Faroese language

Template:Short description Template:Template otherTemplate:Main other FaroeseTemplate:Efn (Template:IPAc-en Template:Respell; Template:Langx ) is a North Germanic language spoken as a first language by about 69,000 Faroe Islanders, of whom 21,000 reside mainly in Denmark and elsewhere.

It is one of five languages descended from Old West Norse spoken in the Middle Ages; the others include Norwegian, Icelandic, and the extinct Norn and Greenlandic Norse. Faroese and Icelandic, its closest extant relative, are not easily mutually intelligible in speech, but the written languages resemble each other quite closely, largely owing to Faroese's etymological orthography.

History

File:Sheep Letter, p 1.jpg

The Sheep letter (Template:Langx) is the oldest surviving document of the Faroe Islands. Written in 1298 in Old Norse, it contains some words and expressions believed to be especially Faroese.

File:The Famjin Stone a Faroese Runestone.JPG

The Fámjin stone, a Faroese runestone

Around 900 AD, the language spoken in the Faroes was Old Norse, which Norse settlers had brought with them during the time of the settlement of Faroe Islands () that began in 825. However, many of the settlers were not from Scandinavia, but descendants of Norse settlers in the Irish Sea region. In addition, women from Norse-occupied Ireland, the Norse–Gaelic Isles, Orkney, and Shetland often married native Scandinavian men before settling in the Faroe Islands and Iceland. As a result, the Middle Irish language has had some influence on both Faroese and Icelandic.

There is speculation about Gaelic language place names in the Faroes: for example, the names of Mykines, Stóra Dímun, Lítla Dímun and Argir have been hypothesized to contain Celtic roots. Other examples of early-introduced words of Celtic origin are: Template:Wikt-lang/ (buttermilk), cf. Middle Irish Template:Wikt-lang; (tail-piece of an animal), cf. Middle Irish ; Template:Wikt-lang (head, headhair), cf. Middle Irish Template:Wikt-lang; Template:Wikt-lang (hand, paw), cf. Middle Irish Template:Wikt-lang; Template:Wikt-lang (bull), cf. Middle Irish Template:Wikt-lang; and Template:Wikt-lang (pasture in the outfield), cf. Middle Irish .

Between the 9th and the 15th centuries, a distinct Faroese language evolved, although it was probably still mutually intelligible with Old West Norse, and remained similar to the Norn language of Orkney and Shetland during Norn's earlier phase.

Faroese ceased to be a written language after the Danish–Norwegian Reformation of the early 16th century, with Danish replacing Faroese as the language of administration and education. The islanders continued to use the language in ballads, folktales, and everyday life. This maintained a rich spoken tradition, but for 300 years the language was not used in written form.

In 1823, the Danish Bible Society published a diglot of the Gospel of Matthew, with Faroese on the left and Danish on the right.

Venceslaus Ulricus Hammershaimb and the Icelandic grammarian and politician Jón Sigurðsson published a written standard for Modern Faroese in 1854, which still exists. They set a standard for the orthography of the language, based on its Old Norse roots and similar to that of Icelandic. The main purpose of this was for the spelling to represent the diverse dialects of Faroese in equal measure. Additionally, it had the advantages of being etymologically clear and keeping the kinship with the Icelandic written language. The actual pronunciation, however, often differs considerably from the written rendering. The letter ð, for example, has no specific phoneme attached to it.

Jakob Jakobsen devised a rival system of orthography, based on his wish for a phonetic spelling, but this system was never taken up by the speakers.

In 1908, Scripture Gift Mission published the Gospel of John in Faroese.

In 1937, Faroese replaced Danish as the official school language, in 1938, as the church language, and in 1948, as the national language by the Home Rule Act of the Faroe Islands. The first complete translation of the Bible was completed in 1948.

Up until the 1980s, public radio broadcasts were primarily conducted in Norwegian and Danish. This helps to explain why older generations can speak Norwegian in addition to Danish and Faroese. Faroese broadcasts quickly replaced earlier programs and now all radio content is transmitted in the language, alongside all local newspapers. Today, Danish is considered a foreign language, although around 5% of residents on the Faroes learn it as a first language. Both Danish and English are obligatory at the primary and secondary school levels, with fluency in English becoming increasingly valued particularly among the younger generations. Films and television are frequently shown in English with Danish subtitles.

In 2017, the tourist board Visit Faroe Islands launched a website entitled Faroe Islands Translate. Text can be entered in thirteen languages, including English, Chinese, Russian, Japanese, French, Spanish, and Portuguese. Instead of an instant machine translation being given, the text goes to a volunteer who will provide a live video translation, or else a recorded one later. The aim of this project was to get Faroese featured on Google Translate.

Old Faroese

Old Faroese (, ca. mid-14th to mid-16th centuries) is a form of Old Norse spoken in medieval times in the Faroe Islands. The most crucial aspects of the development of Faroese are diphthongisation and palatalisation.

There is not enough data available to establish an accurate chronology of Faroese, but a rough one may be developed through comparison to the chronologies of Old Icelandic and Old Norwegian. In the 12th/13th centuries, á and ǫ́ merged as ; later on at the beginning of the 14th century, delabialization took place: y, øy, au > ; í and ý merged in addition to i and y, but in the case of í and ý, it appears that labialisation took place instead as is documented by later development to . Further, the language underwent a palatalisation of k, g and sk before Old Norse e, i, y, ø, au > > > . Before the palatalisation é and ǽ merged as and approximately in the same period epenthetic u is inserted into word-final and clusters.

A massive quantity shift also operated in Middle Faroese. In the case of skerping, it took place after delabialization but before loss of post-vocalic ð and g . The shift of hv to , the deletion of in (remaining) word-initial –sonorant clusters (hr, hl, hn > r, l, n), and the dissolution of þ (þ > t; þ > h in demonstrative pronouns and adverbs) appeared before the end of the 13th century. Another undated change is the merger of ǫ, ø and ǿ into ; pre-nasal ǫ, ǫ́ > o, ó. enk, eng probably became , in the 14th century; the development of a to before ng, nk appeared after the palatalisation of k, g, and sk had been completed, such a change is quite a recent development, as well as change Cve > Cvø.

Development of vowels from Old Norse to Modern Faroese

9th century (Old Norse)				up to 14th century (Early Faroese)	14th–16th centuries (Old Faroese)		17th century (Late Old Faroese)				20th century (New Faroese)
					North	South	North		South		North		South
							long	short	long	short	long	short	long	short
i and y															i, y
e and æ															e
ø															ø
ǫ															ø
u															u
o															o
a															a
Long vowel -> Diphthong
í and ý															í, ý
é and ǽ															æ
ǿ															ø
ú															ú
ó															ó
á and ǫ́															á
True diphthongs
au															ey
øy															oy
ei															ei

Dialects

File:Faroese Dialects and Subdialects.svg

Major dialects and subdialects of Faroese as described by Petersen:

  Northwest Dialect

  Northern Dialect

  Central Dialect

  Southern Dialect

Faroese is a highly variable language with many dialects actively used across the islands’ approximately 120 communities. While the dialect of Tórshavn is the most prominent due to the city's outstanding size, there is no official spoken standard variety, and little evidence that the Tórshavn dialect has developed prestige status. Faroese speech communities are tightly knit and the use of dialectal speech is widely encouraged.

The study of Faroese dialectology began hundreds of years ago, with the scholar Lucas Debes noting a north–south distinction as early as 1673. In the 18th century linguist Jens Christian Svabo made further distinctions, such as identifying the Tórshavn dialect, though his categorization lacked thorough justification. In 1891 Venceslaus Ulricus Hammershaimb would write a more definitive study of the language's variation, noting distinguishing characteristics of the north–south divide such as the northern aspiration of unvoiced plosives after long vowels and the pronunciation of Template:Grapheme as Template:IPAslink in most of the north compared to Template:IPAslink in the south.

The most recent and detailed classification by Hjalmar P. Petersen divides the language into four major varieties including North-Western Faroese, Central Faroese, Northern Faroese, and Southern Faroese. Additional sub-dialects of particular islands and villages have also been identified. Most of the analysis by Petersen and earlier authors is based on phonological evidence.

The southern variety of Faroese is very distinct, possibly due to geographic distance exacerbated by the lack of underwater tunnels which have connected most other islands north of Sandur. The dialect of these islands is characterized by a unique form of certain personal pronouns, alongside phonological features such as the intervocalic voicing of non-geminate stops. The fortis consonants Template:IPAslink, Template:IPAslink, and Template:IPAslink are aspirated following long vowels.

The central dialect area centered around Suðurstreymoy features a merging of Template:Grapheme and Template:Grapheme in unstressed ending syllables. The fortis consonants are neither aspirated nor weakened. The island of Nólsoy is a notable transitional area due to its unique realization of long Template:Grapheme as and short Template:Grapheme as compared to the and found in Tórshavn and elsewhere.

The northern dialect is characterized by weakened fortis consonants and a monophthongal pronunciation of Template:Grapheme in ending syllables, i.e., Template:IPAslink. The realization of Template:Grapheme as dominates in this region, although small parts of the central and northwestern regions use this pronunciation as well.

The northwestern dialect features aspirated fortis consonants after long vowels. The Template:Grapheme and Template:Grapheme vowels remain unmerged in unstressed ending syllables. Long Template:Grapheme is pronounced and short Template:Grapheme is pronounced .

Alphabet

The Faroese alphabet consists of 29 letters derived from the Latin script:

Majuscule forms (also called uppercase or capital letters)

A

Á

B

D

Ð

E

F

G

H

I

Í

J

K

L

M

N

O

Ó

P

R

S

T

U

Ú

V

Y

Ý

Æ

Ø

Minuscule forms (also called lowercase or small letters)

a

á

b

d

ð

e

f

g

h

i

í

j

k

l

m

n

o

ó

p

r

s

t

u

ú

v

y

ý

æ

ø

Phonology

Vowels

Faroese vowels

	Front				Central		Back
	unrounded		rounded
	short	long	short	long	short	long	short	long
Close	Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link			Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link
Mid	Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link			Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link
Open					Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link

As with most other Germanic languages, Faroese has a large number of vowels, with 26 in total. Vowel distribution is similar to other North Germanic languages in that short vowels appear in closed syllables (those ending in consonant clusters or long consonants) and long vowels appearing in open syllables.

Faroese vowel alternations

Monophthongs
Long vowel				Short vowel
	linur		'soft'	lint		'soft (N.)'
	frekur		'greedy'	frekt		'greedy (N.)'
	mytisk		'mythological'	mystisk		'mysterious'
	høgur		'high (M.)'	høgt		'high (N.)'
	gulur		'yellow'	gult		'yellow (N.)'
	tola		'to endure'	toldi		'endured'
	Kanada		'Canada'	land		'land'
Diphthongs
Long vowel				Short vowel
	hvítur		'white (M.)'	hvítt		'white (N.)'
	deyður		'dead (M.)'	deytt		'dead (N.)'
	feitur		'fat (M.)'	feitt		'fat (N.)'
	gloyma		'to forget'	gloymdi		'forgot'
	spakur		'calm (M.)'	spakt		'calm (N.)'
	vátur		'wet (M.)'	vátt		'wet (N.)'
	fúlur		'foul (M.)'	fúlt		'foul (N.)'
	tómur		'empty (M.)'	tómt		'empty (N.)'

Faroese shares with Icelandic and Danish the feature of maintaining a contrast between stops based exclusively on aspiration, not voicing. Geminated stops may be pre-aspirated in intervocalic and word-final position. Intervocalically the aspirated consonants become pre-aspirated unless followed by a closed vowel. In clusters, the preaspiration merges with a preceding nasal or apical approximant, rendering them voiceless.

Consonants

		Labial	Coronal			Dorsal		Glottal
			Dental / Alveolar	Retro- flex	Palatal		Velar
Plosive / Affricate	Fortis			(Template:IPA link)				(Template:IPA link)
	Lenis	Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link	(Template:IPA link)	Template:IPA link		Template:IPA link
Continuant	Fortis	Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link	(Template:IPA link)	Template:IPA link			Template:IPA link
	Lenis			Template:IPA link (Template:IPA link)	Template:IPA link		(Template:IPA link)
Sonorant
	Nasal	Template:IPA link (Template:IPA link)	Template:IPA link (Template:IPA link)	(Template:IPA link)	Template:IPA link (Template:IPA link)		Template:IPA link (Template:IPA link)
	Lateral		Template:IPA link (Template:IPA link)	(Template:IPA link)	(Template:IPA link Template:IPA link)

(Non-phonemic phones are between parentheses)

There are several phonological processes involved in Faroese, including:

• Nasals generally assume the place of articulation and laryngeal settings of following consonants.
• Velar stops palatalize to postalveolar affricates before and
• becomes before voiceless consonants
• becomes after and before
• becomes retroflex before consonants in consonant clusters, yielding the allophones while itself becomes , example: is realized as .
• Pre-occlusion of original to and to .
• Pre-aspiration of original voiceless stops after non-high long vowels and diphthongs or when a voiceless stop is followed by . All long voiceless stops are pre-aspirated when doubled or in clusters .

Grammar

Faroese grammar is related and very similar to that of modern Icelandic and Old Norse. Faroese is an inflected language with three grammatical genders and four cases: nominative, accusative, dative and genitive.

Faroese Words and Phrases in comparison to other Germanic languages

Faroese	Icelandic	Norwegian (nynorsk)	Norwegian (bokmål)	Danish	Swedish	German	Dutch	West Frisian	English
									Welcome
									Farewell
									What is your name?
									How is it going? (How goes it?)
(m) / (f)	(m) / (f)								How old are you?
									Red
									Blue
									White

Example text

SUB:Subjunctive mood IMP:Imperative mood PRS:Present tense PST:Past tense 2PS:second person, singular 3PS:third person, singular DF:Definite IDF:Indefinite N:Nominative case A:Accusative case D:Dative case G:Genitive case MA:Masculine gender FE:Feminine gender NT:Neuter gender CMPA:Comparative SPER:Superlative

Universal Declaration of Human Rights

The following is a sample text of Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. The first line is the orthographic version; the second is the International Phonetic Alphabet transciption; the third is the gloss. A recording is available on the UDHR audio project's website.

Lord's Prayer

The following is a sample text of the Lord's Prayer in Faroese. The first line is the orthographic version; the second is the International Phonetic Alphabet transciption; the third is the gloss. A recording posted under the @teknmal767 channel is available on YouTube, it contains two performances of the prayer spoken and signed.

See also

• Faroese language conflict
• Goidelic languages
• Gøtudanskt accent
• Old Norwegian

Further reading

To learn Faroese as a language

• Adams, Jonathan & Hjalmar P. Petersen. Faroese: A Language Course for beginners Grammar & Textbook. Tórshavn, 2009: Stiðin (704 p.) Template:ISBN
• W. B. Lockwood: An Introduction to Modern Faroese. Tórshavn, 1977. (no ISBN, 244 pages, 4th printing 2002)
• Michael Barnes: Faroese Language Studies Studia Nordica 5, Supplementum 30. Tórshavn, 2002. (239 pages) Template:ISBN
• Höskuldur Thráinsson (Þráinsson), Hjalmar P. Petersen, Jógvan í Lon Jacobsen, Zakaris Svabo Hansen: Faroese. An Overview and Reference Grammar. Tórshavn, 2004. (500 pages) Template:ISBN
• Richard Kölbl: Färöisch Wort für Wort. Bielefeld 2004 (in German)
• Faroeseonline.com

Dictionaries

• Johan Hendrik W. Poulsen: Føroysk orðabók. Tórshavn, 1998. (1483 pages) Template:ISBN (in Faroese)
• Annfinnur í Skála / Jonhard Mikkelsen: Føroyskt / enskt – enskt / føroyskt, Vestmanna: Sprotin 2008. (Faroese–English / English–Faroese dictionary, 2 volumes)
• Annfinnur í Skála: Donsk-føroysk orðabók. Tórshavn 1998. (1369 pages) Template:ISBN (Danish–Faroese dictionary)
• M.A. Jacobsen, Chr. Matras: Føroysk–donsk orðabók. Tórshavn, 1961. (no ISBN, 521 pages, Faroese–Danish dictionary)
• Hjalmar Petersen, Marius Staksberg: Donsk–Føroysk orðabók. Tórshavn, 1995. (879 p.) Template:ISBN (Danish–Faroese dictionary)
• Eigil Lehmann: Føroysk–norsk orðabók. Tórshavn, 1987 (no ISBN, 388 p.) (Faroese–Norwegian dictionary)
• Jón Hilmar Magnússon: Íslensk-færeysk orðabók. Reykjavík, 2005. (877 p.) Template:ISBN (Icelandic–Faroese dictionary)
• Gianfranco Contri: Dizionario faroese-italiano = Føroysk-italsk orðabók. Tórshavn, 2004. (627 p.) Template:ISBN (Faroese–Italian dictionary)

Faroese literature and research

• V.U. Hammershaimb: Færøsk Anthologi. Copenhagen 1891 (no ISBN, 2 volumes, 4th printing, Tórshavn 1991) (editorial comments in Danish)
• Tórður Jóansson: English loanwords in Faroese. Tórshavn, 1997. (243 pages) Template:ISBN
• Petersen, Hjalmar P. 2009. Gender Assignment in Modern Faroese. Hamborg. Kovac
• Petersen, Hjalmar P. 2010. The Dynamics of Faroese-Danish Language Contact. Heidelberg. Winter
• Faroese/German anthology "From Djurhuus to Poulsen – Faroese Poetry during 100 Years", academic advice: Turið Sigurðardóttir, linear translation: Inga Meincke (2007), ed. by Paul Alfred Kleinert

External links

• Faroese-English dictionary
• Faroese online syntactic analyser and morphological analyser/generator
• Faroese Language Council
• Useful Faroese Words & Phrases for Travelers Template:Webarchive
• How to count in Faroese
• Faroe Island Translate