Academy Awards

The Academy Awards, commonly known as the Oscars, are awards for artistic and technical merit in film. They are presented annually by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS) in the United States in recognition of excellence in cinematic achievements, as assessed by the Academy's voting membership. The Oscars are widely considered to be the most prestigious awards in the film industry.

The major award categories, known as the Academy Awards of Merit, are presented during a live televised Hollywood ceremony in February or March. It is the oldest worldwide entertainment awards ceremony. The 1st Academy Awards were held in 1929. The second ceremony, in 1930, was the first to be broadcast by radio, and the 1953 ceremony was the first to be televised. It is the oldest of the four major annual American entertainment awards. Its counterparts — the Emmy Awards for television, the Tony Awards for theater, and the Grammy Awards for music — are modeled after the Academy Awards.

The Oscar statuette depicts a knight, rendered in the Art Deco style.

History

The first Academy Awards presentation was held on May 16, 1929, at a private dinner function at the Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel, with an audience of about 270 people.

The post-awards party was held at the Mayfair Hotel. The cost of guest tickets for that night's ceremony was Template:USD (). Fifteen statuettes were awarded, honoring artists, directors, and other participants in the film-making industry of the time, for their works during the 1927–28 period. The ceremony ran for 15minutes.

For this first ceremony, winners were announced to the media three months earlier. For the second ceremony in 1930, and the rest of the first decade, the results were given to newspapers for publication at 11:00pm on the night of the awards. In 1940, the Los Angeles Times announced the winners before the ceremony began. As a result, in 1941 the Academy started using a sealed envelope to reveal the names of the winners.

The term "Oscar" is a registered trademark of the AMPAS.

Milestones

The first Best Actor awarded was Emil Jannings, for his performances in The Last Command and The Way of All Flesh. As he had to return to Europe before the ceremony, the Academy agreed to give him the prize early, making him the first Academy Award recipient. For the first Awards, winners were recognized for multiple films during the qualifying period; Jannings received the award for two films in which he starred, and Janet Gaynor won the first Best Actress award for performances in three films. Beginning with the second ceremony, performers received separate nominations for individual films; no performer has received multiple nominations in the same category since the 3rd Academy Awards.

For the first five ceremonies, the eligibility period ran from August 1 to July 31. The 6th Academy Awards' eligibility ran from August 1, 1932, to December 31, 1933, and as of the 7th Academy Awards, subsequent eligibility periods have matched the calendar year (with the exception of the 93rd Academy Awards, which, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, extended the eligibility period to February 28, 2021).

Best Foreign Language Film, now known as Best International Feature Film, was introduced at the 20th Academy Awards as a special award, and became a competitive category at the 29th Academy Awards.

The 74th Academy Awards, held in 2002, presented the first Academy Award for Best Animated Feature, won by Shrek.

Since 1973, all Academy Awards ceremonies, except for 2021, have ended with the Academy Award for Best Picture. Traditionally, the previous year's winners for Best Actor and Best Supporting Actor present the awards for Best Actress and Best Supporting Actress, respectively, and vice versa. In 2009, this model was replaced by each acting award being introduced by five previous winners, each of whom introduces one of the nominated performances, referred to as the "Fab 5" presenters format. The Fab 5 model returned in 2024 after a 15-year hiatus.

On February 9, 2020, Parasite became the first foreign-language film to win Best Picture at the 92nd Academy Awards.

The 93rd Academy Awards ceremony, honoring the best films of 2020 and early 2021, was held on April 25, 2021, after it was postponed from its original February 28, 2021, schedule due to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on cinema. As with the two previous ceremonies, there was no host. The ceremony was broadcast on ABC. It took place at the Dolby Theatre in Los Angeles, California for the 19th consecutive year, with satellite locations at Union Station also in Los Angeles. Because of the virus impact on films and TV industries, Academy president David Rubin and CEO Dawn Hudson announced that for the 2021 Oscar Ceremony, streaming films with a previously planned theatrical release were eligible. The theatrical requirement was reinstated starting with the 95th Academy Awards.

Oscar statuette

Overview

The Oscar statuette, officially the Academy Award of Merit, is given to winners of each year's awards. Made of gold-plated bronze on a black metal base, it is tall, weighs and depicts a knight rendered in Art Deco style holding a sword standing on a reel of film with five spokes. The five spokes represent the original branches of the Academy: Actors, Writers, Directors, Producers, and Technicians.

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Plaster War-time Oscar plaque (1943), State Central Museum of Cinema, Moscow (ru)

Sculptor George Stanley, who also did the Muse Fountain at the Hollywood Bowl, sculpted Cedric Gibbons' design. The statuettes presented at the initial ceremonies were gold-plated solid bronze. Within a few years, the bronze was abandoned in favor of Britannia metal, a pewter-like alloy that is then plated in copper, nickel silver, and finally, 24-karat gold. Due to a metal shortage during World War II, Oscars were made of painted plaster for three years. Following the war, the Academy invited recipients to redeem the plaster figures for gold-plated metal ones.

The only addition to the Oscar since it was created is a minor streamlining of the base. The original Oscar mold was cast in 1928 at the C.W. Shumway & Sons Foundry in Batavia, Illinois, which also contributed to casting the molds for the Vince Lombardi Trophy and Emmy Award statuettes. During the 1970s, the Oscar statues were cast in Crystal Lake, Illinois. From 1983 to 2015, approximately 50 Oscars in a tin alloy with gold plating were made each year in Chicago by Illinois manufacturer R.S. Owens & Company. It would take between three and four weeks to manufacture 50 statuettes.

In 2016, the Academy returned to bronze as the core metal of the statuettes, handing manufacturing duties to Walden, New York-based Polich Tallix Fine Art Foundry, now owned and operated by UAP Urban Art Projects. While based on a digital scan of an original 1929 Oscar, the statuettes retain their modern-era dimensions and black pedestal. Cast in liquid bronze from 3D-printed ceramic molds and polished, they are then electroplated in 24-karat gold by Brooklyn, New York-based Epner Technology. The time required to produce 50 such statuettes is roughly three months. R.S. Owens is expected to continue producing other awards for the Academy, and service existing Oscars that need replating.

Naming

The origin of the nickname of the trophy has been disputed, as multiple people have taken credit for naming the trophy "Oscar".

Margaret Herrick, librarian and president of the Academy, may have said she named it after her supposed uncle Oscar in 1931.Template:Efn The only corroboration was a 1938 clipping from the Los Angeles Examiner, in which Herrick told a story of her and her husband joking with each other using the phrase, "How's your uncle Oscar".

Bette Davis, in her 1962 autobiography, claimed she named it in 1936 after her first husband, Harmon Oscar Nelson, of whom the statue's rear end reminded her. But the term had been in use at least two years before. In a 1974 biography written by Whitney Stine with commentary from Davis, Davis wrote, "I relinquish once and for all any claim that I was the one—so, Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences, the honor is all yours."

Columnist Sidney Skolsky wrote in his 1970 memoir that he came up with the term in 1934 under pressure for a deadline, mocking Vaudeville comedians who asked "Will you have a cigar, Oscar?" The Academy credits Skolsky with "the first confirmed newspaper reference" to Oscar in his column on March 16, 1934, which was written about that year's 6th Academy Awards. But in the newspaper clipping that Skolsky referred to, he wrote that "these statues are called 'Oscars'", meaning that the name was already in use.

In 2021, Brazilian researcher Waldemar Dalenogare Neto contradicted Skolsky's claim to have used the term first, finding the probable first public mention of the name "Oscar" in journalist Relman Morin's "Cinematters" column in the Los Angeles Evening Record on December 5, 1933. Since the awards didn't take place that year, he said: "What's happened to the annual Academy banquet? As a rule, the banquet and the awarding of "Oscar", the bronze statuette given for best performances, is all over long before this."

Bruce Davis, a former executive director of the Academy, credited Eleanore Lilleberg, a secretary at the Academy when the award was first introduced, for the nickname. She had overseen the pre-ceremony handling of the awards. Davis credits Lilleberg because he found in an autobiography of Einar Lilleberg, Eleanore's brother, that Einar had referenced a Norwegian army veteran named Oscar whom the two knew in Chicago, whom Einar described as having always "stood straight and tall". He asserts credit "should almost certainly belong to" Lilleberg.

Engraving

To prevent information identifying the Oscar winners from leaking ahead of the ceremony, Oscar statuettes presented at the ceremony have blank baseplates. Until 2010, winners returned their statuettes to the Academy and had to wait several weeks to have their names inscribed on their respective Oscars. Since 2010, winners have had the option of having engraved nameplates applied to their statuettes at an inscription-processing station at the Governor's Ball, a party held immediately after the Oscar ceremony. The R.S. Owens company has engraved nameplates made before the ceremony, bearing the name of every potential winner. The nameplates for the non-winning nominees are later recycled.

Ownership of Oscar statuettes

Before 1950, Oscar statuettes were, and remain, the property of the recipient. Since then the statuettes have been legally encumbered by the requirement that the statuette be first offered for sale back to the Academy for Template:USD. If a winner refuses to agree to this stipulation, then the Academy keeps the statuette. Academy Awards predating this agreement have been sold in public auctions and private deals for six-figure sums.

In 1989, Michael Todd's grandson tried to sell Todd's Best Picture Oscar for his 1956 production of Around the World in 80 Days to a movie prop collector. The Academy earned enforcement of its statuette contract by gaining a permanent injunction against the sale.

In 1992, Harold Russell consigned his 1946 Oscar for Best Supporting Actor for The Best Years of Our Lives to auction to raise money for his wife's medical expenses. Though his decision caused controversy, the first Oscar ever to be sold passed to a private collector on August 6, 1992, for Template:USD. Russell defended his action, saying, "I don't know why anybody would be critical. My wife's health is much more important than sentimental reasons. The movie will be here, even if Oscar isn't".

In December 2011, Orson Welles' 1941 Oscar for Citizen Kane (Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay) was put up for auction, after his heirs won a 2004 court decision contending that Welles did not sign any agreement to return the statue to the Academy. On December 20, 2011, it sold in an online auction for Template:USD.

Some buyers have subsequently returned the statuettes to the Academy, which keeps them in its treasury.

Other awards presented by the Academy

In addition to the Academy Award of Merit (Oscar award), there are nine honorary (non-competitive) awards presented by the Academy from time to time (except for the Academy Honorary Award, the Technical Achievement Award, and the Student Academy Awards, which are presented annually):

• Governors Awards:
  • The Academy Honorary Award (annual) (which may or may not be in the form of an Oscar statuette);
  • The Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award (since 1938) (in the form of a bust of Thalberg);
  • The Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award (since 1957) (in the form of an Oscar statuette);
• The Academy Scientific and Technical Awards:
  • Academy Award of Merit (non-competitive) (in the form of an Oscar statuette);
  • Scientific and Engineering Award (in the form of a bronze tablet);
  • Technical Achievement Award (annual) (in the form of a certificate);
  • The John A. Bonner Medal of Commendation (since 1978) (in the form of a medal);
  • The Gordon E. Sawyer Award (since 1982); and
• The Academy Student Academy Awards (annual).

The Academy also awards Nicholl Fellowships in Screenwriting.

Nomination

From 2004 to 2020, the Academy Award nomination results were announced to the public in mid-January. Prior to that, the results were announced in early February. In 2021, the nominees were announced in March. In 2022, the nominees were announced in early February for the first time since 2003.

Voters

The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS), a professional honorary organization, is composed of 9,905 voting members since 2024Template:Dated maintenance category (articles).

Academy membership is divided into different branches, with each representing a different discipline in film production. since 2024Template:Dated maintenance category (articles), actors constitute the largest bloc, numbering 1,258 (12.7% of the voting body). Votes have been certified by the auditing firm PricewaterhouseCoopers, and its predecessor Price Waterhouse, since the 7th Academy Awards in 1935. In May 2011, the Academy sent a letter advising its then-6,000 or so voting members that an online system for Oscar voting would be implemented in 2013, replacing mailed paper ballots.

All AMPAS members must be invited to join by the Board of Governors, on behalf of Academy Branch Executive Committees. Membership eligibility may be achieved by a competitive nomination, or an existing member may submit a name, based on other significant contributions to the field of motion pictures.

New membership proposals are considered annually. The Academy does not publicly disclose its membership, although as recently as 2007 press releases have announced the names of those who have been invited to join.

In 2012, the results of a study conducted by the Los Angeles Times were published describing the demographic breakdown of approximately 88% of AMPAS' voting membership. Of the 5,100+ active voters confirmed, 94% were Caucasian, 77% were male, and 54% were found to be over the age of 60. Thirty-three percent of voting members are former nominees (14%) and winners (19%). In 2016, the Academy launched an initiative to expand its membership and increase diversity. In 2024, voting membership stood at 9,905.

In 2025, a newly announced procedure required Academy members to view all nominated films within a category to be eligible to cast a vote in the final round of that category. The verification process will be done through the Academy's members-only streaming platform and submitting a form for films viewed at in-person events such as at festivals, screenings or private events.

Rules

According to Rules 2 and 3 of the official Academy Awards Rules, a film must open in the previous calendar year, from midnight at the start of January 1 to midnight at the end of December 31, in Los Angeles County, California, and play for seven consecutive days, to qualify, except for the Best International Feature Film, Best Documentary Feature, and awards in short film categories. The film must be shown at least three times on each day of its qualifying run, with at least one of the daily showings starting between 6pm and 10pm local time.

For example, the 2009 Best Picture winner, The Hurt Locker, was originally first released in 2008, but did not qualify for the 2008 awards, as it did not play its Oscar-qualifying run in Los Angeles until mid-2009, thus qualifying for the 2009 awards. Foreign films must include English subtitles. Each country can submit only one film for consideration in the International Feature Film category per year.

Rule 2 states that a film must be feature-length, defined as a minimum of 40minutes, except for short-subject awards. It must exist either on a 35 mm or 70 mm film print, or in 24frame/s or 48frame/s progressive scan digital cinema format, with a minimum projector resolution of 2,048 by 1,080 pixels. Since the 90th Academy Awards, presented in 2018, multi-part and limited series have been ineligible for the Best Documentary Feature award. This followed the win of O.J.: Made in America, an eight-hour presentation that was screened in a limited release before being broadcast in five parts on ABC and ESPN, in that category in 2017. The Academy's announcement of the new rule made no direct mention of that film.

The Best International Feature Film award does not require a U.S. release. It requires the film to be submitted as its country's official selection.

The Best Documentary Feature award requires either week-long releases in both Los Angeles County and any of the five boroughs of New York City during the previous calendar year,Template:Efn or a qualifying award at a competitive film festival from the Documentary Feature Qualifying Festival list, regardless of any public exhibition or distribution, or submission in the International Feature Film category as its country's official selection. The qualifying theatrical runs must meet the same requirements as those for non-documentary films regarding numbers and times of screenings. A film must have been reviewed by a critic from The New York Times, Time Out New York, the Los Angeles Times, or LA Weekly.

Producers must submit an Official Screen Credits online form before the deadline. If it is not submitted by the defined deadline, the film will be ineligible for Academy Awards in any year. The form includes the production credits for all related categories.

Awards in short film categories (Best Documentary Short Subject, Best Animated Short Film, and Best Live Action Short Film) have different eligibility rules from most other competitive awards. First, the qualifying period for release does not coincide with a calendar year, instead covering one year starting on October 1, and ending on September 30 of the calendar year before the ceremony. Second, there are multiple methods of qualification. The main method is a week-long theatrical release in either New York City or Los Angeles County during the eligibility period. Films can also qualify by winning specified awards at one of several competitive film festivals designated by the Academy, also without regard to prior public distribution.

A film that is selected as a gold, silver, or bronze medal winner in an appropriate category of the immediately previous Student Academy Awards is also eligible (Documentary category for that award, and Animation, Narrative, Alternative, or International for the other awards). The requirements for the qualifying theatrical run are also different from those for other awards. Only one screening per day is required. For the Documentary award, the screening must start between noon and 10pm local time. For other awards, no specific start time is required, but the film must appear in regular theater listings with dates and screening times.

In late December, ballots and lists of eligible films are sent to the membership. For most categories, members from each of the branches vote to determine the nominees only in their respective categories, i.e. only directors vote for directors, writers for writers, actors for actors, etc. In the special case of Best Picture, all voting members are eligible to select the nominees. A number of branches are only eligible to vote in Best Picture during nomination voting; this includes a producers' branch, as Best Picture is awarded to a film's producer(s), and other branches which have no corresponding award. In all major categories, a variant of the single transferable vote is used, with each member casting a ballot with up to five nominees (ten for Best Picture) ranked preferentially. In certain categories, including International Feature Film, Documentary and Animated Feature, nominees are selected by special screening committees made up of members from all branches.

In most categories, the winner is selected from among the nominees by plurality voting of all members. Since 2009, the Best Picture winner has been chosen by instant-runoff voting. Since 2013, re-weighted range voting has been used to select the nominees for the Best Visual Effects.

Film companies will spend as much as several million dollars on marketing to awards voters for a film in the running for Best Picture, in attempts to improve chances of receiving Oscars and other film awards conferred in Oscar season. The Academy enforces rules to limit overt campaigning by its members to try to eliminate excesses and prevent the process from becoming undignified. It has an awards czar on staff who advises members on allowed practices and levies penalties on offenders. For example, a producer of the 2009 Best Picture nominee The Hurt Locker was disqualified as a producer in the category when he contacted associates urging them to vote for his film and not another that was seen as the front-runner. The Hurt Locker eventually won.

Academy Screening Room

The Academy Screening Room or Academy Digital Screening Room is a secure streaming platform which allows voting members of the Academy to view all eligible films in one place. It was introduced in 2019, for the 2020 Oscars. DVD screeners and Academy in-person screenings were still provided. For films to be included on the platform, the North American distributor must pay Template:USD, including a watermarking fee, and a digital copy of the film to be prepared for streaming by the Academy. The platform can be accessed via Apple TV and Roku players. The watermarking process involved several video security firms, creating a forensic watermark and restricting the ability to take screenshots or screen recordings.

In 2021, for the 2022 Oscars, the Academy banned all physical screeners and in-person screenings, restricting official membership viewing to the Academy Screening Room. Films eligible in the Documentary and International categories were made available in different sections of the platform. Distributors can also pay an extra fee to add video featurettes to promote their films on the platform. The in-person screenings were cancelled because of the COVID-19 pandemic. Eligible films do not have to be added to the platform, but the Academy advertises them to voting members when they are.

Awards ceremonies

Telecast

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The 31st Academy Awards, Hollywood Pantages Theatre, 1959

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The 81st Academy Awards, Dolby Theatre, 2009

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The 95th Academy Awards, Dolby Theatre, 2023

The major awards are presented at a live televised ceremony, commonly in late February or early March following the relevant calendar year, and six weeks after the announcement of the nominees. It is the culmination of the film awards season, which usually begins during November or December of the previous year. This is an elaborate extravaganza, with the invited guests walking up the red carpet in the creations of the most prominent fashion designers of the day. Black tie dress is the most common outfit for men. Fashion may dictate not wearing a bow tie, and musical performers are sometimes not required to adhere to this. The artists who recorded the nominees for Best Original Song quite often perform those songs live at the awards ceremony, and the fact that they are performing is often used to promote the television broadcast.

The Academy Awards is the world's longest-running awards show televised live from the United States to all time zones in North America and worldwide, and gathers billions of viewers elsewhere throughout the world. The Oscars were first televised in 1953 by NBC, which continued to broadcast the event until 1960, when ABC took over, televising the festivities, including the first color broadcast of the event in 1966, to 1970. NBC regained the rights for five years (1971–75), then ABC resumed broadcast duties in 1976 and its current contract with the Academy runs through 2028, after which the ceremony will be broadcast exclusively on YouTube starting with 2029’s ceremony.

The Academy has produced condensed versions of the ceremony for broadcast in international markets, especially those outside of the Americas, in more desirable local timeslots. The ceremony was broadcast live internationally for the first time via satellite since 1970, but only two South American countries, Chile and Brazil, purchased the rights to air the broadcast. By that time, the television rights to the Academy Awards had been sold in 50 countries. In 1980, the rights were sold to 60 countries, and by 1984, the television rights to the Academy Awards were licensed in 76 countries.

In 2004, the ceremonies were moved up from late March/early April to late February, to help disrupt and shorten the intense lobbying and ad campaigns associated with Oscar season in the film industry. Another reason was because of the growing television ratings success coinciding with the NCAA division I men's basketball tournament, which would cut into the Academy Awards audience. In 1976 and 1977, ABC's regained Oscars were moved from Tuesday to Monday and went directly opposite the national championship game on NBC. The earlier date is also to the advantage of ABC, as it now usually occurs during the highly profitable and important February sweeps period.

Some years, the ceremony is moved into the first Sunday of March to avoid a clash with the Winter Olympic Games. Another reason for the move to late February and early March is to avoid the awards ceremony occurring so close to the religious holidays of Passover and Easter, which for decades had been a grievance from members and the general public. Advertising is somewhat restricted, as traditionally no film studios or competitors of official Academy Award sponsors may advertise during the telecast. As of 2020, the production of the Academy Awards telecast held the distinction of winning one the highest number of Emmys in history, with 54 wins and 280 nominations overall.

After many years of being held on Mondays at 6:00p.m. Pacific/9:00pm Eastern, since the 1999 ceremony, it was moved to Sundays at 5:30pm PT/8:30pm ET. The reasons given for the move were that more viewers would tune in on Sundays, that Los Angeles rush-hour traffic jams could be avoided, and an earlier start time would allow viewers on the East Coast to go to bed earlier. For many years the film industry opposed a Sunday broadcast because it would cut into the weekend box office.

In 2010, the Academy contemplated moving the ceremony even further back into January, citing television viewers' fatigue with the film industry's long awards season. However, such an accelerated schedule would dramatically decrease the voting period for its members, to the point where some voters would only have time to view the contending films streamed on their computers, as opposed to traditionally receiving the films and ballots in the mail. Additionally, a January ceremony on Sunday would clash with National Football League (NFL) playoff games. In 2018, the Academy announced that the ceremony would be moved from late February to mid-February beginning with the 92nd Academy Awards in 2020. In 2024, the ceremony was moved to an even earlier start time of 4:00pm PT/7:00p.m. ET, the apparent impetus being the ability for ABC to air a half-hour of primetime programming as a lead-out program at 7:30p.m. PT/10:30p.m. ET.

Originally scheduled for April 8, 1968, the 40th Academy Awards ceremony was postponed for two days, because of the assassination of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. On March 30, 1981, the 53rd Academy Awards was postponed for one day, after the attempted assassination of President Ronald Reagan and others in Washington, D.C.

In 1993, an In Memoriam segment was introduced, honoring those who had made a significant contribution to cinema who had died in the preceding 12 months, a selection compiled by a small committee of Academy members. This segment has drawn criticism over the years for the omission of some names. Criticism was also levied for many years regarding another aspect, with the segment having a "popularity contest" feel as the audience varied their applause to those who had died by the subject's cultural impact. The applause has since been muted during the telecast, and the audience is discouraged from clapping during the segment and giving silent reflection instead. This segment was later followed by a commercial break.

In terms of broadcast length, the ceremony generally averages three and a half hours. The first Oscars, in 1929, lasted 15minutes. At the other end of the spectrum, the 2002 ceremony lasted four hours and twenty-three minutes. In 2010, the organizers of the Academy Awards announced winners' acceptance speeches must not run past 45seconds. This, according to organizer Bill Mechanic, was to ensure the elimination of what he termed "the single most hated thing on the show"—overly long and embarrassing displays of emotion. In 2016, in a further effort to streamline speeches, winners' dedications were displayed on an on-screen ticker.

During the 2018 ceremony, host Jimmy Kimmel acknowledged how long the ceremony had become, by announcing that he would give a brand-new jet ski to whoever gave the shortest speech of the night, a reward won by Mark Bridges when accepting his Best Costume Design award for Phantom Thread. The Wall Street Journal analyzed the average minutes spent across the 2014–2018 telecasts as follows: 14 on song performances; 25 on the hosts' speeches; 38 on prerecorded clips; and 78 on the awards themselves, broken into 24 on the introduction and announcement, 24 on winners walking to the stage, and 30 on their acceptance speeches.

Although still dominant in ratings, the viewership of the Academy Awards has steadily dropped. The 88th Academy Awards were the lowest-rated in the past eight years (although with increases in male and 18–49 viewership), while the show itself also faced mixed reception. Following the show, Variety reported that ABC was, in negotiating an extension to its contract to broadcast the Oscars, seeking to have more creative control over the broadcast itself. Currently and nominally, AMPAS is responsible for most aspects of the telecast, including the choice of production staff and hosting, although ABC is allowed to have some input on their decisions. In August 2016, AMPAS extended its contract with ABC to 2028: the contract neither contains any notable changes nor gives ABC any further creative control over the telecast.

On December 17, 2025, the Academy announced that YouTube had acquired the rights to the Academy Awards beginning with the 101st ceremony in 2029, replacing ABC under a contract that will last through 2033. YouTube will serve as the exclusive worldwide broadcaster of the ceremony, while the Oscars' YouTube channel will also feature other AMPAS-produced ancillary content and events (including ceremonies, interviews, and other digital content). The Academy will also partner with the Google Arts & Culture program to help digitize portions of the Academy Museum of Motion Pictures and the organization's collection.

TV ratings

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Academy Awards viewership 1974–2023, in millions

Historically, the telecast's viewership is higher when box-office hits are favored to win the Best Picture award. More than 57.25million viewers tuned to the telecast for the 70th Academy Awards in 1998, the year of Titanic, which generated a box office haul during its initial 1997–98 run of Template:USD in the US, a box-office record that would remain unsurpassed for years. The 76th Academy Awards ceremony, in which The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (pre-telecast box office earnings of Template:USD) received 11 Awards, including Best Picture, drew 43.56million viewers. The most-watched ceremony based on Nielsen ratings to date, was the 42nd Academy Awards (Best Picture Midnight Cowboy), which drew a 43.4% household rating on April 7, 1970. Hoping to reinvigorate the pre-show and ratings, the 2023 Oscars organizers hired members of the Met Gala creative team.

By contrast, ceremonies honoring films that have not performed well at the box office tend to show weaker ratings, despite how much critical acclaim those films have received. The 78th Academy Awards, which awarded a low-budget independent film (Crash with a pre-Oscar gross of Template:USD) generated an audience of 38.64million with a household rating of 22.91%. In 2008, the 80th Academy Awards telecast was watched by 31.76million viewers on average with an 18.66% household rating, the lowest-rated and least-watched ceremony at the time, in spite of celebrating 80 years of the Academy Awards. The Best Picture winner of that particular ceremony was another independent film (this time, the Coen brothers's No Country for Old Men).

Whereas the 92nd Academy Awards drew an average of 23.6million viewers, the 93rd Academy Awards drew an even lower viewership of 10.4million, the lowest viewership recorded by Nielsen since it started recording audience totals in 1974. The 94th and 95th editions drew 16.6 and 18.7million viewers, respectively, still below the audience of the 92nd edition.

Archive

The Academy Film Archive holds copies of every Academy Awards ceremony since the 1949 Oscars, as well as material on many prior ceremonies, along with ancillary material related to more recent shows. Copies are held in a variety of film, video and digital formats.

Venues

In 1929, the first Academy Awards were presented at a banquet dinner at the Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel. From 1930 to 1943, the ceremony alternated between two venues: the Ambassador Hotel on Wilshire Boulevard and the Biltmore Hotel in downtown Los Angeles.

Grauman's Chinese Theatre in Hollywood then hosted the awards from 1944 to 1946, followed by the Shrine Auditorium in Los Angeles from 1947 to 1948. The 21st Academy Awards in 1949 were held at the Academy Award Theatre at what had been the Academy's headquarters on Melrose Avenue in Hollywood.

From 1950 to 1960, the awards were presented at Hollywood's Pantages Theatre. With the advent of television, the awards from 1953 to 1957 took place simultaneously in Hollywood and New York, first at the NBC International Theatre (1953) and then at the NBC Century Theatre, after which the ceremony took place solely in Los Angeles. In 1961, the Oscars moved to the Santa Monica Civic Auditorium in Santa Monica, California. In 1969, the Academy moved the ceremonies back to Downtown Los Angeles, to the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion at the Los Angeles County Music Center. In the late 1990s and early 2000s, the ceremony returned to the Shrine Auditorium.

In 2002, Hollywood's Dolby Theatre, previously known as the Kodak Theatre, became the presentation's current venue.

Categories

Current categories

List of current Awards of Merit categories

Year introduced	Category
1927/28	Best Picture
	Best Director
	Best Actor
	Best Actress
	Best Cinematography
	Best Production Design
	Best Adapted Screenplay
1929/30	Best Sound
1931/32	Best Animated Short Film
	Best Live Action Short Film
1934	Best Film Editing
	Best Original Score
	Best Original Song
1936	Best Supporting Actor
	Best Supporting Actress
1939	Best Visual Effects
1940	Best Original Screenplay
1941	Best Documentary Short Film
1943	Best Documentary Feature Film
1947	Best International Feature Film
1948	Best Costume Design
1981	Best Makeup and Hairstyling
2001	Best Animated Feature Film
2026	Best Casting

In the first year of the awards, the Best Directing award was split into two categories, Drama and Comedy. At times, the Best Original Score award has also been split into separate categories, Drama and Comedy/Musical. From the 1930s to the 1960s, the Art Direction (now Production Design), Cinematography, and Costume Design awards were split into two categories (black-and-white films and color films). Prior to 2012, the Production Design award was called Art Direction, while the Makeup and Hairstyling award was called Makeup. Prior to 2020, the International Feature Film award was called Foreign Language Film.

In August 2018, the Academy announced that several categories would not be televised live, but recorded during commercial breaks and aired later in the ceremony. Following dissent from Academy members, they announced that they would air all 24 categories live. This followed several proposals, among them, the introduction of a Popular Film category, that the Academy had announced but did not implement.

Upcoming categories

List of upcoming Awards of Merit categories

Planned introduction	Category
2028	Best Stunt Design

In February 2024, the Academy announced it would introduce an award for Achievement in Casting from the 98th ceremony in 2026, having rejected the category in 1999. In April 2025, it announced that Best Stunt Design would be introduced from the 100th ceremony in 2028, having rejected the proposal for a Best Stunt Coordination award every year from 1991 to 2012.

Discontinued categories

List of discontinued Awards of Merit categories

Introduced	Discontinued	Category
1927/28	1927/28	Best Director, Comedy Picture
		Best Director, Dramatic Picture
		Best Engineering Effects
		Best Title Writing
		Best Unique and Artistic Production
	1956	Best Original Story
1931/32	1935	Best Short Subject – Comedy
		Best Short Subject – Novelty
1932/33	1937	Best Assistant Director
1935		Best Dance Direction
1936		Best Short Subject – Color
	1956	Best Short Subject – 1 Reel
		Best Short Subject – 2 Reel
1963	2019	Best Sound Editing
1995	1998	Best Original Musical or Comedy Score

Proposed categories

The Board of Governors meets each year and considers new award categories, including:

• Best Popular Film: proposed in 2018 for presentation at the 2019 ceremony; postponed and yet to be implemented
• Best Title Design: rejected in 1999

Special categories

The Special Academy Awards are voted on by special committees, rather than by the Academy membership as a whole. They are not always presented on an annual basis.

Current special categories

• Academy Honorary Award: since 1929
• Academy Scientific and Technical Award (three different awards): since 1931
• Gordon E. Sawyer Award: since 1981
• Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award: since 1957
• Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award: since 1938

Discontinued special categories

• Academy Juvenile Award: 1934 to 1960
• Academy Special Achievement Award: from 1972 to 1995, and again for 2017

Criticism and controversies

Accusations of commercialism

Due to the positive exposure and prestige of the Academy Awards, many studios spend around 25 million dollars and hire publicists specifically to promote their films during what is typically called the "Oscar season". This has generated accusations of the Academy Awards being influenced more by marketing and lobbying than by quality. William Friedkin, an Academy Award-winning film director and former producer of the ceremony, expressed this sentiment at a conference in New York in 2009, describing it as "the greatest promotion scheme that any industry ever devised for itself".

Tim Dirks, editor of AMC's Filmsite, has written of the Academy Awards:

Unfortunately, the critical worth, artistic vision, cultural influence and innovative qualities of many films are not given the same voting weight. Especially since the 1980s, moneymaking "formula-made" blockbusters with glossy production values have often been crowd-pleasing titans (and Best Picture winners), but they haven't necessarily been great films with depth or critical acclaim by any measure.

A recent technique that has been claimed to be used during the Oscar season is the whisper campaign. These campaigns are intended to spread negative perceptions of other films nominated and are believed to be perpetrated by those who were involved in creating the film. Examples of whisper campaigns include the allegations against Zero Dark Thirty suggesting that it justifies torture and the claim that Lincoln distorts history. This technique was widely used by former producer Harvey Weinstein and his company Miramax, with the campaign strategy gaining further attention after Miramax's Shakespeare in Love defeated rival film Saving Private Ryan for Best Picture.

Accusations of bias

Typical criticism of the Academy Awards for Best Picture is that among the winners and nominees there is an over-representation of romantic historical epics, biographical dramas, romantic dramedies and family melodramas, most of which are released in the U.S. in the last three months of the calendar year. The Oscars have been infamously known for selecting specific genres of films to be awarded. The term "Oscar bait" was coined to describe such films. This has led, at times, to more specific criticisms that the Academy is disconnected from the audience, e.g., by favoring "Oscar bait" over audience favorites or favoring historical melodramas over critically acclaimed films that depict current life issues.

Despite the success of The Dark Knight and WALL-E, these films did not receive a Best Picture nomination at the 81st Academy Awards. These decisions received substantial criticism and were described as "snubs" by many publications. The backlash to the decision was such that, for the 82nd Academy Awards in 2010, the Academy increased the limit for Best Picture nominees from five to ten.

Lack of diversity

The Academy Awards have long received criticism over their lack of diversity among the nominees. This criticism is based on the statistics from every Academy Awards since 1929, which show that only 6.4% of Academy Award nominees have been non-white and since 1991, 11.2% of nominees have been non-white, with the rate of winners being even more polarizing. For a variety of reasons, including marketability and historical bans on interracial couples, a number of high-profile Oscars have been given to yellowface portrayals, as well as performances of Asian characters rewritten for white characters. It took until 2023 for an Asian woman to win an Academy Award for Best Actress, when Michelle Yeoh received the award for her performance in Everything Everywhere All at Once. The 88th awards ceremony became the target of a boycott, popularized on social media with the hashtag #OscarsSoWhite, based on activists' perception that its all-white acting nominee list reflected bias. In response, the Academy initiated "historic" changes in membership by 2020. Some media critics claim the Academy's efforts to address its purported racial, gender and national biases are merely distractions. By contrast, the Golden Globe Awards already have multiple winners of Asian descent in leading actress categories. Some question whether the Academy's definition of "merit" is just or empowering for non-Americans.

The Academy's Representation and Inclusion Standards have been criticized for excluding Jews as a distinct underrepresented class.

Miscategorization of actors

The Academy has no rules for how to categorize whether a performance is leading or supporting, and it is up to the discretion of the studios whether a given performance is submitted for either Best Actor/Actress or Best Supporting Actor/Actress. This has led to situations where a film has two or more co-leads, and one of these is submitted in a supporting category to avoid the two leads competing against each other, and to increase the film's chances of winning. This practice has been derisively called "category fraud".

For example, Rooney Mara was nominated for Best Supporting Actress for Carol (2015), despite her having a comparable amount of screentime to Cate Blanchett, who was nominated for Best Actress. Another example is Once Upon a Time in Hollywood (2019), where Brad Pitt was nominated for and won Best Supporting Actor, even though he played an equally important role to Best Actor nominee Leonardo DiCaprio. In both these cases, critics argued that the studios behind the films had placed someone who was actually a leading actor or actress into the supporting categories to avoid them competing against their co-lead.

Symbolism or sentimentalization

Acting prizes in certain years have been criticized for not recognizing superior performances so much as being awarded for personal popularity, to make up for a "snub" for a work that proved in time to be more popular or renowned than the one awarded (a 'make-up Oscar'), or as a "career honor" to recognize a distinguished nominee's entire body of work (a "legacy Oscar").

Recognition of streaming media film

Following the 91st Academy Awards in February 2019 in which the Netflix-broadcast film Roma had been nominated for ten awards including the Best Picture category, Steven Spielberg and other members of the Academy discussed changing the requirements through the Board of Governors for films as to exclude those from Netflix and other media streaming services. Spielberg had been concerned that Netflix as a film production and distribution studio could spend much more than for typical Oscar-winning films and have much wider and earlier distribution than for other Best Picture-nominated films, while still being able to meet the minimal theatrical-run status to qualify for an Oscar.

The United States Department of Justice, having heard of this potential rule change, wrote a letter to the Academy in March 2019, cautioning them that placing additional restrictions on films that originate from streaming media services without proper justification could raise anti-trust concerns against the Academy. Following its April 2019 board meeting, the Academy Board of Governors agreed to retain the current rules that allow for streaming media films to be eligible for Oscars as long as they have had limited theatrical runs.

2022 Chris Rock and Will Smith slapping incident

During the 94th Academy Awards on March 27, 2022, Chris Rock joked about Jada Pinkett Smith's shaved head with a G.I. Jane reference. Will Smith walked onstage and slapped Rock across the face, then returned to his seat and told Rock, twice, to "Keep my wife's name out [of] your fucking mouth!" While later accepting the Best Actor award for King Richard, Smith apologized to the Academy and the other nominees, but not to Rock. Rock decided not to press charges against Smith.

On April 8, 2022, the Academy made an announcement via a letter sent by president David Rubin and CEO Dawn Hudson informing the public that Will Smith had received a ten-year ban from attending the Oscars as a result of the incident.

Refusals of the award

Some winners critical of the Academy Awards have boycotted the ceremonies and refused to accept their Oscars. The first to do so was screenwriter Dudley Nichols (Best Writing in 1935 for The Informer). Nichols boycotted the 8th Academy Awards ceremony because of conflicts between the Academy and the Writers' Guild. Nichols eventually accepted the 1935 award three years later, at the 1938 ceremony. Nichols was nominated for three further Academy Awards during his career.

George C. Scott became the second person to refuse his award (Best Actor in 1970 for Patton) at the 43rd Academy Awards ceremony. Scott described it as a "meat parade", saying, "I don't want any part of it".

The third person to refuse the award was Marlon Brando, who refused his award (Best Actor for 1972's The Godfather), citing the film industry's discrimination against and mistreatment of Native Americans. At the 45th Academy Awards ceremony, Brando asked actress and civil rights activist Sacheen Littlefeather to read a 15-page speech in his place, detailing his criticisms, for which there was booing and cheering by the audience. In 2022, Littlefeather was accused by her sisters of misrepresenting her ancestry as Native American.

Disqualifications

Seven films have had nominations revoked before the official award ceremony:

• The Circus (1928) – The film was voluntarily removed by the Academy from competitive categories, to award Charlie Chaplin a special award.
• Hondo (1953) – Removed from the Best Story ballot after letters from the producer and nominee questioned its inclusion in the category.
• High Society (1955) – Withdrawn from screenwriting ballot after being mistaken for the 1956 film of the same title.
• The Godfather (1972) – Initially nominated for eleven awards, its nomination for Best Original Score was revoked after it was discovered that its main theme was very similar to music that the score's composer had written for an earlier film. None of its other nominations were revoked, and it received three Oscars, including Best Picture.
• A Place in the World (1992) – Removed from the Best Foreign Language Film ballot after it was discovered that the country which submitted the film exercised insufficient artistic control.
• Alone Yet Not Alone (2014) – The film's title song, "Alone Yet Not Alone", was removed from the Best Original Song ballot after Bruce Broughton was found to have improperly contacted other members of the Academy's musical branch; this was the first time that a film was removed from a ballot for ethical reasons.
• 13 Hours: The Secret Soldiers of Benghazi (2017) – Sound mixer Greg P. Russell's nomination was rescinded one day before the Awards when it was discovered he had improperly contacted voters by telephone. In this case, the nominations for the other three nominated sound mixers, Gary Summers, Jeffrey J. Haboush and Mac Ruth, were allowed to stand.

One film was disqualified after winning the award, and had the winner return the Oscar:

• Young Americans (1969) – Initially won the award for Best Documentary Feature, but was later revoked after it was revealed that it had opened theatrically prior to the eligibility period.

One film had its nomination revoked after the award ceremony when it had not won the Oscar:

• Tuba Atlantic (2011) – Its nomination for Best Live Action Short Film was revoked when it was discovered that the film had aired on television in 2010, before its theatrical release.

Remarks about animated films as children's genre

At the 94th Academy Awards in 2022, the award for the Best Animated Feature was presented by three actresses who portrayed Disney princess characters in live-action remakes of their respective animated films: Lily James (Cinderella), Naomi Scott (Aladdin), and Halle Bailey (The Little MermaidTemplate:--). While introducing the category, Bailey stated that animated films are "formative experiences as kids who watch them," as James put it, "So many kids watch these movies over and over." Bailey finished her sentence "over and over and over and over and over." Scott added: "I see some parents who know exactly what we're talking about." The remarks were heavily criticized by animation enthusiasts and those working in the industry as infantilizing the medium and perpetuating the stigma that animated works are strictly for children, especially since the industry was credited with sustaining the flow of Hollywood content and revenue during the height of the COVID-19 pandemic. Phil Lord, co-producer of one of the nominated films, The Mitchells vs. the Machines, tweeted that it was "super cool to position animation as something that kids watch and adults have to endure." The film's official social media accounts responded to the joke with an image reading: "Animation is cinema." A week later, Lord and his producing partner Christopher Miller wrote a guest column in Variety criticizing the Academy for the joke and how Hollywood has treated animation, writing that "no one set out to diminish animated films, but it's high time we set out to elevate them." They also suggested to the Academy that the category should be presented by a filmmaker who respects the art of animation as cinema.

Adding to the controversy was that the award for Best Animated Short Film (the nominees for which were mostly made up of shorts not aimed at children) was one of the eight categories that were not presented during the live broadcast. The winner for the Best Animated Short award was The Windshield Wiper, a multilingual Spanish-American film which is adult animated, while another nominee in three categories: Best Animated Feature, Best Documentary Feature Film, and Best International Feature Film, was Flee, a PG-13 rated animated documentary about an Afghan refugee. Alberto Mielgo, director of The Windshield Wiper, later gave an acceptance speech for the Oscar: "Animation is an art that includes every single art that you can imagine. Animation for adults is a fact. It's happening. Let's call it cinema. I'm very honored because this is just the beginning of what we can do with animation." Some speculations suggested that the speech played a role in the decision not to broadcast the award.

Another factor is that numerous animated films have been made for mature audiences or with ranges of PG-13 or more, with a few of them—The Triplets of Belleville, Persepolis, Chico and Rita, The Wind Rises, Anomalisa, My Life as a Courgette, The Breadwinner, Loving Vincent, Isle of Dogs, I Lost My Body, Flee, and Memoir of a Snail—having been nominated in this category, with The Boy and the Heron being the first adult animated film (in this case, PG-13-rated) to win in the 96th Academy Awards.

These comments came as #NewDeal4Animation, a movement of animation workers demanding equal pay, treatment and recognition alongside their contemporaries working in live-action, was picking up momentum during negotiations for a new contract between The Animation Guild, IATSE Local 839/SAG-AFTRA and the Alliance of Motion Picture and Television Producers, and the presentation is being used to rally the movement.

During the 96th Academy Awards in 2024, host Jimmy Kimmel said: "Please raise your hand if you let your kid fill out this part of the ballot." These remarks would again prompt backlash, with Christopher Miller, producer of that year's nominated Spider-Man: Across the Spider-Verse, tweeting out that the joke was "tired and lazy". The PG-13-rated The Boy and the Heron would subsequently win the award.

Associated events

The following events are closely associated with the annual Academy Awards:

• Governors Awards, which includes the presentation of the Academy Honorary Award, the Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award, and the Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award
• The 25th Independent Spirit Awards (2010), usually held in Santa Monica, California the Saturday before the Oscars, marked the first time it was moved to a Friday and a change of venue to L.A. Live
• The annual "Night Before", traditionally held at the Beverly Hills Hotel, begun in 2002 and generally known as the party of the season, benefits the Motion Picture & Television Fund, which operates a retirement home for SAG actors in the San Fernando Valley
• Elton John AIDS Foundation Academy Award Party airs the awards live at the nearby Pacific Design Center
• The Governors Ball is the Academy's official after-party, including dinner (until 2011), and is adjacent to the awards-presentation venue
• The Vanity Fair after-party, historically at the former Morton's restaurant, has been at the Sunset Tower since 2009

Presenter and performer gifts

It has become a tradition to give out gift bags to the presenters and performers at the Oscars. In recent years, these gifts have been extended to award nominees and winners. The value of each of these gift bags can reach into the tens of thousands of dollars. In 2014, the value was reported to be as high as Template:USD. The value has risen to the point where the U.S. Internal Revenue Service issued a statement regarding the gifts and their taxable status.

Oscar gift bags have included vacation packages to Hawaii and Mexico and Japan, a private dinner party for the recipient and friends at a restaurant, videophones, a four-night stay at a hotel, watches, bracelets, spa treatments, bottles of vodka, maple salad dressing, weight-loss gummie candy and up to Template:USD worth of cosmetic treatments and rejuvenation procedures such as lip fillers and chemical peels from New York City facial plastic surgeon Konstantin Vasyukevich. Some of the gifts have even had a "risque" element to them; in 2014, the adult products retailer Adam & Eve had a "Secret Room Gifting Suite". Celebrities visiting the gifting suite included Judith Hoag, Carolyn Hennesy, Kate Linder, Chris Mulkey, Jim O'Heir and John Salley.

Television ratings and advertisement prices

From 2006 onwards, results are Live+SD; all previous years are live viewing.

Year	Viewers, millions	Ad price, USD, millions	Adjusted price, USD, millions	Network
2025	19.69	1.7-2.3	Not available	ABC
2024	19.49	1.7-2.2	Not available
2023	18.7	2.1	Not available
2022	16.6	1.71	Not available
2021	10.4	2	Not available
2020	23.6	2.2	Not available
2019	29.6	2–3	Not available
2018	26.5	2–2.6	Not available
2017	32.9	2.1	Not available
2016	34.4	2	Not available
2015	37.260	1.95
2014	43.740	1.8 – 1.9	–
2013	40.376	1.65 – 1.8	–
2012	39.460	1.610
2011	37.919	1.3684
2010	41.699	1.1267
2009	36.310	1.3
2008	32.006	1.82
2007	40.172	1.6658
2006	38.939	1.6468
2005	42.139	1.503
2004	43.531	1.5031
2003	33.043	1.3458
2002	41.782	1.29
2001	42.944	1.45
2000	46.333	1.305
1999	45.615	1
1998	57.249	0.95
1997	40.075	0.85
1996	44.867	0.795
1995	48.279	0.7
1994	45.083	0.6435
1993	45.735	0.6078
1992	44.406	Not available	Not available
1991	42.727	Not available	Not available
1990	40.375	0.45
1989	42.619	0.375
1988	42.227	0.36
1987	37.190	0.335
1986	37.757	0.32
1985	38.855	0.315
1984	42.051	0.275
1983	53.235	0.245
1982	46.245	Not available	Not available
1981	39.919	Not available	Not available
1980	48.978	Not available	Not available
1979	46.301	Not available	Not available
1978	48.501	Not available	Not available
1977	39.719	Not available	Not available
1976	46.751	Not available	Not available
1975	48.127	Not available	Not available	NBC
1974	44.712	Not available	Not available

Records

Milestones

Superlative	Record-holder	Record set	Year	Notes
People
Most awards for a person	Walt Disney	26 awardsTemplate:Efn	1969	Awards resulted from 59 nominations.
Most awards for a person in a single year		4 awards		Awards resulted in 4 different types of films.
	Sean Baker		2025	Awards resulted from a single film.
Most awards for a person in a single category	Walt Disney	12 awards	1969	Awards resulted from 39 nominations in one category: Best Animated Short Film.
Most consecutive awards for a person in a single category		8 awards	1940	First win was Flowers and Trees in 5th Academy Awards; continued to win for the next seven years until stopped at Lend a Paw in 14th Academy Awards.
Most nominations for a person		59 nominations	1969	Nominations resulted in 26 wins.Template:Efn
Most nominations for a person in a single year		6 nominations	1954	Nominations resulted in 4 wins in a single year.
Most nominations for a person without a win	Greg P. Russell	16 nominations	2014	With the exception of 13 Hours: The Secret Soldiers of Benghazi as his 17th nomination, Russell had recently disqualified for the category when it was discovered that he had contacted voters for the award by telephone in order to win, which was in violation of campaigning regulations.
	Diane Warren		2025	Received the Academy Honorary Award in 2023.
Most nominations for a person in a single category	John Williams	48 nominations	2024	Nominations resulted in 5 wins in one category: Best Original Score.
Most nominations for a person in a single category without a win	Greg P. Russell	16 nominations	2014	Nominations resulted none in one category: Best Sound.
	Diane Warren		2025	Except an Honorary Award in 2024, nominations resulted none in one category: Best Original Song.
Film
Most awards for a film	Ben-Hur	11 awards	1960	Awards resulted from 12 nominations; only loss was Best Adapted Screenplay.
	Titanic		1998	Awards resulted from 14 nominations.
	The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King		2004	Awards resulted from every nomination it received.
Highest clean sweep				Beating Gigi and The Last Emperor with 9 wins from 9 nominations.
Most awards for a film franchise	The Lord of the Rings	17 awards		Consisting The Fellowship of the Ring (2001), The Two Towers (2002), and The Return of the King (2003).
Most awards for a film franchise in a single category	Silly Symphony	7 awards	1940	Considered as a short film series, awards resulted from 9 nominations in one category: Best Animated Short Film.
	Tom and Jerry		1953	Considered as a short film series, awards resulted from 13 nominations in one category: Best Animated Short Film.
Most nominations for a film	All About Eve	14 nominations	1951	Nominations resulted in 6 wins.
	Titanic		1998	Nominations resulted in 11 wins.
	La La Land		2017	Nominations resulted in 6 wins.
Most nominations for a film without a win	The Turning Point	11 nominations	1978
	The Color Purple		1986	It also holds the record for most Oscar nominations without one for Best Director.
Most nominations for a film franchise	Middle-Earth	37 nominations	2015	Nominations resulted in 17 wins overall.
	Star Wars		2020	Nominations resulted in 10 wins overall.
Most nominations for a film franchise without a win	The Color Purple	12 nominations	2024	Both 1985 and 2023 film versions of the novel did not win a single award.
Most nominations for a film franchise in a single category	Looney Tunes/Merrie Melodies	16 nominations	1964	Considered as a short film series, nominations resulted in 6 wins in one category: Best Animated Short Film.
Most nominations for a film franchise in a single category without a win	Marvel Cinematic Universe	14 nominations	2024	Nominations resulted none in one category: Best Visual Effects.
Age
Oldest winners	James Ivory	89 years old	2018	since 2025Template:Dated maintenance category (articles), they remained the oldest winners in any competitive category.
	Ann Roth		2021
Oldest nominee	John Williams	91 years old	2024	since 2025Template:Dated maintenance category (articles), he remained the oldest nominee in any competitive category.
Youngest winner	Tatum O'Neal	10 years old	1974	since 2025Template:Dated maintenance category (articles), she remained the youngest winner in any competitive category.
Youngest nominee	Justin Henry	8 years old	1980	since 2025Template:Dated maintenance category (articles), he remained the youngest nominee in any competitive category.

Highest by films

The following nominees received at least 10 nominations:

Nominations	Title
14	All About Eve
	Titanic
	La La Land
13	Gone with the Wind
	From Here to Eternity
	Mary Poppins
	Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?
	Forrest Gump
	Shakespeare in Love
	The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring
	Chicago
	The Curious Case of Benjamin Button
	The Shape of Water
	Oppenheimer
	Emilia Pérez
12	Ben-Hur
	Mrs. Miniver
	The Song of Bernadette
	Johnny Belinda
	A Streetcar Named Desire
	On the Waterfront
	My Fair Lady
	Becket
	Oliver!
	Reds
	Dances With Wolves
	Schindler's List
	The English Patient
	Gladiator
	The King's Speech
	Lincoln
	The Revenant
	The Power of the Dog
11	Mr. Smith Goes to Washington
	Rebecca
	Sergeant York
	The Pride of the Yankees
	Sunset Boulevard
	West Side Story
	Judgment at Nuremberg
	The Godfather Part II
	Chinatown
	The Turning Point
	Out of Africa
	The Color Purple
	Julia
	Gandhi
	Terms of Endearment
	Amadeus
	A Passage to India
	Saving Private Ryan
	The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King
	The Aviator
	Hugo
	Life of Pi
	Joker
	Everything Everywhere All at Once
	Poor Things
10	The Life of Emile Zola
	How Green Was My Valley
	Going My Way
	Wilson
	Roman Holiday
	Giant
	Sayonara
	The Apartment
	Lawrence of Arabia
	Tom Jones
	The Sound of Music
	Doctor Zhivago
	Bonnie and Clyde
	Guess Who's Coming to Dinner
	Anne of the Thousand Days
	Patton
	Airport
	The Godfather
	Cabaret
	The Sting
	The Exorcist
	Rocky
	Network
	Star Wars
	On Golden Pond
	Tootsie
	Bugsy
	Braveheart
	Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon
	Gangs of New York
	Master and Commander: The Far Side of the World
	Slumdog Millionaire
	True Grit
	The Artist
	American Hustle
	Gravity
	Mad Max: Fury Road
	The Favourite
	Roma
	The Irishman
	1917
	Once Upon a Time in Hollywood
	Mank
	Dune
	Killers of the Flower Moon
	The Brutalist
	Wicked

The following winners received at least 5 awards (including non-competitive):

Awards	Title
11	Ben-Hur
	Titanic
	The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King
10	West Side Story
9	Gigi
	The Last Emperor
	The English Patient
8	Gone with the Wind
	From Here to Eternity
	On the Waterfront
	My Fair Lady
	Cabaret
	Gandhi
	Amadeus
	Slumdog Millionaire
7	Going My Way
	The Best Years of Our Lives
	The Bridge on the River Kwai
	Lawrence of Arabia
	Patton
	The Sting
	Star Wars
	Out of Africa
	Dances With Wolves
	Schindler's List
	Shakespeare in Love
	Gravity
	Everything Everywhere All at Once
	Oppenheimer
6
	Mrs. Miniver
	All About Eve
	An American in Paris
	A Place in the Sun
	A Man for All Seasons
	Oliver!
	The Godfather Part II
	Forrest Gump
	Chicago
	The Hurt Locker
	Mad Max: Fury Road
	La La Land
	Dune
5	It Happened One Night
	How Green Was My Valley
	Wilson
	The Bad and the Beautiful
	Around the World in 80 Days
	The King and I
	The Apartment
	Mary Poppins
	The Sound of Music
	Doctor Zhivago
	Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?
	In the Heat of the Night
	The French Connection
	One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest
	The Deer Hunter
	Kramer vs. Kramer
	Raiders of the Lost Ark
	Terms of Endearment
	The Silence of the Lambs
	Braveheart
	Saving Private Ryan
	American Beauty
	Gladiator
	The Aviator
	Hugo
	The Artist
	Anora

Highest by franchises or remakes

The following film franchises or remakes received at least six nominations:

Nominations	Title	No. of films
37	Star Wars	11
	Middle-earth (consists of The Lord of the Rings and The Hobbit)	6
29	Batman	7
28	The Godfather	3
27	Marvel Cinematic Universe	15
26	What Price Hollywood? / A Star Is Born	5
20	The Wizard of Oz	4
19	James Bond	11
18	Going My Way / The Bells of St. Mary's	2
	West Side Story	2
17	Mary Poppins	2
16	Looney Tunes	16
	Star Trek	7
	Dune	3
	Here Comes Mr. Jordan / Heaven Can Wait	2
14	Wizarding World	9
	Indiana Jones	4
13	Tom and Jerry	13
	All Quiet on the Western Front	2
	Avatar	2
	Funny Girl / Funny Lady	2
	Gladiator	2
	The Hustler / The Color of Money	2
12	Alien	5
	Rocky	3
	The Color Purple	2
	True Grit	2
11	Toy Story	4
	Pirates of the Caribbean	3
	The Sting	2
10	Donald Duck	10
	Mickey Mouse	10
	Top Gun	2
9	Elizabeth	2
	Space Odyssey	2
8	Wallace & Gromit	8
	Spider-Man	5
	King Kong	3
	Babe	2
	Beauty and the Beast	2
	The Philadelphia Story / High Society	2
7	Transformers	3
	Aladdin	2
	Blade Runner	2
	Hercule Poirot	2
6	Planet of the Apes	5
	Shrek	4
	The Jungle Book	3
	The Broadway Melody	2
	Scent of a Woman	2

The following film franchises or remakes received at least three awards (including non-competitive):

Awards	Title	No. of films
17	The Lord of the Rings	3
11	West Side Story	2
10	Star Wars	3
9	The Godfather	2
8	Dune	2
	Going My Way / The Bells of St. Mary's	2
7	Looney Tunes	7
	Tom and Jerry	7
	Indiana Jones	3
6	James Bond	5
	All Quiet on the Western Front	2
5	Batman	3
4	A Star Is Born	3
	Toy Story	3
	Avatar	2
	King Kong	2
	Marvel Cinematic Universe	2
	The Wizard of Oz	2
3	Wallace & Gromit	3
	Alien	2
	Here Comes Mr. Jordan / Heaven Can Wait	2
	The Hustler / The Color of Money	2

Highest by people

The following nominees received at least 5 nominations:

Nominations	Title	Role
59	Walt Disney	Producer, animator, and voice actor
54	John Williams	Composer
45	Alfred Newman	Composer
39	Cedric Gibbons	Production designer
35	Edith Head	Costume designer
32	Edwin B. Willis	Production designer
29	Lyle R. Wheeler	Art director
26	Sammy Cahn	Songwriter
25	Andy Nelson	Sound engineer
	Max Steiner	Composer
24	Woody Allen	Filmmaker
23	Hans Dreier	Art director
	Hal Pereira	Art director and production designer
	Steven Spielberg	Filmmaker
22	Samuel M. Comer	Art director
	Randy Newman	Composer and songwriter
	Dimitri Tiomkin	Composer
	Victor Young	Composer
21	Kevin O'Connell	Sound mixer
	Meryl Streep	Actress
	Billy Wilder	Filmmaker
20	Gary Rydstrom	Sound designer and film director
19	Alan Menken	Composer and songwriter
18	Henry Mancini	Composer and songwriter
17	Gordon Hollingshead	Producer
	Fred Quimby	Animator
16	Roger Deakins	Cinematographer
	Charles LeMaire	Costume designer
	Greg P. Russell	Sound engineer
	Martin Scorsese	Filmmaker
	Irene Sharaff	Costume designer and art director
	Diane Warren	Songwriter
15	Warren Beatty	Actor and filmmaker
	Christopher Boyes	Sound engineer
	Thomas Newman	Composer
	Alex North	Composer
	Sandy Powell	Costume designer
	William Wyler	Filmmaker
14	Ethan and Joel Coen	Filmmakers
	Francis Ford Coppola	Filmmaker
	John Huston	Filmmaker
	Jean Louis	Costume designer
13	Richard Day	Art director
	Stanley Kubrick	Filmmaker
12	Colleen Atwood	Costume designer
	Bradley Cooper	Actor, filmmaker, and producer
	Federico Fellini	Filmmaker
	Katharine Hepburn	Actress
	Dorothy Jeakins	Costume designer
	Jack Nicholson	Actor
	Hans Zimmer	Composer
11	Paul Thomas Anderson	Filmmaker
	Rick Baker	Special make-up effects artist
	Alfonso Cuarón	Filmmaker
	Alexandre Desplat	Composer
	Clint Eastwood	Actor and filmmaker
	Doug Hemphill	Sound engineer
	David Lean	Filmmaker
	Joe Letteri	Visual effects artist
	Laurence Olivier	Actor and filmmaker
	George Stevens	Filmmaker
	Oliver Stone	Filmmaker
10	Anna Behlmer	Sound mixer
	Bette Davis	Actress
	Dante Ferretti	Art director, production designer and costume designer
	Walter Plunkett	Costume designer
	Helen Rose	Costume designer
	Bill Thomas	Costume designer
	Denzel Washington	Actor and filmmaker
9	Ingmar Bergman	Filmmaker
	Milena Canonero	Costume designer
	Robert De Niro	Actor and producer
	Pete Docter	Filmmaker, animator and voice actor
	Jacqueline Durran	Costume designer
	Nancy Haigh	Set decorator
	Alejandro González Iñárritu	Filmmaker
	Peter Jackson	Filmmaker
	Richard King	Sound engineer
	Stanley Kramer	Filmmaker
	Catherine Martin	Costume designer, production designer and producer
	Scott Millan	Sound mixer
	Scott Rudin	Producer
	Thelma Schoonmaker	Film editor
	Stephen Schwartz	Composer and songwriter
	Sherman Brothers	Composers and songwriters
8	Wes Anderson	Filmmaker
	Cate Blanchett	Actress
	Kenneth Branagh	Actor and filmmaker
	Marlon Brando	Actor
	James L. Brooks	Filmmaker
	George Clooney	Actor and filmmaker
	Glenn Close	Actress
	Judi Dench	Actress
	Dede Gardner	Producer
	Michael Kahn	Film editor
	Kathleen Kennedy	Producer
	Jack Lemmon	Actor
	Francesca Lo Schiavo	Set decorator
	Emmanuel Lubezki	Cinematographer
	Frances McDormand	Actress and producer
	Christopher Nolan	Filmmaker
	Peter O'Toole	Actor
	Ken Ralston	Visual effects supervisor
	Quentin Tarantino	Filmmaker
7	Robert Altman	Filmmaker
	Howard Ashman	Lyricist
	Ingrid Bergman	Actress
	Nathan Crowley	Art director and production designer
	Dennis Gassner	Production designer
	Jeff Bridges	Actor
	Richard Burton	Actor
	James Cameron	Filmmaker
	Leonardo DiCaprio	Actor and producer
	Eric Fellner	Producer
	Jane Fonda	Actress
	Jeremy Kleiner	Producer
	Martin McDonagh	Filmmaker
	Alexander Payne	Filmmaker
	Brad Pitt	Actor and producer
	Sydney Pollack	Filmmaker
	Mary Wills	Costume designer
	Kate Winslet	Actress
	Albert Wolsky	Costume designer
6	Amy Adams	Actress
	Tim Bevan	Producer
	John Bright	Costume designer
	Alexandra Byrne	Costume designer
	Ellen Burstyn	Actress
	Daniel Day-Lewis	Actor
	Guillermo del Toro	Filmmaker
	Margaret Furse	Costume designer
	Tom Hanks	Actor
	Yorgos Lanthimos	Filmmaker
	Ennio Morricone	Composer
	Patricia Norris	Costume designer
	Nick Park	Animator
	Maggie Smith	Actress
	Andrew Stanton	Animator and filmmaker
	Gile Steele	Costume designer
	Richard Taylor	Costume designer, special make-up effects artist and visual effects artist
5	Annette Bening	Actress
	Brad Bird	Animator and filmmaker
	Jane Campion	Filmmaker
	Matt Damon	Actor, filmmaker and producer
	Danilo Donati	Costume designer and production designer
	Todd Field	Filmmaker
	Jodie Foster	Actress
	Morgan Freeman	Actor
	Alfred Hitchcock	Filmmaker
	Elton John	Songwriter
	Nicole Kidman	Actress
	Spike Lee	Filmmaker
	Richard Linklater	Filmmaker
	Sidney Lumet	Filmmaker
	James Mangold	Filmmaker
	Frank Marshall	Producer
	Julianne Moore	Actress
	Mike Nichols	Filmmaker
	Vittorio Nino Novarese	Costume designer
	Gregory Peck	Actor
	Sean Penn	Actor
	Roman Polanski	Filmmaker
	Renié	Costume designer
	Ann Roth	Costume designer
	David O. Russell	Filmmaker
	Susan Sarandon	Actress
	Howard Shoup	Costume designer
	Emma Stone	Actress and producer
	Barbra Streisand	Actress, songwriter and producer
	Piero Tosi	Costume designer
	Jacqueline West	Costume designer
	Michelle Williams	Actress

The following winners received at least 3 awards (including non-competitive):

Awards	Title	Role
26	Walt Disney	Producer, animator, and voice actor
14	Douglas Shearer	Sound engineer, visual effect supervisor
11	Cedric Gibbons	Production designer
10	Farciot Edouart	Special effects artist and innovator
9	Dennis Muren	Special effects artist and supervisor
	Alfred Newman	Composer
8	Edith Head	Costume designer
	Alan Menken	Composer and songwriter
	Edwin B. Willis	Production designer
7	Rick Baker	Special make-up effects artist
	Richard Day	Art director
	Fred Quimby	Animator
	Gary Rydstrom	Sound designer, editor, and mixer
	Billy Wilder	Director, producer, and writer
6	John Ford	Director and producer
	Gordon Hollingshead	Producer
5	John Barry	Composer and songwriter
	Francis Ford Coppola	Director, producer, and writer
	Clint Eastwood	Actor, director, and producer
	Johnny Green	Composer, music supervisor, and producer
	Alejandro González Iñárritu	Director, producer, and writer
	Fred Hynes	Sound engineer
	Gordon Jennings	Special effects supervisor
	Richard King	Sound designer and editor
	Joe Letteri	Visual effects artist
	Thomas T. Moulton	Sound engineer
	Ken Ralston	Visual effects supervisor
	Irene Sharaff	Costume designer
	Richard Taylor	Costume designer, special makeup artist, and visual effects supervisor
	Lyle R. Wheeler	Art director
	John Williams	Composer
4	Woody Allen	Filmmaker
	Colleen Atwood	Costume designer
	Sean Baker	Filmmaker
	Mark Berger	Sound engineer
	John Box	Production designer and art director
	Christopher Boyes	Sound engineer
	Ben Burtt	Sound designer, editor, and mixer
	Sammy Cahn	Songwriter
	Milena Canonero	Costume designer
	Ethan and Joel Coen	Filmmakers
	Samuel M. Comer	Art director
	Alfonso Cuarón	Filmmaker
	Katharine Hepburn	Actress
	Paul Lambert	Visual effects supervisor
	Henry Mancini	Composer and songwriter
	Catherine Martin	Costume designer and production designer
	Frances McDormand	Actress and producer
	Johnny Mercer	Songwriter
	Scott Millan	Sound mixer
	Laurence Olivier	Actor and filmmaker
	Nick Park	Animator
	André Previn	Composer and music supervisor
	Dimitri Tiomkin	Composer
	Jimmy Van Heusen	Songwriter
	Robert Wise	Director and producer
	William Wyler	Director and producer
3	James Acheson	Costume designer
	Cecil Beaton	Costume designer and production designer
	Jenny Beavan	Costume designer
	Alan and Marilyn Bergman	Songwriters
	Ingrid Bergman	Actress
	Bong Joon Ho	Filmmaker
	Stephen Bosustow	Producer
	Walter Brennan	Actor
	James L. Brooks	Filmmaker
	James Cameron	Filmmaker
	Saul Chaplin	Composer and music supervisor
	Daniels	Directors, producers, and writers
	Daniel Day-Lewis	Actor
	Adolph Deutsch	Composer and music supervisor
	Pete Docter	Director, writer, animator, and voice actor
	Ken Darby	Composer and music supervisor
	Ralph Dawson	Film editor
	Guillermo del Toro	Director, producer, and writer
	Hans Dreier	Art director
	Roger Edens	Composer and music supervisor
	John Hubley	Director and animator
	Marvin Hamlisch	Composer and songwriter
	Doug Hemphill	Sound engineer
	Peter Jackson	Filmmaker
	Maurice Jarre	Composer
	Dorothy Jeakins	Costume designer
	Michael Kahn	Film editor
	Michel Legrand	Composer and songwriter
	Charles LeMaire	Costume designer
	Emmanuel Lubezki	Cinematographer
	Daniel Mandell	Film editor
	Giorgio Moroder	Composer and songwriter
	Jack Nicholson	Actor
	Orry-Kelly	Costume designer
	Anthony Powell	Costume designer
	Sandy Powell	Costume designer
	Thelma Schoonmaker	Film editor
	Stephen Schwartz	Songwriter
	Steven Spielberg	Filmmaker
	Max Steiner	Composer
	Oliver Stone	Filmmaker
	Meryl Streep	Actress
	Fran Walsh	Producer, writer and songwriter
	Ned Washington	Songwriter
	Paul Francis Webster	Songwriter
	Richard Williams	Director and animator

See also

• List of film awards
• List of Academy Award-nominated films
• List of actors with Academy Award nominations
• List of superlative Academy Award winners and nominees

Further reading

• • German-language book review of the book.
• Template:ISBN needed

External links

• Template:IMDb event
• 98TH Oscars Shortlists.