><br>{{IPAblink|j}}/{{IPAblink|iː}} | | style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ي}}</span><br>{{IPAblink|j|audio=yes}}/{{IPAblink|iː|audio=yes}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Perso-Arabic<br><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]<nowiki>]</nowiki> | ! Perso-Arabic<br><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]<nowiki>]</nowiki> | ||
| Line 1,323: | Line 1,321: | ||
|} | |} | ||
The orthography of the letter ''hāʾ'' in Sindhi, especially as it comes to typing as opposed to handwriting, has been a source of confusion for many. Especially because whereas in [[Arabic alphabet|Arabic]] and [[Persian alphabet|Persian]], there exists one single letter for ''hāʾ'', in [[Urdu alphabet|Urdu]], the letter has diverged into two distinct variants: ''[[gol he]]'' ("round he") and ''do-cašmi he'' ("two-eyed he"). The former is written is written round and zigzagged as "{{Nastaliq|ہـ ـہـ ـہ ہ}}", and can impart the "h" ({{IPA|/ɦ/}}) sound anywhere in a word, or the long "a" or the "e" vowels ({{IPA|/ɑː/}} or {{IPA|/eː/}}) at the end of a word. The latter is written in Arabic Naskh style (as a loop) ({{Nastaliq|ھ}}) , in order to be used in digraphs and to create the aspirate consonants. | The orthography of the letter ''hāʾ'' in Sindhi, especially as it comes to typing as opposed to handwriting, has been a source of confusion for many. Especially because whereas in [[Arabic alphabet|Arabic]] and [[Persian alphabet|Persian]], there exists one single letter for ''hāʾ'', in [[Urdu alphabet|Urdu]], the letter has diverged into two distinct variants: ''[[gol he]]'' ("round he") and ''do-cašmi he'' ("two-eyed he"). The former is written is written round and zigzagged as "{{Nastaliq|ہـ ـہـ ـہ ہ}}", and can impart the "h" ({{IPA|/ɦ/}}) sound anywhere in a word, or the long "a" or the "e" vowels ({{IPA|/ɑː/}} or {{IPA|/eː/}}) at the end of a word. The latter is written in Arabic Naskh style (as a loop) ({{Nastaliq|ھ}}), in order to be used in digraphs and to create the aspirate consonants. | ||
For most aspirated consonants, Sindhi relies on unique letters as opposed to the Urdu practice of digraphs. However, this doesn't apply to all aspirated consonants. Some are still written as digraphs. The letter ''hāʾ'' is also used in Sindhi to represent the sound [h] in native Sindhi words, in Arabic and Persian loanwords, and to represent vowels ({{IPA|/ə/}} or {{IPA|/əʰ/}}) at the end of the word. The notations and conventions in Sindhi are different from either Persian or Arabic and from Urdu. Given the variety of the types of ''hāʾ'' across these languages for which [[Unicode]] characters have been designed, in order for the letters to be displayed correctly when typing, a correct and consistent convention needs to be followed. The following table will present these in detail.<ref>Kamal Mansour (2023), ''Handling of the Heh in Sindhi Text'', L2-23/17 [https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2023/23117-sindhi-heh.pdf https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2023/23117-sindhi-heh.pdf] ([https://web.archive.org/web/20240509150748/https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2023/23117-sindhi-heh.pdf Archive])</ref><ref>Lorna Priest Evans (2021), Regarding the Sindhi Heh, L2-22/052 [https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2022/22052-regarding-sindhi-heh.pdf https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2022/22052-regarding-sindhi-heh.pdf] ([https://web.archive.org/web/20240114104153/https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2022/22052-regarding-sindhi-heh.pdf Archive])</ref> | For most aspirated consonants, Sindhi relies on unique letters as opposed to the Urdu practice of digraphs. However, this doesn't apply to all aspirated consonants. Some are still written as digraphs. The letter ''hāʾ'' is also used in Sindhi to represent the sound [h] in native Sindhi words, in Arabic and Persian loanwords, and to represent vowels ({{IPA|/ə/}} or {{IPA|/əʰ/}}) at the end of the word. The notations and conventions in Sindhi are different from either Persian or Arabic and from Urdu. Given the variety of the types of ''hāʾ'' across these languages for which [[Unicode]] characters have been designed, in order for the letters to be displayed correctly when typing, a correct and consistent convention needs to be followed. The following table will present these in detail.<ref>Kamal Mansour (2023), ''Handling of the Heh in Sindhi Text'', L2-23/17 [https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2023/23117-sindhi-heh.pdf https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2023/23117-sindhi-heh.pdf] ([https://web.archive.org/web/20240509150748/https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2023/23117-sindhi-heh.pdf Archive])</ref><ref>Lorna Priest Evans (2021), Regarding the Sindhi Heh, L2-22/052 [https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2022/22052-regarding-sindhi-heh.pdf https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2022/22052-regarding-sindhi-heh.pdf] ([https://web.archive.org/web/20240114104153/https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2022/22052-regarding-sindhi-heh.pdf Archive])</ref> | ||
| Line 1,342: | Line 1,340: | ||
| [[:wiktionary: ھ|U+06BE]] | | [[:wiktionary: ھ|U+06BE]] | ||
| style="font-size: 150%" dir="rtl" |{{script/Arabic|ـھ}} | | style="font-size: 150%" dir="rtl" |{{script/Arabic|ـھ}} | ||
| style="font-size: 150%" dir="rtl" |{{script/Arabic|ـھـ}} | | rowspan="2" style="font-size: 150%" dir="rtl" |{{script/Arabic|ـھـ}} | ||
| style="font-size: 150%" dir="rtl" |{{script/Arabic|ھـ}} | | rowspan="2" style="font-size: 150%" dir="rtl" |{{script/Arabic|ھـ}} | ||
| style="font-size: 150%" dir="rtl" |{{script/Arabic|ھ}} | | rowspan="2" style="font-size: 150%" dir="rtl" |{{script/Arabic|ھ}} | ||
| {{IPAblink|h}} | | {{IPAblink|h}} | ||
| | | | ||
| Line 1,351: | Line 1,349: | ||
| [[:wiktionary: ه|U+0647]] | | [[:wiktionary: ه|U+0647]] | ||
| style="font-size: 150%" dir="rtl" |{{script/Arabic|ـه}} | | style="font-size: 150%" dir="rtl" |{{script/Arabic|ـه}} | ||
| {{IPAblink|h}} | | {{IPAblink|h}} | ||
| Used for borrowed words | | Used for borrowed words | ||
| Line 1,364: | Line 1,359: | ||
| style="font-size: 150%" dir="rtl" |{{script/Arabic|جهہ}} | | style="font-size: 150%" dir="rtl" |{{script/Arabic|جهہ}} | ||
| {{IPAblink|d͡ʑʰ}} | | {{IPAblink|d͡ʑʰ}} | ||
| In ''isolated'' and ''final'' positions, an extra ''hāʾ'' {{script/Arabic|ـہ}} ([[:wiktionary: ہ|U+06C1]]) is added | | rowspan="2" | In ''isolated'' and ''final'' positions, an extra ''hāʾ'' {{script/Arabic|ـہ}} ([[:wiktionary: ہ|U+06C1]]) is added | ||
| style="font-size: 110%" dir="rtl" | {{script/Arabic|ٻا{{red|جَهہ}}⹁ اُ{{red|جِه}}ي⹁ من{{red|جه}}ان⹁ ڪُ{{red|جهہ}}}} | | style="font-size: 110%" dir="rtl" | {{script/Arabic|ٻا{{red|جَهہ}}⹁ اُ{{red|جِه}}ي⹁ من{{red|جه}}ان⹁ ڪُ{{red|جهہ}}}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Line 1,373: | Line 1,368: | ||
| style="font-size: 150%" dir="rtl" |{{script/Arabic|گهہ}} | | style="font-size: 150%" dir="rtl" |{{script/Arabic|گهہ}} | ||
| {{IPAblink|ɡʱ}} | | {{IPAblink|ɡʱ}} | ||
| style="font-size: 110%" dir="rtl" | {{script/Arabic|{{red|گهہ}}⹁ {{red|گه}}وٽُ⹁ {{red|گه}}ڻ{{red|گُه}}رون⹁ س{{red|گهہ}}}} | | style="font-size: 110%" dir="rtl" | {{script/Arabic|{{red|گهہ}}⹁ {{red|گه}}وٽُ⹁ {{red|گه}}ڻ{{red|گُه}}رون⹁ س{{red|گهہ}}}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Line 1,379: | Line 1,373: | ||
| style="font-size: 150%" dir="rtl" |{{script/Arabic|ـهہ}} | | style="font-size: 150%" dir="rtl" |{{script/Arabic|ـهہ}} | ||
| style="font-size: 150%" dir="rtl" |{{script/Arabic|ـهـ}} | | style="font-size: 150%" dir="rtl" |{{script/Arabic|ـهـ}} | ||
| | | colspan="2" style="font-size: 150%" dir="rtl" | - | ||
| {{IPAblink|◌ʰ}} | | {{IPAblink|◌ʰ}} | ||
| Forming part of digraph for representation of other aspirated consonants ([ɽʰ], [lʱ], [mʰ], [nʰ], [ɳʰ]). In ''isolated'' and ''final'' positions, an extra ''hāʾ'' {{script/Arabic|ـہ}} ([[:wiktionary: ہ|U+06C1]]) is added | | Forming part of digraph for representation of other aspirated consonants ([ɽʰ], [lʱ], [mʰ], [nʰ], [ɳʰ]). In ''isolated'' and ''final'' positions, an extra ''hāʾ'' {{script/Arabic|ـہ}} ([[:wiktionary: ہ|U+06C1]]) is added | ||
| Line 1,387: | Line 1,380: | ||
| [[:wiktionary: ہ|U+06C1]] | | [[:wiktionary: ہ|U+06C1]] | ||
| style="font-size: 150%" dir="rtl" |{{script/Arabic|ـہ}} | | style="font-size: 150%" dir="rtl" |{{script/Arabic|ـہ}} | ||
| | | colspan="2" style="font-size: 150%" dir="rtl" | - | ||
| style="font-size: 150%" dir="rtl" | {{script/Arabic|ہ}} | | style="font-size: 150%" dir="rtl" | {{script/Arabic|ہ}} | ||
| [ə] / [əʰ] / [∅] | | [ə] / [əʰ] / [∅] | ||
| Line 1,395: | Line 1,387: | ||
|} | |} | ||
The punctuation of Sindhi Perso-Arabic script differs slightly from that of [[Urdu alphabet|Urdu]], [[Persian alphabet|Persian]], and [[Arabic alphabet|Arabic]]. Namely, instead of using the typical ''inverted comma'' ({{script/Arabic|،}} <nowiki>[</nowiki>[[:wiktionary:،|U+060C]]<nowiki>]</nowiki>) common in these mentioned alphabet, a ''reversed comma'' ({{script/Arabic|⹁}} <nowiki>[</nowiki>[[:wiktionary: ⹁|U+2E41]]<nowiki>]</nowiki>) is used | The punctuation of Sindhi Perso-Arabic script differs slightly from that of [[Urdu alphabet|Urdu]], [[Persian alphabet|Persian]], and [[Arabic alphabet|Arabic]]. Namely, instead of using the typical ''inverted comma'' ({{script/Arabic|،}} <nowiki>[</nowiki>[[:wiktionary:،|U+060C]]<nowiki>]</nowiki>) common in these mentioned alphabet, a ''reversed comma'' ({{script/Arabic|⹁}} <nowiki>[</nowiki>[[:wiktionary: ⹁|U+2E41]]<nowiki>]</nowiki>) is used, although many documents do indeed incorrectly use Urdu punctuations.<ref>{{cite web | title=Sindhi Arabic orthography notes | url=https://r12a.github.io/scripts/arab/sd.html }}</ref> | ||
{| class="wikitable plain-row-headers" | {| class="wikitable plain-row-headers" | ||
| Line 1,408: | Line 1,400: | ||
! scope="row" | [[Urdu alphabet|Urdu]] | ! scope="row" | [[Urdu alphabet|Urdu]] | ||
| style="font-size: 150%" dir="rtl" | {{script/Arabic|۔}} | | style="font-size: 150%" dir="rtl" | {{script/Arabic|۔}} | ||
| style="font-size: 150%" dir="rtl" | {{script/Arabic|،}} | | rowspan="2" style="font-size: 150%" dir="rtl" | {{script/Arabic|،}} | ||
| style="font-size: 150%" dir="rtl" | {{script/Arabic|؛}} | | rowspan="2" style="font-size: 150%" dir="rtl" | {{script/Arabic|؛}} | ||
|- class="letters-red" | |- class="letters-red" | ||
! scope="row" | [[Persian alphabet|Persian]]/[[Arabic alphabet|Arabic]] | ! scope="row" | [[Persian alphabet|Persian]]/[[Arabic alphabet|Arabic]] | ||
| style="font-size: 150%" dir="rtl" | {{script/Arabic|.}} | | style="font-size: 150%" dir="rtl" | {{script/Arabic|.}} | ||
|} | |} | ||
| Line 1,422: | Line 1,412: | ||
In India, the Devanagari script is also used to write Sindhi.<ref name="auto3"/> A modern version was introduced by the government of India in 1948; however, it did not gain full acceptance, so both the Sindhi-Arabic and Devanagari scripts are used. In India, a person may write a Sindhi language paper for a Civil Services Examination in either script.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.lmp.ucla.edu/Profile.aspx?menu=004&LangID=201 |title=UCLA Language Materials Project: Language Profile |access-date=2007-10-06 |archive-date=2014-10-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141022024834/http://www.lmp.ucla.edu/Profile.aspx?menu=004&LangID=201 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Devanagari was seen as the most practical option for Sindhi language in India.<ref name="in"/> [[Diacritic]]al bars below the letter are used to mark implosive consonants, and [[dot (diacritic)|dots]] called ''[[nukta]]'' are used to form other additional consonants. | In India, the Devanagari script is also used to write Sindhi.<ref name="auto3"/> A modern version was introduced by the government of India in 1948; however, it did not gain full acceptance, so both the Sindhi-Arabic and Devanagari scripts are used. In India, a person may write a Sindhi language paper for a Civil Services Examination in either script.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.lmp.ucla.edu/Profile.aspx?menu=004&LangID=201 |title=UCLA Language Materials Project: Language Profile |access-date=2007-10-06 |archive-date=2014-10-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141022024834/http://www.lmp.ucla.edu/Profile.aspx?menu=004&LangID=201 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Devanagari was seen as the most practical option for Sindhi language in India.<ref name="in"/> [[Diacritic]]al bars below the letter are used to mark implosive consonants, and [[dot (diacritic)|dots]] called ''[[nukta]]'' are used to form other additional consonants. | ||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | ||
! {{ | ! {{script/Devanagari|अ}} | ||
! {{ | ! {{script/Devanagari|आ}} | ||
! {{ | ! {{script/Devanagari|इ}} | ||
! {{ | ! {{script/Devanagari|ई}} | ||
! {{ | ! {{script/Devanagari|उ}} | ||
! {{ | ! {{script/Devanagari|ऊ}} | ||
! {{ | ! {{script/Devanagari|ए}} | ||
! {{ | ! {{script/Devanagari|ऐ}} | ||
! {{ | ! {{script/Devanagari|ओ}} | ||
! {{ | ! {{script/Devanagari|औ}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
| {{IPA|ə}} | | {{IPA|ə}} | ||
| Line 1,444: | Line 1,434: | ||
| {{IPA|ɔ}} | | {{IPA|ɔ}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
! {{ | ! {{script/Devanagari|क}} | ||
! {{ | ! {{script/Devanagari|ख}} | ||
! {{ | ! {{script/Devanagari|ख़}} | ||
! {{ | ! {{script/Devanagari|ग}} | ||
! {{ | ! {{script/Devanagari|ॻ}} | ||
! {{ | ! {{script/Devanagari|ग़}} | ||
! | ! | ||
! {{ | ! {{script/Devanagari|घ}} | ||
! | ! | ||
! {{ | ! {{script/Devanagari|ङ}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
| {{IPA|k}} | | {{IPA|k}} | ||
| Line 1,466: | Line 1,456: | ||
| {{IPA|ŋ}} | | {{IPA|ŋ}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
! {{ | ! {{script/Devanagari|च}} | ||
! {{ | ! {{script/Devanagari|छ}} | ||
! | ! | ||
! {{ | ! {{script/Devanagari|ज}} | ||
! {{ | ! {{script/Devanagari|ॼ}} | ||
! {{ | ! {{script/Devanagari|ज़}} | ||
! | ! | ||
! {{ | ! {{script/Devanagari|झ}} | ||
! | ! | ||
! {{ | ! {{script/Devanagari|ञ}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
| {{IPA|t͡ɕ}} | | {{IPA|t͡ɕ}} | ||
| Line 1,488: | Line 1,478: | ||
| {{IPA|ɲ}} | | {{IPA|ɲ}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
! {{ | ! {{script/Devanagari|ट}} | ||
! {{ | ! {{script/Devanagari|ठ}} | ||
! | ! | ||
! {{ | ! {{script/Devanagari|ड}} | ||
! {{ | ! {{script/Devanagari|ॾ}} | ||
! {{ | ! {{script/Devanagari|ड़}} | ||
! | ! | ||
! {{ | ! {{script/Devanagari|ढ}} | ||
! {{ | ! {{script/Devanagari|ढ़}} | ||
! {{ | ! {{script/Devanagari|ण}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
| {{IPA|ʈ}} | | {{IPA|ʈ}} | ||
| Line 1,510: | Line 1,500: | ||
| {{IPA|ɳ}} | | {{IPA|ɳ}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
! {{ | ! {{script/Devanagari|त}} | ||
! {{ | ! {{script/Devanagari|थ}} | ||
! | ! | ||
! {{ | ! {{script/Devanagari|द}} | ||
!colspan="3"| | !colspan="3"| | ||
! {{ | ! {{script/Devanagari|ध}} | ||
! | ! | ||
! {{ | ! {{script/Devanagari|न}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
| {{IPA|t}} | | {{IPA|t}} | ||
| Line 1,528: | Line 1,518: | ||
| {{IPA|n}} | | {{IPA|n}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
! {{ | ! {{script/Devanagari|प}} | ||
! {{ | ! {{script/Devanagari|फ}} | ||
! {{ | ! {{script/Devanagari|फ़}} | ||
! {{ | ! {{script/Devanagari|ब}} | ||
! {{ | ! {{script/Devanagari|ॿ}} | ||
!colspan="2"| | !colspan="2"| | ||
! {{ | ! {{script/Devanagari|भ}} | ||
! | ! | ||
! {{ | ! {{script/Devanagari|म}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
| {{IPA|p}} | | {{IPA|p}} | ||
| Line 1,548: | Line 1,538: | ||
| {{IPA|m}} | | {{IPA|m}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
! {{ | ! {{script/Devanagari|य}} | ||
! {{ | ! {{script/Devanagari|र}} | ||
! {{ | ! {{script/Devanagari|ल}} | ||
! {{ | ! {{script/Devanagari|व}} | ||
!colspan="6"| | !colspan="6"| | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Line 1,560: | Line 1,550: | ||
|colspan="6"| | |colspan="6"| | ||
|- | |- | ||
! {{ | ! {{script/Devanagari|श}} | ||
! {{ | ! {{script/Devanagari|ष}} | ||
! {{ | ! {{script/Devanagari|स}} | ||
! {{ | ! {{script/Devanagari|ह}} | ||
!colspan="6"| | !colspan="6"| | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Line 1,742: | Line 1,732: | ||
====Khojki==== | ====Khojki==== | ||
Khojki was employed primarily to record Muslim Shia Ismaili religious literature, as well as literature for a few secret Shia Muslim sects.<ref name="auto3">{{cite web|url=https://www.unicode.org/wg2/docs/n3871.pdf|title=Proposal to Encode the Sindhi Script in ISO/IEC 10646 |publisher=ISO/IEC JTC1/SC2/WG2 |date=2010-09-10 |access-date=2024-06-25}}</ref> | Khojki was employed primarily to record Muslim Shia Ismaili religious literature, as well as literature for a few secret Shia Muslim sects.<ref name="auto3">{{cite web|url=https://www.unicode.org/wg2/docs/n3871.pdf|title=Proposal to Encode the Sindhi Script in ISO/IEC 10646 |publisher=ISO/IEC JTC1/SC2/WG2 |date=2010-09-10 |access-date=2024-06-25}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.unicode.org/wg2/docs/n3978.pdf|title=Final Proposal to Encode the Khojki Script in ISO/IEC 10646 |publisher=ISO/IEC JTC1/SC2/WG2 |date=2011-01-28 |access-date=2024-06-25}}</ref> | ||
<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.unicode.org/wg2/docs/n3978.pdf|title=Final Proposal to Encode the Khojki Script in ISO/IEC 10646 |publisher=ISO/IEC JTC1/SC2/WG2 |date=2011-01-28 |access-date=2024-06-25}}</ref> | |||
====Gurmukhi==== | ====Gurmukhi==== | ||
| Line 1,750: | Line 1,739: | ||
=== Roman Sindhi === | === Roman Sindhi === | ||
{{See also|Romanisation of Sindhi}} | {{See also|Romanisation of Sindhi}} | ||
The Sindhi-Roman script or Roman-Sindhi script is the contemporary Sindhi script usually used by the Sindhis when texting messages on their mobile phones.<ref>{{Cite web|url= | The Sindhi-Roman script or Roman-Sindhi script is the contemporary Sindhi script usually used by the Sindhis when texting messages on their mobile phones.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.romanizedsindhi.org/|title=Romanized Sindhi is teaching reading speaking writing sindhi language globally under alliance of sindhi association of Americas Inc|website=Romanizedsindhi.org|access-date=1 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=CHOICE OF SCRIPT FOR OUR SINDHI LANGUAGE|url=http://www.chandiramani.com/choiceofascript.html|website=Chandiramani.com|access-date=7 May 2016}}</ref> | ||
== Advocacy == | == Advocacy == | ||
| Line 1,775: | Line 1,764: | ||
* [[Sindhi literature]] | * [[Sindhi literature]] | ||
* [[Sindhi poetry]] | * [[Sindhi poetry]] | ||
* [[Kholosi language|Kholusi Language]] | |||
==Notes== | ==Notes== | ||
| Line 1,802: | Line 1,792: | ||
{{commons category}} | {{commons category}} | ||
{{EB1911 poster|Sindhi and Lahnda|Sindhi language}} | {{EB1911 poster|Sindhi and Lahnda|Sindhi language}} | ||
* [ | * [https://www.sindhila.org/ Sindhi Language Authority] | ||
* [http://www.ijunoon.com/sindhi/ Sindhi Dictionary] | * [http://www.ijunoon.com/sindhi/ Sindhi Dictionary] | ||
* {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150831155410/http://www.sindhilanguage.com/ |date=August 31, 2015 |title=All about Sindhi language and culture }} | * {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150831155410/http://www.sindhilanguage.com/ |date=August 31, 2015 |title=All about Sindhi language and culture }} | ||
Latest revision as of 22:44, 30 December 2025
Template:Short description Script error: No such module "Distinguish". Script error: No such module "Infobox".Template:Template otherScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".<templatestyles src="Template:Infobox/styles-images.css" />Script error: No such module "Check for conflicting parameters". Template:Contains special characters
Sindhi (Script error: No such module "Lang"., Sindhī, Script error: No such module "IPA".)Template:Efn is an Indo-Aryan language belonging to the Indo-Iranian branch of the Indo-European language family. It is primarily spoken by the Sindhi people native to the Pakistani province of Sindh, where the language has official status.[1] It constitutes the mother tongue of over 34 million people in Pakistan, primarily concentrated in Sindh; with historic communities in neighbouring Balochistan as well. It is also spoken by 1.7 million people in India, mostly by the descendants of partition-era migrants; with it having the status of a scheduled language in the country without any state-level official status.[2] Sindhi is written in the Sindhi alphabet of the Perso-Arabic script, the sole official script for the language in Pakistan; while in India, both the Perso-Arabic and Devanagari scripts are used.
With over 37 million native speakers, Sindhi is a major South Asian language, being the most-widely spoken language in southern PakistanTemplate:Efn and third most-widely spoken in the entirety of Pakistan (after Punjabi and Pashto). The language is also geographically spread out of South Asia as it is spoken by the Sindhi diaspora, present around the world, primarily in the Gulf states, the Western world and the Far East.[3]
Being classified under the Northwestern branch of the Indo-Aryan languages, Sindhi, apart from other Sindhic languages, is most closely related to Punjabi. It is descended from Shauraseni Prakrit, which gradually developed into Apabhraṃśa and then into Early Sindhi. Sindhi further developed during the Islamic Golden Age and the Islamic period in South Asia, expanding its vocabulary under the influence of Arabic and Persian; with the earliest written evidence of Sindhi as a language being a translation of the Quran, dated back to 883 AD.[4] Middle Sindhi produced the language's greatest pieces of literature, including recorded forms of orally-transmitted folk tales; as well as Sufi literature, including Shah Jo Risalo, the single greatest piece of Sindhi literature, by Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai. Modern Sindhi developed and was officially standardised and promoted during the British colonial era, replacing Persian as the primary official language of Sindh in 1848.[5]
Sindhi is an inflected language, with five cases for noun, three for personal pronoun, four for third-person pronoun; eleven case markers; two genders (masculine, feminine); and two numbers (singular, plural). The base of its vocabulary is derived from Sanskrit in the form of Prakrit and Apabhraṃśa, while a significant portion of its high-register speech is derived from Persian and Arabic, along with a number of recent loanwords borrowed from English; and to a lesser extent from Portuguese and French. It has also had minor influence from and on neighbouring languages such as Punjabi, Balochi, Brahui, Gujarati, and Marwari.[6]
Sindhi has a number of dialects and an established standard form, referred to as Standard Sindhi, which is based on the dialect of Hyderabad and surrounding areas of central Sindh. The primary regulatory agency for the development and promotion of the language is the Sindhi Language Authority, an autonomous institution of the government of Sindh.[7]
History
Origins
The name "Sindhi" is derived from the Sanskrit síndhu, the original name of the Indus River, along whose delta Sindhi is spoken.[8] In the Bronze Age (c. Template:Trim – c. 1200 BCEScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".), the primary language of this region was likely the Harappan language, but no records exist indicating when or how that language was replaced by the Indo-Aryan languages.[9]
Like other languages of the Indo-Aryan family, Sindhi is descended from Old Indo-Aryan (Sanskrit) via Middle Indo-Aryan (Pali, secondary Prakrits, and Apabhramsha). 20th century Western scholars such as George Abraham Grierson believed that Sindhi descended specifically from the Vrācaḍa dialect of Apabhramsha (described by Markandeya as being spoken in Sindhu-deśa, corresponding to modern Sindh)[10][11] but later work has shown this to be unclear.[12]
The sound changes that characterise the development of Sindhi from Middle Indo-Aryan are:
- Development of implosives from geminate and initial stops (e.g. g-, -gg > ɠ); this is a highly distinctive sound change in NIATemplate:Sfnp
- Shortening of geminates (e.g. MIA akkhi > Sindhi akhi "eye")Template:Sfnp
- Voicing of post-nasal consonants (e.g. MIA danta > Sindhi ɗ̣andu "tooth")Template:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp
- Debuccalization of intervocalic -s- > -h- (shared with some Punjabi varieties, primarily Saraiki)Template:Sfnp
- Intervocalic -l- > -r- (likely via intermediate retroflex -ḷ-), -ll- > -l-,Template:Sfnp -ḍ- > -ṛ-
- Fronting of r from medial clusters to initial (e.g. OIA dīrgha > Sindhi ḍrigho "long")Template:Sfnp
Additionally, the following retentions distinguish Sindhi from other New Indo-Aryan languages:
- Retention of MIA -ṇ-Template:Sfnp
- Retention of final short vowels -a, -i, -u,Template:Sfnp but also insertion of these into loanwordsTemplate:Sfnp
- Retention of long vowels before geminates (more archaic than e.g. Prakrit)Template:Sfnp
- Retention of stop + r clusters but with retroflexion, e.g. tr- > ṭr-Template:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp
- Retention of v-Template:Sfnp
Early Sindhi (–16th century)
Literary attestation of early Sindhi is sparse. The earliest written evidence of Sindhi as a language can be found in a translation of the Qur’an into Sindhi dating back to 883 A.D.[4] Historically, Isma'ili religious literature and poetry in India, as old as the 11th century CE, used a language that was closely related to Sindhi and Gujarati; at this point in time, Sindhi was not clearly established as an independent literary language. Much of this work is in the form of ginans (a kind of devotional hymn).[13][14]
Sindhi was the first Indo-Aryan language to be in close contact with Arabic and Persian following the Umayyad conquest of Sindh in 712 CE. Arabic sources thus do mention the language of Sindh in various instances. The following excerpts are translated from The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians by Henry Miers Elliot.[15]
<templatestyles src="Template:Blockquote/styles.css" />
The language of Sind is different than that of India. Sind is the country which is nearer the domains of the Moslims, India is farther from them.
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The language of Mansúra, Multán, and those parts is Arabic and Sindian. In Makrán they use Persian and Makranic.
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Additionally, the Korean Buddhist monk Hyech'o mentions the unique language of Sindh in his travelogue:
<templatestyles src="Template:Blockquote/styles.css" />
From Takka I walked towards the West for another month and arrived at the country of Sindhukula. The dress, customs, climate, and temperature are similar to north India, although the language is slightly different.
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Medieval Sindhi (16th–19th centuries)
Medieval Sindhi literature is of a primarily religious genre, comprising a syncretic Sufi and Advaita Vedanta poetry, the latter in the devotional bhakti tradition. The format of this poetry is the bayt, indicating significant influence from Arabic and Persian. The earliest known Sindhi poet of the Sufi tradition is Qazi Qadan (1493–1551). Other early poets were Shah Inat Rizvi (c.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 1613–1701) and Shah Abdul Karim Bulri (1538–1623). These poets had a mystical bent that profoundly influenced Sindhi poetry for much of this period.[13]
Another famous part of Medieval Sindhi literature is a wealth of folktales, adapted and readapted into verse by many bards at various times and possibly much older than their earliest literary attestations. These include romantic epics such as Sassui Punnhun, Sohni Mahiwal, Momal Rano, Noori Jam Tamachi, Lilan Chanesar, and others.[17]
The greatest poet of Sindhi was Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai (1689/1690–1752), whose verses were compiled into the Shah Jo Risalo by his followers. While primarily Sufi, his verses also recount traditional Sindhi folktales and aspects of the cultural history of Sindh.[13]
The first attested Sindhi translation of the Quran was done by Akhund Azaz Allah Muttalawi (1747–1824) and published in Gujarat in 1870. The first to appear in print was by Muhammad Siddiq in 1867.[18]
British India (1843–1947)
In 1843, the British conquest of Sindh led the region to become part of the Bombay Presidency. Soon after, in 1848, Governor George Clerk established Sindhi as the official language in the province, removing the literary dominance of Persian. Sir Bartle Frere, the then commissioner of Sindh, issued orders on August 29, 1857, advising civil servants in Sindh to pass an examination in Sindhi. He also ordered the use of Sindhi in official documents.[19] In 1868, the Bombay Presidency assigned Narayan Jagannath Vaidya to replace the Abjad used in Sindhi with the Khudabadi script. The script was decreed a standard script by the Bombay Presidency thus inciting anarchy in the Muslim majority region. A powerful unrest followed, after which Twelve Martial Laws were imposed by the British authorities. The granting of official status of Sindhi along with script reforms ushered in the development of modern Sindhi literature.
The first printed works in Sindhi were produced at the Muhammadi Press in Bombay beginning in 1867. These included Islamic stories set in verse by Muhammad Hashim Thattvi, one of the renowned religious scholars of Sindh.[17]
Independent Pakistan and India (1947–)
The Partition of India in 1947 resulted in most Sindhi speakers ending up in the new state of Pakistan, commencing a push to establish a strong sub-national linguistic identity for Sindhi. This manifested in resistance to the imposition of Urdu and eventually Sindhi nationalism in the 1980s.[20]
The language and literary style of contemporary Sindhi writings in Pakistan and India were noticeably diverging by the late 20th century; authors from the former country were borrowing extensively from Urdu, while those from the latter were highly influenced by Hindi.[21]
Geographical distribution
Sindhi is the official language of the Pakistani province of Sindh[22][1] and one of the scheduled languages of India, where it does not have any state-level status.[23] Prior to the inception of Pakistan, Sindhi was the national language of Sindh.[24][25][26][27]
Sindhi is additionally spoken by many members of the Sindhi diaspora, particularly in Malaysia, Oman, Singapore, UAE, USA and UK.
Pakistan
In Pakistan, Sindhi is the first language of 34.40 million people, or Template:Sigfig% of the country's population as of the 2023 census. 33.46 million of these are found in Sindh, where they account for Template:Sigfig% of the total population of the province.[28] There are 0.55 million speakers in the province of Balochistan, especially in the Kacchi Plain.
Template:Static row numbersTemplate:Sticky headerTemplate:Table alignment
| State | Population |
|---|---|
| Script error: No such module "flag". Pakistan | 34,401,564 |
| Script error: No such module "flag". Sindh | 33,462,299 |
| Script error: No such module "flag". [[Template:Country data Balochistan|Template:Country data Balochistan]] | 555,198 |
| Script error: No such module "flag". [[Template:Country data Punjab|Template:Country data Punjab]] | 352,686 |
| Script error: No such module "flag". Islamabad | 21,362 |
| Script error: No such module "flag". KPK | 10,019 |
The Pakistan Sindh Assembly has ordered compulsory teaching of the Sindhi language in all private schools in Sindh.[29] According to the Sindh Private Educational Institutions Form B (Regulations and Control) 2005 Rules, "All educational institutions are required to teach children the Sindhi language.[30] Sindh Education and Literacy Minister, Syed Sardar Ali Shah, and Secretary of School Education, Qazi Shahid Pervaiz, have ordered the employment of Sindhi teachers in all private schools in Sindh so that this language can be easily and widely taught.[31] Sindhi is taught in all provincial private schools that follow the Matric system and not the ones that follow the Cambridge system.[32]
At the occasion of 'Mother Language Day' in 2023, the Sindh Assembly under Culture minister Sardar Ali Shah, passed a unanimous resolution to extend the use of language to primary level[33] and increase the status of Sindhi as a national language[34][35][36] of Pakistan.
There are many Sindhi language television channels broadcasting in Pakistan such as Time News, KTN, Sindh TV, Awaz Television Network, Mehran TV, and Dharti TV.
India
The Indian Government has legislated Sindhi as a scheduled language in India, making it an option for education. Despite lacking any state-level status, Sindhi is still a prominent minority language in the Indian states of Gujarat, Rajasthan and Maharashtra.[37] In India, Sindhi mother tongue speakers were distributed in the following states: Template:Static row numbersTemplate:Sticky headerTemplate:Table alignment
| State | Population |
|---|---|
| Script error: No such module "flag". India | 2,772,264 |
| Gujarat | 1,184,024 |
| Maharashtra | 723,748 |
| Rajasthan | 386,569 |
| Madhya Pradesh | 245,161 |
| Chhattisgarh | 93,424 |
| Delhi (NCT) | 31,177 |
| Uttar Pradesh | 28,952 |
| Assam | 19,646 |
| Karnataka | 16,954 |
| Andhra Pradesh | 11,299 |
| Tamil Nadu | 8,448 |
| West Bengal | 7,828 |
| Uttarakhand | 2,863 |
| Odisha | 2,338 |
| Bihar | 2,227 |
| Jharkhand | 1,701 |
| Haryana | 1,658 |
| Kerala | 1,251 |
| Punjab | 754 |
| Goa | 656 |
| Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu | 894 |
| Meghalaya | 236 |
| Chandigarh | 134 |
| Puducherry | 94 |
| Nagaland | 82 |
| Himachal Pradesh | 62 |
| Tripura | 30 |
| Jammu and Kashmir | 19 |
| Andaman and Nicobar Islands | 14 |
| Arunachal Pradesh | 12 |
| Lakshadweep | 7 |
| Sikkim | 2 |
Sindhi diaspora
In Malaysia, Indonesia, and Singapore (where Sindhi has no official status), ethnics Sindhis are largely shifting to English as their first language, excepting some monolingual first-generation immigrants and second-generation speakers who use Sindhi at home. Codeswitching of varying degrees is observed in some speakers, usually with English but also with Malay and Indonesian.[39][40][41][42] Similar shift to English is found in the smaller Hong Kong Sindhi community.[43]
Sindhi speakers by country
Template:Static row numbersTemplate:Sticky headerTemplate:Table alignment
| Country | Population |
|---|---|
| Script error: No such module "flag". Pakistan[28] | 34,401,564 |
| Script error: No such module "flag". India[38] | 2,772,264 |
| Script error: No such module "flag". United Arab Emirates[44] | 102,000 |
| Script error: No such module "flag". United States[45] | 6,299 |
| Script error: No such module "flag". Canada[46] | 5,315 |
| Script error: No such module "flag". Singapore[47] | 3,971 |
Dialects
Sindhi has many dialects, and forms a dialect continuum at some places with neighboring languages such as Punjabi to the north and Gujarati to the south, but not with Marwari to the east.[6] Some of the documented dialects of Sindhi are:[48][49][50][6][51]
- Vicholi: The prestige dialect spoken around Hyderabad and central Sindh (the Vicholo region), on which the literary standard is based.
- Uttaradi: The dialect of northern Sindh (Uttaru, meaning "north"), with minor differences in Larkana, Shikarpur and in parts of Sukkur and Kandiaro.[52]
- Lari: The dialect of southern Sindh (Lāṛu) spoken around areas like Karachi, Thatta, Sujawal, Tando Muhammad Khan and Badin districts.
- Siroli (also Siraiki, Ubheji): The dialect of northernmost Sindh (Siro, meaning "head").Template:Sfnp Spoken in smaller number all over Sindh but mainly in Jacobabad and Kashmore districts, it may be transitional with the Saraiki language variety of southern PunjabTemplate:Sfnp and has variously been treated either as a dialect of Saraiki or as a dialect of Sindhi.[53]
- Lasi: The dialect of Lasbela, Hub and Gwadar districts in Balochistan, closely related to Lari and Vicholi, and in contact with Balochi.
- Firaqi: The dialect of the Kachhi plains the north eastern districts of Balochistan, where it is referred to as Firaqi Sindhi or commonly just Sindhi.[54][55]
- Thareli (also Tharechi): Spoken in the northeastern Thar desert of Sindh, but mainly spoken in the western part of Jaisalmer district of Rajasthan, India by many Sindhi Muslims.[56][57]
- Sindhi Bhili: Spoken in Sindh by the Sindhi Meghwars and Bhils.[58][59][60]
Furthermore, Kutchi and Jadgali are sometimes classified as dialects of Sindhi rather than independent languages.
| English | Vicholi | Lari | Uttaradi | Lasi | Kutchi[62] | Dhatki |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| I | Aao(n) | Aao(n) | Mā(n) | Ã | Aau(n) | Hu(n) |
| My | Muhnjo | Mujo | Mānjo/Māhjo | Mojo/Mājo | Mujo | Mānjo/Māhyo |
| You "Sin, plu" (formal) | Awha(n)/Awhee(n)
Tawha(n)/Tawhee(n) |
Aa(n)/Aei(n) | Taha(n)/Taa(n)/
Tahee(n)/Taee(n) |
Awa(n)/Ai(n) | Aa(n)/Ai(n) | Awha/Ahee(n)/ Aween |
| To me | Mukhe | Muke | Mānkhe | Mukh | Muke | Mina |
| We | Asee(n) | Asee(n), Pān | Asā(n) | Asee(n) | Asee(n), Pān | Asee(n), Asā(n) |
| What | Chha/Kahirō | Kujjāro/Kujja | Chha/Shha | Chho | Kuro | Kee |
| Why | Chho | Ko | Chho/Shho | Chhela | Kolāi/Kurelāe | Kayla |
| How | Kiya(n) | Kei(n) | Kiya(n) | Kee(n) | Kiya(n) | |
| No | Na, Kōna, Kōn | Nā(n), Kīna | Na, Kōna, Kāna, Kon, Kān | Nā(n), Ma | Nā | Nā, Ni, Ko, Kon, Ma |
| Legs (plural, fem) | Tangu(n), Jjanghu(n) | Tangu(n), Jjangu(n) | Tangā(n), Jjanghā(n) | |||
| Foot | Pair | Pair/Pagg/Pagulo | Pair | Pair | Pag | Pagg, Pair |
| Far | Pare | Ddoor | Pare/Parte | Ddor | Chhete | Ddor |
| Near | Vejhō | Vejo/Ōdō/Ōdirō/Ore | Vejhō/Vejhe/Orte | Ōddō | Wat, bājūme | Nerro |
| Good/Excellent | Sutho, Chaṅō | Khāso/Sutho/Thhāuko | Sutho, Bhalo, Chango | Khāsho | Khāso, Laat | Sutho, Phutro, Thhāuko |
| High | Utāho | Ucho | Mathe | Ucho | Ucho | Uncho |
| Silver | Rupo | Chādi/Rupo | Chāndi | Rupo | Rupo | |
| Father | Piu | Pay/Abo/Aba/Ada | Pee/Babo/Pirhe(n) | Pe | Pe, Bapa, Ada | |
| Wife | Joe/Gharwāri | Joe/Wani/Kuwār | Zaal/Gharwāri | Zaal | Vahu/Vau | Ddosi, Luggai |
| Man | Mardu | Māņu/Mārū/Mard
/Murs/Musālu |
Mānhu/Musālo/Bhāi
/Kāko/Hamra |
Mānhu | Māḍū/Mārū | Mārū |
| Woman | Aurat | Zāla/ōrat/ōlath | Māi/Ran | Zāla | Bāeḍi/Bāyaḍī | |
| Child/Baby | Bbār/Ningar/Bbālak | Bbār/Ningar/Gabhur/
Bacho/Kako |
Bbār/Bacho/Adro/
Phar (animal) |
Gabhar | Bār/Gabhar/Chokro | |
| Daughter | Dhiu/Niyāni | Dia/Niyāni/Kañā | Dhee/Adri | Dhia | Dhi/Dhikri | Dikri |
| Sun | Siju | Sij, Sūrij | Sijhu | Siju | Sūraj | Sūraj |
| Sunlight | Kārro | Oosa | Tarko | |||
| Cat | Billi | Bili/Pusani | Billi | Phushini | Minni | |
| Rain | Barsāt/Mee(n)h
/Bārish |
Varsāt/Mee(n)/Mai(n) | Barsāt/Mee(n)hu | Varsāt | Meh, Maiwla | |
| And | Aēi(n) | Ãū(n)/Ãē(n)/Nē | Aēi(n)/Aū(n)/Aen | Ãē/Or | Nē/Anē | A'e(n)/Ān |
| Also | Pin/Bhi | Pin, Bee | Bu/Pun | Pin/Pan | ||
| Is | Āhe | Āye | Aa/Āhe/Hai | Āhe/Āye | Āye | Āhe/Āh/Āye/Hai |
| Fire | Bāhe | Bāē/āgg/jjērō | Bāhe/Bāh | Jjērō | Jirō/lagāņō/āg | |
| Water | Pāņī | Pāņī/Jal | Pāņī | Pāņī | Pāņī/Jal | Pāņī |
| Where | Kithē | Kithē | Kithē, Kāthe, Kehda, Kāday, Kādah, Kidah, Kithrē | Kith | Kidhē/Kidhā | Kith |
| Sleep | Nindr(a) | Nind(a) | Nindr(a) | Nind | Ninder | Oongh |
| Slap | Thaparr/Chammāt | Tārr | Chamātu/Chapātu/
Lapātu/Thapu |
Thapaat | ||
| To Wash | Dhoain(u) | Dhun(u) | Dhoain(u)/Dhuan(u)/
Dhowan(u) |
Dhowan | Dhuwan(u)/
Dhoon(u) | |
| Will write (Masc) | Likhandum, Likhandus | Likhados | Likhdum, Likhdus | Likhdosī | likhdos (m) / likhdis (f) | Likhsā(n) |
| I Went | Aao(n) Vius | Aao(n) Vēs | Ma(n) Vayus (m)/ Vayas (f) | Ã viosī | Aau vyos (m) / veyis (f) | Hu Gios |
Phonology
Sindhi has a relatively large inventory of both consonants and vowels compared to other Indo-Aryan languages.[63] Sindhi has 46 consonant phonemes and 10 vowels.[64] The consonant to vowel ratio is around average for the world's languages at 2.8.[65] All plosives, affricates, nasals, the retroflex flap, and the lateral approximant /l/ have aspirated or breathy voiced counterparts. The language also features four implosives.
Consonants
The retroflex consonants are apical postalveolar and do not involve curling back of the tip of the tongue,Template:Sfnp so they could be transcribed Script error: No such module "IPA". in phonetic transcription. The affricates Script error: No such module "IPA". are laminal post-alveolars with a relatively short release. It is not clear if Script error: No such module "IPA". is similar, or truly palatal.[67] Script error: No such module "IPA". is realized as labiovelar Script error: No such module "IPA". or labiodental Script error: No such module "IPA". in free variation, but is not common, except before a stop.
Vowels
The vowels are modal length Script error: No such module "IPA". and short Script error: No such module "IPA".. Consonants following short vowels are lengthened: Script error: No such module "IPA". 'leaf' vs. Script error: No such module "IPA". 'worn'.
Grammar
Nouns
Sindhi nouns distinguish two genders (masculine and feminine), two numbers (singular and plural), and five cases (nominative, vocative, oblique, ablative, and locative). This is a similar paradigm to Punjabi. Almost all Sindhi noun stems end in a vowel, except for some recent loanwords. The declension of a noun in Sindhi is largely determined from its grammatical gender and the final vowel (or if there is no final vowel). Generally, -o stems are masculine and -a stems are feminine, but the other final vowels can belong to either gender.
The different paradigms are listed below with examples.[68] The ablative and locative cases are used with only some lexemes in the singular number and hence not listed, but predictably take the suffixes -ā̃ / -aū̃ / -ū̃ (Template:Gcl) and -i (Template:Gcl).
A few nouns representing familial relations take irregular declensions with an extension in -r- in the plural. These are the masculine nouns Template:Naskh Template:Script/Devanagari bhāu "brother", Template:Naskh Template:Script/Devanagari pīu "father", and the feminine nouns Template:Naskh Template:Script/Devanagari dhīa "daughter", Template:Naskh Template:Script/Devanagari nū̃hã "daughter-in-law", Template:Naskh Template:Script/Devanagari bheṇa "sister", Template:Naskh Template:Script/Devanagari māu "mother", and Template:Naskh Template:Script/Devanagari joi "wife".[68]
| Template:Gcl | Template:Gcl | Gloss | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Template:Gcl | Template:Gcl | Template:Gcl | Template:Gcl | Template:Gcl | Template:Gcl | ||
| Template:Gcl | Template:Naskh Template:Script/Devanagari bhāu |
Template:Naskh Template:Script/Devanagari bhāuru / bhāura |
Template:Naskh Template:Script/Devanagari bhāura / bhāuro |
Template:Naskh Template:Script/Devanagari bhāurani / bhāuni |
brother | ||
| Template:Gcl | Template:Naskh Template:Script/Devanagari dhīa / dhīu |
Template:Naskh Template:Script/Devanagari dhīaru / dhīarū̃ / dhīū̃ |
Template:Naskh Template:Script/Devanagari dhīaruni / dhīuni |
daughter | |||
Pronouns
Personal pronouns
Like other Indo-Aryan languages, Sindhi has first and second-person personal pronouns as well as several types of third-person proximal and distal demonstratives. These decline in the nominative and oblique cases. The genitive is a special form for the first and second-person singular, but formed as usual with the oblique and case marker جو Template:Script/Devanagari jo for the rest. The personal pronouns are listed to the right.Template:Sfnp[69]
The third-person pronouns are listed below. Besides the unmarked demonstratives, there are also "specific" and "present" demonstratives. In the nominative singular, the demonstratives are marked for gender. Some other pronouns which decline identically to Template:Script/Arabic Template:Script/Devanagari ko "someone" are Template:Script/Arabic Template:Script/Devanagari har-ko "everyone", Template:Script/Arabic Template:Script/Devanagari sabh-ko "all of them", Template:Script/Arabic Template:Script/Devanagari je-ko "whoever" (relative), and Template:Script/Arabic Template:Script/Devanagari te-ko "that one" (correlative).Template:Sfnp
Numerals
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Postpositions
Most nominal relations (e.g. the semantic role of a nominal as an argument to a verb) are indicated using postpositions, which follow a noun in the oblique case. The subject of the verb takes the bare oblique case, while the object may be in nominative case or in oblique case and followed by the accusative case marker Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". khe.[70]
The postpositions are divided into case markers, which directly follow the noun, and complex postpositions, which combine with a case marker (usually the genitive Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". jo).
Case markers
The case markers are listed below.Template:R
The postpositions with the suffix -o decline in gender and number to agree with their governor, e.g. Template:Script/Arabic Script error: No such module "Lang". chokiro j-o pīu "the boy's father" but Template:Script/Arabic Script error: No such module "Lang". chokiro j-ī māu "the boy's mother".
| Case | Marker | Example | English |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | — | Template:Script/Arabic Script error: No such module "Lang". chokiro |
the boy |
| Accusative Dative |
Template:Script/Arabic Script error: No such module "Lang". khe |
Template:Script/Arabic Script error: No such module "Lang". chokire khe |
the boy to the boy |
| Genitive | Template:Script/Arabic Script error: No such module "Lang". j-o |
Template:Script/Arabic Script error: No such module "Lang". chokire jo |
of the boy |
| Template:Script/Arabic Script error: No such module "Lang". sand-o |
Template:Script/Arabic Script error: No such module "Lang". chokire sando | ||
| Sociative | Template:Script/Arabic Script error: No such module "Lang". sudh-o |
Template:Script/Arabic Script error: No such module "Lang". chokire sudho |
along with the boy |
| Comitative Instrumental |
Template:Script/Arabic Script error: No such module "Lang". sā̃ |
Template:Script/Arabic Script error: No such module "Lang". chokire sā̃ |
with the boy |
| Template:Script/Arabic Script error: No such module "Lang". sāṇu |
Template:Script/Arabic Script error: No such module "Lang". chokire sāṇu | ||
| Locative | Template:Script/Arabic Script error: No such module "Lang". mẽ |
Template:Script/Arabic Script error: No such module "Lang". chokire mẽ |
in the boy |
| Template:Script/Arabic Script error: No such module "Lang". manjhi |
Template:Script/Arabic Script error: No such module "Lang". chokire manjhi | ||
| Adessive | Template:Script/Arabic Script error: No such module "Lang". te |
Template:Script/Arabic Script error: No such module "Lang". chokire te |
on the boy |
| Template:Script/Arabic Script error: No such module "Lang". vaṭi |
Template:Script/Arabic Script error: No such module "Lang". chokire vaṭi |
near the boy the boy has... | |
| Orientative | Template:Script/Arabic Script error: No such module "Lang". ḍā̃hã |
Template:Script/Arabic Script error: No such module "Lang". chokire ḍā̃hã |
towards the boy |
| Terminative | Template:Script/Arabic Script error: No such module "Lang". tāī̃ |
Template:Script/Arabic Script error: No such module "Lang". chokire tāī̃ |
up to the boy |
| Benefactive | Template:Script/Arabic Script error: No such module "Lang". lāi |
Template:Script/Arabic Script error: No such module "Lang". chokire lāi |
for the boy |
| Semblative | Template:Script/Arabic Script error: No such module "Lang". vānguru |
Template:Script/Arabic Script error: No such module "Lang". chokire vānguru |
like the boy |
| Template:Script/Arabic Script error: No such module "Lang". jahṛ-o |
Template:Script/Arabic Script error: No such module "Lang". chokire jahṛo |
There are several ablative case markers formed from the spatial postpositions and the ablative ending -ā̃. These indicate complex motion such as "from inside of".Template:R
| Marker | Example | English |
|---|---|---|
| Template:Script/Arabic Script error: No such module "Lang". khā̃ |
Template:Script/Arabic Script error: No such module "Lang". chokire khā̃ |
from the boy |
| Template:Script/Arabic Script error: No such module "Lang". mā̃ |
Template:Script/Arabic Script error: No such module "Lang". chokire mā̃ |
from inside the boy |
| Template:Script/Arabic Script error: No such module "Lang". tā̃ |
Template:Script/Arabic Script error: No such module "Lang". chokire tā̃ |
from upon the boy |
| Template:Script/Arabic Script error: No such module "Lang". ḍā̃hā̃ |
Template:Script/Arabic Script error: No such module "Lang". chokire ḍā̃hā̃ |
from the direction of the boy |
Finally, some case markers are found in medieval Sindhi literature and/or modern poetic Sindhi, and otherwise not used in standard speech.
| Case | Marker | Example | English |
|---|---|---|---|
| Accusative Adessive |
Template:Script/Arabic Script error: No such module "Lang". kane |
Template:Script/Arabic Script error: No such module "Lang". chokire kane |
to/near the boy |
Complex postpositions
The complex postpositions are formed with a case marker, usually the genitive but sometimes the ablative. Many are listed below.Template:R
Vocabulary
According to historian Nabi Bux Baloch, most Sindhi vocabulary is from ancient Sanskrit. However, owing to the influence of the Persian language over the subcontinent, Sindhi has adapted many words from Persian and Arabic. It has also borrowed from English and Hindustani. Today, Sindhi in Pakistan is slightly influenced by UrduScript error: No such module "Unsubst"., with more borrowed Perso-Arabic elements, while Sindhi in India is influenced by HindiScript error: No such module "Unsubst"., with more borrowed tatsam Sanskrit elements.Template:Sfnmp
Writing systems
Sindhis in Pakistan use a version of the Perso-Arabic script with new letters adapted to Sindhi phonology, while in India a greater variety of scripts are in use, including Devanagari, Khudabadi, Khojki, and Gurmukhi.[71] Perso-Arabic for Sindhi was also made digitally accessible relatively earlier.[72]
The earliest attested records in Sindhi are from the 15th century.[21] Before the standardisation of Sindhi orthography, numerous forms of Devanagari and Laṇḍā scripts were used for trading. For literary and religious purposes, a Perso-Arabic script developed by Abul-Hasan as-Sindi and Gurmukhi (a subset of Laṇḍā) were used. Another two scripts, Khudabadi and Shikarpuri, were reforms of the Landa script.Template:Sfnp[73] During British rule in the late 19th century, the Perso-Arabic script was decreed standard over Devanagari.Template:Sfnp
Perso-Arabic script
Script error: No such module "sidebar". During the British Raj, a variant of the Persian alphabet was adopted for Sindhi in the 19th century. The script is used in Pakistan and India today. It has a total of 52 letters, augmenting the Persian with digraphs and eighteen new letters (Script error: No such module "Lang".) for sounds particular to Sindhi and other Indo-Aryan languages. Some letters that are distinguished in Arabic or Persian are homophones in Sindhi.
Below table presents Sindhi Perso-Arabic alphabet. Letters shaded in yellow are solely used in writing of loanwords, and the phoneme they represent are also represented by other letters in the alphabet. Letters and digraphs shaded in green aren't usually considered as part of the base alphabet. They are either commonly used digraphs representing aspirated consonants, or are ligatures serving a grammatical function. These ligatures include the Template:Script/Arabic, which is pronounced as [ãĩ̯] and represents and, and the Template:Script/Arabic, which is pronounced as [mẽ] and it creates a locative relationship between words.
The orthography of the letter hāʾ in Sindhi, especially as it comes to typing as opposed to handwriting, has been a source of confusion for many. Especially because whereas in Arabic and Persian, there exists one single letter for hāʾ, in Urdu, the letter has diverged into two distinct variants: gol he ("round he") and do-cašmi he ("two-eyed he"). The former is written is written round and zigzagged as "ہـ ـہـ ـہ ہ", and can impart the "h" (Script error: No such module "IPA".) sound anywhere in a word, or the long "a" or the "e" vowels (Script error: No such module "IPA". or Script error: No such module "IPA".) at the end of a word. The latter is written in Arabic Naskh style (as a loop) (ھ), in order to be used in digraphs and to create the aspirate consonants.
For most aspirated consonants, Sindhi relies on unique letters as opposed to the Urdu practice of digraphs. However, this doesn't apply to all aspirated consonants. Some are still written as digraphs. The letter hāʾ is also used in Sindhi to represent the sound [h] in native Sindhi words, in Arabic and Persian loanwords, and to represent vowels (Script error: No such module "IPA". or Script error: No such module "IPA".) at the end of the word. The notations and conventions in Sindhi are different from either Persian or Arabic and from Urdu. Given the variety of the types of hāʾ across these languages for which Unicode characters have been designed, in order for the letters to be displayed correctly when typing, a correct and consistent convention needs to be followed. The following table will present these in detail.[74][75]
The punctuation of Sindhi Perso-Arabic script differs slightly from that of Urdu, Persian, and Arabic. Namely, instead of using the typical inverted comma (Template:Script/Arabic [U+060C]) common in these mentioned alphabet, a reversed comma (Template:Script/Arabic [U+2E41]) is used, although many documents do indeed incorrectly use Urdu punctuations.[76]
| Full Stop | Comma | Semicolon | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sindhi | Template:Script/Arabic | Template:Script/Arabic | Template:Script/Arabic |
| Urdu | Template:Script/Arabic | Template:Script/Arabic | Template:Script/Arabic |
| Persian/Arabic | Template:Script/Arabic |
Devanagari script
In India, the Devanagari script is also used to write Sindhi.[77] A modern version was introduced by the government of India in 1948; however, it did not gain full acceptance, so both the Sindhi-Arabic and Devanagari scripts are used. In India, a person may write a Sindhi language paper for a Civil Services Examination in either script.[78] Devanagari was seen as the most practical option for Sindhi language in India.[2] Diacritical bars below the letter are used to mark implosive consonants, and dots called nukta are used to form other additional consonants.
| Template:Script/Devanagari | Template:Script/Devanagari | Template:Script/Devanagari | Template:Script/Devanagari | Template:Script/Devanagari | Template:Script/Devanagari | Template:Script/Devanagari | Template:Script/Devanagari | Template:Script/Devanagari | Template:Script/Devanagari |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". |
| Template:Script/Devanagari | Template:Script/Devanagari | Template:Script/Devanagari | Template:Script/Devanagari | Template:Script/Devanagari | Template:Script/Devanagari | Template:Script/Devanagari | Template:Script/Devanagari | ||
| Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | ||
| Template:Script/Devanagari | Template:Script/Devanagari | Template:Script/Devanagari | Template:Script/Devanagari | Template:Script/Devanagari | Template:Script/Devanagari | Template:Script/Devanagari | |||
| Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | |||
| Template:Script/Devanagari | Template:Script/Devanagari | Template:Script/Devanagari | Template:Script/Devanagari | Template:Script/Devanagari | Template:Script/Devanagari | Template:Script/Devanagari | Template:Script/Devanagari | ||
| Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | ||
| Template:Script/Devanagari | Template:Script/Devanagari | Template:Script/Devanagari | Template:Script/Devanagari | Template:Script/Devanagari | |||||
| Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | |||||
| Template:Script/Devanagari | Template:Script/Devanagari | Template:Script/Devanagari | Template:Script/Devanagari | Template:Script/Devanagari | Template:Script/Devanagari | Template:Script/Devanagari | |||
| Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | |||
| Template:Script/Devanagari | Template:Script/Devanagari | Template:Script/Devanagari | Template:Script/Devanagari | ||||||
| Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | ||||||
| Template:Script/Devanagari | Template:Script/Devanagari | Template:Script/Devanagari | Template:Script/Devanagari | ||||||
| Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | ||||||
Laṇḍā scripts
Laṇḍā-based scripts, such as Gurmukhi, Khojki, and the Khudabadi script were used historically to write Sindhi.
Khudabadi
Script error: No such module "Infobox".Template:Template otherScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
The Khudabadi alphabet was invented in 1550 CE, and was used alongside other scripts by the Hindu community until the colonial era, where the sole usage of the Arabic script for official purposes was legislated.
The script continued to be used on a smaller scale by the trader community until the Partition of India in 1947.[79]
| File:Vowel 1 a.svg | File:Vowel 2 aa.svg | File:Vowel 3 i.svg | File:Vowel 4 ii.svg | File:Vowel 5 u.svg | File:Vowel 6 uu.svg | File:Vowel 7 e.svg | File:Vowel 8 ai.svg | File:Vowel 9 o.svg | File:Vowel 10 au.svg |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". |
| File:Consonant 1 ka.svg | File:Consonant 2 kha.svg | File:Consonant 3 ga.svg | File:Consonant 4 gga.svg | File:Consonant 5 gha.svg | File:Consonant 6 nga.svg | ||||
| Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | ||||
| File:Consonant 7 ca.svg | File:Consonant 8 cha.svg | File:Consonant 9 ja.svg | File:Consonant 10 jja.svg | File:Consonant 11 jha.svg | File:Consonant 12 nya.svg | ||||
| Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | ||||
| File:Consonant 13 tta.svg | File:Consonant 14 ttha.svg | File:Consonant 15 dda.svg | File:Consonant 16 ddda.svg | File:Consonant 18 ddha.svg | File:Consonant 17 rra.svg | File:Consonant 19 nna.svg | |||
| Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | |||
| File:Consonant 20 ta.svg | File:Consonant 21 tha.svg | File:Consonant 22 da.svg | File:Consonant 23 dha.svg | File:Consonant 24 na.svg | |||||
| Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | |||||
| File:Consonant 25 pa.svg | File:Consonant 26 pha.svg | File:Consonant 27 ba.svg | File:Consonant 28 bba.svg | File:Consonant 29 bha.svg | File:Consonant 30 ma.svg | ||||
| Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | |||
| File:Consonant 31 ya.svg | File:Consonant 32 ra.svg | File:Consonant 33 la.svg | File:Consonant 34 va.svg | ||||||
| Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | ||||||
| File:Consonant 35 sha.svg | File:Consonant 36 sa.svg | File:Consonant 37 ha.svg | |||||||
| Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | |||||||
Khojki
Khojki was employed primarily to record Muslim Shia Ismaili religious literature, as well as literature for a few secret Shia Muslim sects.[77][80]
Gurmukhi
The Gurmukhi script was also used to write Sindhi, mainly in India by Hindus.[79][77]
Roman Sindhi
Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". The Sindhi-Roman script or Roman-Sindhi script is the contemporary Sindhi script usually used by the Sindhis when texting messages on their mobile phones.[81][82]
Advocacy
Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". In 1972, a bill was passed by the provincial assembly of Sindh which saw Sindhi, given official status thus becoming the first provincial language in Pakistan to have its own official status.
- Sindhi language was made the official language of Sindh according to Language Bill.
- All Educational institutes in Sindh are mandated to teach Sindhi as per the bill.
Software
By 2001, Abdul-Majid BhurgriScript error: No such module "Unsubst". had coordinated with Microsoft to develop Unicode-based Software in the form of the Perso-Arabic Sindhi script which afterwards became the basis for the communicated use by Sindhi speakers around the world.[83] In 2016, Google introduced the first automated translator for Sindhi language.[84][85] Later on in 2023 an offline support was introduced by Google Translate.[86][87] Which was followed by Microsoft Translator strengthening support in May of same year.[88][89]
In June 2014, the Khudabadi script of the Sindhi language was added to Unicode, However as of now the script currently has no proper rendering support to view it in unsupported devices.
See also
Script error: No such module "Portal".
- 1972 Sindhi Language Bill
- Institute of Sindhology
- Sindhi Transliteration
- Languages of India
- Languages of Pakistan
- Languages with official status in India
- List of Sindhi-language films
- Provincial languages of Pakistan
- Sindhi literature
- Sindhi poetry
- Kholusi Language
Notes
References
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- ↑ a b c Template:Linguistic Survey of India
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- ↑ a b c Christopher Shackle,Template:SpSindhi literature at the Encyclopædia Britannica
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1". Also published by the Asian Humanities Press, 1986, Issue 2 of Religions of Asia series Unesco collection of representative works.
- ↑ a b Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
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- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Nihalani, Paroo. (1999). Handbook of the International Phonetic Association (Sindhi). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
- ↑ The IPA Handbook uses the symbols Script error: No such module "IPA"., but makes it clear this is simply tradition and that these are neither palatal nor stops, but "laminal post-alveolars with a relatively short release". Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:83) confirm a transcription of Script error: No such module "IPA". and further remarks that "Script error: No such module "IPA". is often a slightly creaky voiced palatal approximant" (caption of table 3.19).
- ↑ a b Template:Cite thesis
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Kamal Mansour (2023), Handling of the Heh in Sindhi Text, L2-23/17 https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2023/23117-sindhi-heh.pdf (Archive)
- ↑ Lorna Priest Evans (2021), Regarding the Sindhi Heh, L2-22/052 https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2022/22052-regarding-sindhi-heh.pdf (Archive)
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Sources
<templatestyles src="Refbegin/styles.css" />
- Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
- Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
- Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
External links
Template:Sister project Template:Wikivoyage Template:Sister project Template:Sister project
- Sindhi Language Authority
- Sindhi Dictionary
- Template:Webarchive
- Mewaram's 1910 Sindhi-English dictionary
Template:Sindhi language Script error: No such module "navboxes". Template:Indo-Aryan languages Template:Languages of Pakistan Script error: No such module "navbox". Template:Arabic script Template:Sindh topicsScript error: No such module "navboxes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Categories:
- Pages with script errors
- Pages with reference errors
- Articles with Encyclopædia Britannica links
- Articles with unnamed Glottolog code
- Languages with ISO 639-2 code
- Languages with ISO 639-1 code
- ISO language articles citing sources other than Ethnologue
- Pages with broken file links
- Sindhi language
- Northwestern Indo-Aryan languages
- Languages of Pakistan
- Languages of Sindh
- Languages of Balochistan, Pakistan
- Official languages of India
- Subject–object–verb languages
- Languages of Gujarat
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- Languages of Maharashtra
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- Languages written in Devanagari