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'''Shri'''{{efn|Other spellings include '''Shree''', '''Sri''', '''Sree''', '''Shrih''' and '''śrī'''.}} ({{IPAc-en|ʃ|r|iː}};<ref name="oxford">{{cite web |title=Shri |url=https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/shri |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191030060633/https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/shri |url-status=dead |archive-date=October 30, 2019 |website=Lexico |publisher=Oxford English Dictionary |access-date=30 October 2019}}</ref> {{Langx|sa|श्री|translit=Śrī}}, {{IPA|sa|ɕriː|pron}}) is a Sanskrit term denoting resplendence, wealth and prosperity, primarily used as an [[honorific]].<ref name="oxford"/> | '''Shri'''{{efn|Other spellings include '''Shree''', '''Sri''', '''Sree''', '''Shrih''' and '''śrī'''.}} ({{IPAc-en|ʃ|r|iː}};<ref name="oxford">{{cite web |title=Shri |url=https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/shri |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191030060633/https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/shri |url-status=dead |archive-date=October 30, 2019 |website=Lexico |publisher=Oxford English Dictionary |access-date=30 October 2019}}</ref> {{Langx|sa|श्री|translit=Śrī}}, {{IPA|sa|ɕriː|pron}}) is a Sanskrit term denoting resplendence, wealth and prosperity, primarily used as an [[honorific]].<ref name="oxford"/> | ||
The word is widely used in [[languages of South Asia|South]] and [[classification schemes for Southeast Asian languages|Southeast Asian languages]] such as | The word is widely used in [[languages of South Asia|South]] and [[classification schemes for Southeast Asian languages|Southeast Asian languages]] such as [[Hindi language|Hindi]], and also among [[Philippine languages]]. It is usually transliterated as ''Sri'', ''Sree'', ''Shri'', ''Shiri'', ''Shree'', ''Si'', or ''Seri'' based on the local convention for transliteration. In Tamil it evolved to [[Tamil honorifics#Tiru|Tiru]]. | ||
The term is used in [[Indian subcontinent]] and [[Southeast Asia]] as a polite form of address equivalent to the English "Mr." in written and spoken language. | The term is used in [[Indian subcontinent]] and [[Southeast Asia]] as a polite form of address equivalent to the English "Mr." in written and spoken language. | ||
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==Etymology== | ==Etymology== | ||
{{wikt|Shri}} | |||
[[File:Maharaja Sri Gupta inscription on the Allahabad pillar Samudragupta inscription.jpg|thumb|{{center|1=[[File:Blank - Spacer.png|20px]][[File:Gupta allahabad m.svg|11px]][[File:Gupta allahabad haa.jpg|11px]][[File:Gupta allahabad raa.jpg|11px]][[File:Gupta allahabad j.svg|12px]][[File:Blank - Spacer.png|15px]][[File:Gupta allahabad shrii.jpg|14px]][[File:Blank - Spacer.png|15px]][[File:Gupta allahabad gu.jpg|14px]]<sub>[[File:Gupta allahabad pt.jpg|12px]]</sub><br>''[[Mahārāja]][[File:Blank - Spacer.png|10px]]Shrī[[File:Blank - Spacer.png|10px]][[Gupta (king)|Gupta]]''<br>"Great King, Lord [[Gupta (king)|Gupta]]"}}in [[Gupta script]], on the [[Allahabad pillar]] inscription of [[Samudragupta]] (4th century CE).<ref>[[:File:Allahabad stone pillar inscription of Samudragupta.jpg|Full inscription]], {{cite book |last1=Fleet |first1=John Faithfull |title=Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum Vol. 3 |date=1888 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.49403/page/n197 1]-17 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.49403}}</ref>]] | [[File:Maharaja Sri Gupta inscription on the Allahabad pillar Samudragupta inscription.jpg|thumb|{{center|1=[[File:Blank - Spacer.png|20px]][[File:Gupta allahabad m.svg|11px]][[File:Gupta allahabad haa.jpg|11px]][[File:Gupta allahabad raa.jpg|11px]][[File:Gupta allahabad j.svg|12px]][[File:Blank - Spacer.png|15px]][[File:Gupta allahabad shrii.jpg|14px]][[File:Blank - Spacer.png|15px]][[File:Gupta allahabad gu.jpg|14px]]<sub>[[File:Gupta allahabad pt.jpg|12px]]</sub><br>''[[Mahārāja]][[File:Blank - Spacer.png|10px]]Shrī[[File:Blank - Spacer.png|10px]][[Gupta (king)|Gupta]]''<br>"Great King, Lord [[Gupta (king)|Gupta]]"}}in [[Gupta script]], on the [[Allahabad pillar]] inscription of [[Samudragupta]] (4th century CE).<ref>[[:File:Allahabad stone pillar inscription of Samudragupta.jpg|Full inscription]], {{cite book |last1=Fleet |first1=John Faithfull |title=Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum Vol. 3 |date=1888 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.49403/page/n197 1]-17 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.49403}}</ref>]] | ||
[[Monier Monier-Williams|Monier-Williams's]] dictionary gives the meaning of the root verb {{Transliteration|sa|ISO|''śrī''}} as "to cook, boil, to burn, diffuse light", but as a feminine abstract noun, it has received a general meaning of "grace, splendour, beauty; wealth, affluence, prosperity".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Turner |first=Sir Ralph Lilley |author-link=Ralph Lilley Turner |author2=Dorothy Rivers Turner |title=A comparative dictionary of the Indo-Aryan languages. |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/contextualize.pl?p.4.soas.198140 |access-date=22 April 2010 |orig-year=1962 |date=January 2006 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=London |page=736 |quote='''śhrīˊ''' 12708 '''śhrīˊ''' feminine ' light, beauty ' R̥gveda, ' welfare, riches ' Avestan (Iranian) Pali Prakrit ''sirī'' – feminine, Prakrit ''sī'' – feminine ' prosperity '; Marāṭhī – ''s'' honorific affix to names of relationship (e.g. āj̈ā – ''s'', ājī – ''s'') Jules Bloch ''La Formation de la Langue Marathe'' Paris 1920, page 412. – Sinhalese ''siri '' ' health, happiness ' (Wilhelm Geiger ''An Etymological Glossary of the Sinhalese Language'' Colombo 1941, page 180) a loanword from Pali <-> See addendum śrḗyas –, śrḗṣṭha – . See Addenda: śrīˊ – occurring for the first time in Addenda : śrīparṇī – . |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121215020900/http://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/contextualize.pl?p.4.soas.198140 |archive-date=15 December 2012 }}</ref><ref name=Apte>{{cite book|last=Apte|first=Vaman Shivaram|title=Revised and enlarged edition of Prin. V. S. Apte's The practical Sanskrit-English dictionary|year=1957–59|publisher=Prasad Prakashan|page=1575|quote=1 Wealth, riches, affluence, prosperity, plenty; ... -2 Royalty, majesty, royal wealth;... -3 Dignity, high position, state;... -4 Beauty, grace, splendour, lustre;... -5 Colour, aspect; ... -6 The goddess of wealth, Lak-ṣmī, the wife of Viṣṇu;... -7 Any virtue or excellence. -8 Decoration. -9 Intellect, understanding. -1 Super- human power. -11 The three objects of human existence taken collectively (धर्म, अर्थ and काम). -12 The Sarala tree. -13 The Bilva tree. -14 Cloves. -15 A lotus. -16 The twelfth digit of the moon. -17 N. of Sarasvatī, (the goddess of speech). -18 Speech. -19 Fame, glory. -2 The three Vedas (वेदत्रयी);... -m. N. of one of the six Rāgas or musical modes. -a. Splendid, radiant, adorning. (The word श्री is often used as an honorific prefix to the names of deities and eminent persons; श्रीकृष्णः, श्रीरामः, श्रिवाल्मीकिः, श्रीजयदेवः; also celebrated works, generally of a sacred character; श्रीभागवत, श्रीरामायण)&c.; it is also used as an auspicious sign at the commencement of letters, manuscripts &c}}</ref> | [[Monier Monier-Williams|Monier-Williams's]] dictionary gives the meaning of the root verb {{Transliteration|sa|ISO|''śrī''}} as "to cook, boil, to burn, diffuse light", but as a feminine abstract noun, it has received a general meaning of "grace, splendour, beauty; wealth, affluence, prosperity".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Turner |first=Sir Ralph Lilley |author-link=Ralph Lilley Turner |author2=Dorothy Rivers Turner |title=A comparative dictionary of the Indo-Aryan languages. |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/contextualize.pl?p.4.soas.198140 |access-date=22 April 2010 |orig-year=1962 |date=January 2006 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=London |page=736 |quote='''śhrīˊ''' 12708 '''śhrīˊ''' feminine ' light, beauty ' R̥gveda, ' welfare, riches ' Avestan (Iranian) Pali Prakrit ''sirī'' – feminine, Prakrit ''sī'' – feminine ' prosperity '; Marāṭhī – ''s'' honorific affix to names of relationship (e.g. āj̈ā – ''s'', ājī – ''s'') Jules Bloch ''La Formation de la Langue Marathe'' Paris 1920, page 412. – Sinhalese ''siri '' ' health, happiness ' (Wilhelm Geiger ''An Etymological Glossary of the Sinhalese Language'' Colombo 1941, page 180) a loanword from Pali <-> See addendum śrḗyas –, śrḗṣṭha – . See Addenda: śrīˊ – occurring for the first time in Addenda : śrīparṇī – . |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121215020900/http://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/contextualize.pl?p.4.soas.198140 |archive-date=15 December 2012 }}</ref><ref name=Apte>{{cite book|last=Apte|first=Vaman Shivaram|title=Revised and enlarged edition of Prin. V. S. Apte's The practical Sanskrit-English dictionary|year=1957–59|publisher=Prasad Prakashan|page=1575|quote=1 Wealth, riches, affluence, prosperity, plenty; ... -2 Royalty, majesty, royal wealth;... -3 Dignity, high position, state;... -4 Beauty, grace, splendour, lustre;... -5 Colour, aspect; ... -6 The goddess of wealth, Lak-ṣmī, the wife of Viṣṇu;... -7 Any virtue or excellence. -8 Decoration. -9 Intellect, understanding. -1 Super- human power. -11 The three objects of human existence taken collectively (धर्म, अर्थ and काम). -12 The Sarala tree. -13 The Bilva tree. -14 Cloves. -15 A lotus. -16 The twelfth digit of the moon. -17 N. of Sarasvatī, (the goddess of speech). -18 Speech. -19 Fame, glory. -2 The three Vedas (वेदत्रयी);... -m. N. of one of the six Rāgas or musical modes. -a. Splendid, radiant, adorning. (The word श्री is often used as an honorific prefix to the names of deities and eminent persons; श्रीकृष्णः, श्रीरामः, श्रिवाल्मीकिः, श्रीजयदेवः; also celebrated works, generally of a sacred character; श्रीभागवत, श्रीरामायण)&c.; it is also used as an auspicious sign at the commencement of letters, manuscripts &c}}</ref> | ||
The word {{Transliteration|sa|ISO|śrī}} may also be used as an adjective in Sanskrit, which is the origin of the modern use of shri as a title. From the noun | The word {{Transliteration|sa|ISO|śrī}} may also be used as an adjective in Sanskrit, which is the origin of the modern use of shri as a title. From the noun is derived the Sanskrit adjective "śrīmat" (śrimān in the masculine nominative singular, śrīmatī in the feminine) by adding the suffix indicating possession, literally "radiance-having" (person, god, etc.). This is used in modern vernacular as form of address ''[[Shrimati]]'' (abbreviated Smt) for married women, while ''Sushri'' (with "su", "good", added to the beginning) can be used for women in general ([[Ms.|regardless of marital status]]). | ||
=== Spelling and pronunciation === | === Spelling and pronunciation === | ||
In Devanagari script for Sanskrit, Hindi, Marathi and other languages, the word {{angle bracket|{{lang|sa|श्री}}}} is a combination of three sounds: {{lang|sa|श्}} ({{Transliteration|sa|ISO|ś}}), {{lang|sa|र्}} ({{Transliteration|sa|ISO|r}}) and {{lang|sa|ई}} ({{Transliteration|sa|ISO|ī}}, long ''i''). There are two conventions in India to transliterate the consonant {{lang|sa|श्}} ([[ISO 15919|ISO]]: {{Transliteration|sa|ISO|''ś''}}) to English: some use ''s'' (which in narrower transcription represents only {{lang|sa|स्}}) as in ''[[Sri Lanka]]'' and ''[[Srinagar]]'', while others use ''sh'' as in ''[[Shimla]]'' and ''[[Shimoga]]''.<ref name="phonetics">{{cite arXiv|eprint=1701.08655|class=cs.CL|first1=Shrikant|last1=Malviya|first2=Rohit|last2=Mishra|title=Structural Analysis of Hindi Phonetics and a Method for Extraction of Phonetically Rich Sentences from a Very Large Hindi Text Corpus|last3=Tiwary|first3=Uma Shanker|year=2017|pages=2}}</ref> Similarly, {{lang|sa|री}} ({{Transliteration|sa|ISO|rī}}; {{lang|sa|र् + ई}}) is also transliterated to English in two different ways as ''ri'' and ''ree'', although the latter is non-standard in Hindi.<ref name="phonetics" /><ref name="un-ref">{{Citation|author=United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names, United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs|title=Technical reference manual for the standardization of geographical names|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mh8u32ANQxAC|year=2007|publisher=United Nations Publications, 2007|isbn=978-92-1-161500-5|quote=... ISO 15919 ... There is no evidence of the use of the system either in India or in international cartographic products ... The Hunterian system is the actually used national system of romanization in India ...}}</ref> Hence this word {{lang|sa|श्री}} may be rendered in English as Shri (the standard spelling), Shree, Sri or Sree; | In Devanagari script for Sanskrit, Hindi, Marathi and other languages, the word {{angle bracket|{{lang|sa|श्री}}}} is a combination of three sounds: {{lang|sa|श्}} ({{Transliteration|sa|ISO|ś}}), {{lang|sa|र्}} ({{Transliteration|sa|ISO|r}}) and {{lang|sa|ई}} ({{Transliteration|sa|ISO|ī}}, long ''i''). There are two conventions in India to transliterate the consonant {{lang|sa|श्}} ([[ISO 15919|ISO]]: {{Transliteration|sa|ISO|''ś''}}) to English: some use ''s'' (which in narrower transcription represents only {{lang|sa|स्}}) as in ''[[Sri Lanka]]'' and ''[[Srinagar]]'', while others use ''sh'' as in ''[[Shimla]]'' and ''[[Shimoga]]''.<ref name="phonetics">{{cite arXiv|eprint=1701.08655|class=cs.CL|first1=Shrikant|last1=Malviya|first2=Rohit|last2=Mishra|title=Structural Analysis of Hindi Phonetics and a Method for Extraction of Phonetically Rich Sentences from a Very Large Hindi Text Corpus|last3=Tiwary|first3=Uma Shanker|year=2017|pages=2}}</ref> Similarly, {{lang|sa|री}} ({{Transliteration|sa|ISO|rī}}; {{lang|sa|र् + ई}}) is also transliterated to English in two different ways as ''ri'' and ''ree'', although the latter is non-standard in Hindi.<ref name="phonetics" /><ref name="un-ref">{{Citation|author=United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names, United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs|title=Technical reference manual for the standardization of geographical names|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mh8u32ANQxAC|year=2007|publisher=United Nations Publications, 2007|isbn=978-92-1-161500-5|quote=... ISO 15919 ... There is no evidence of the use of the system either in India or in international cartographic products ... The Hunterian system is the actually used national system of romanization in India ...}}</ref> Hence this word {{lang|sa|श्री}} may be rendered in English as Shri (the standard spelling), Shree, Sri or Sree; some other transcriptions used are Shri, Shiri, Shrii. | ||
Sanskrit is written in many other Indian scripts as well, each of which has its own equivalents of these Devanāgari characters | Sanskrit is written in many other Indian scripts as well, each of which has its own equivalents of these Devanāgari characters. | ||
==Usage== | ==Usage== | ||
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''Shri'' is also frequently used as an [[epithet]] of some Hindu [[god]]s, in which case it is often translated into English as ''Holy''. Also, in language and general usage, ''Shri'', if used by itself and not followed by any name, refers to the supreme consciousness, i.e. god.{{Citation needed|date=March 2021}} | ''Shri'' is also frequently used as an [[epithet]] of some Hindu [[god]]s, in which case it is often translated into English as ''Holy''. Also, in language and general usage, ''Shri'', if used by itself and not followed by any name, refers to the supreme consciousness, i.e. god.{{Citation needed|date=March 2021}} | ||
''Shri'', also rendered ''Sridevi'', is an epithet of [[Lakshmi]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lochtefeld|first=James G.|title=The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism|publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc|year=2001l|isbn=978-0-8239-3179-8|language=en|page=640}}</ref><ref>{{Cite | ''Shri'', also rendered ''Sridevi'', is an epithet of [[Lakshmi]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lochtefeld|first=James G.|title=The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism|publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc|year=2001l|isbn=978-0-8239-3179-8|language=en|page=640}}</ref><ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |date=2023-09-26 |title=Lakshmi {{!}} Goddess of Wealth, Fortune & Prosperity {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lakshmi |access-date=2023-10-01 |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |language=en |archive-date=2023-10-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231022160658/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lakshmi |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Vedas]] speak of Shri as a goddess, who personified ten qualities coveted by other divine beings: food, royalty, holiness, kingdom, fortune, sovereignty, nobility, power, righteousness, and beauty. The Vedic ''Shri'' is believed to have identified with later conceptions of Lakshmi, as the embodiment of royalty and dignity.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Herman |first1=Phyllis K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=97EYBwAAQBAJ&dq=vedic+shri+lakshmi&pg=PA57 |title=The Constant and Changing Faces of the Goddess: Goddess Traditions of Asia |last2=Shimkhada |first2=Deepak |date=2009-03-26 |publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing |isbn=978-1-4438-0702-9 |pages=56 |language=en |access-date=2022-12-03 |archive-date=2023-06-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230621084320/https://books.google.com/books?id=97EYBwAAQBAJ&dq=vedic+shri+lakshmi&pg=PA57 |url-status=live }}</ref> | ||
==Other current usage== | ==Other current usage== | ||
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! Language/Script !! Form !! Notes | ! Language/Script !! Form !! Notes | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[Bengali–Assamese script]] || শ্রী || | | [[Bengali–Assamese script|Bengali]] || শ্রী || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[Balinese language|Balinese]] || {{lang|ban| | | [[Balinese language|Balinese]] || {{lang|ban|ᬰ᭄ᬭᬷ}}, {{lang|ban|ᬰ᭄ᬭᬶ}}, or {{lang|ban|ᬲ᭄ᬭᬶ}} (all read as ''sri'') || Comparable to the Javanese usage: a particle prefixed to royal names, the goddess of rice-culture. | ||
}} || Comparable to the Javanese usage: a particle prefixed to royal names, the goddess of rice-culture. | |||
|- | |- | ||
| [[Burmese language|Burmese]] || {{lang|my|သီရိ}} (thiri) and {{lang|my|သရေ}} (tharay) || See [[Tamil language|Tamil]] below. | | [[Burmese language|Burmese]] || {{lang|my|သီရိ}} (''thiri'') and {{lang|my|သရေ}} (''tharay'') || See [[Tamil language|Tamil]] below. | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[Maldivian language|Dhivehi]] | | [[Maldivian language|Dhivehi]] | ||
|ސިރީ (siree or sirī) | |ސިރީ (''siree'' or ''sirī'') | ||
|Used in the full titles of sultans and kings | |Used in the full titles of sultans and kings | ||
|- | |- | ||
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| [[Gurmukhi]] ([[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]) || ਸ਼੍ਰੀ || | | [[Gurmukhi]] ([[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]) || ਸ਼੍ਰੀ || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[Javanese language|Javanese]] || {{Jav| | | [[Javanese language|Javanese]] || {{Jav|ꦯꦿꦷ}}, {{Jav|ꦯꦿꦶ}}, or {{Jav|ꦱꦿꦶ}} (all read as ''sri'')|| Often used to address royal or venerated figures, such as the King of [[Yogyakarta Sultanate|Yogyakarta]], [[Hamengkubuwono X|'''Sri''' Sultan Hamengkubuwono]] and the title "Sri Bhaginda" (equivalent to "your majesty"), and for names of deities, such as the Javanese rice goddess [[Dewi Sri]]. In modern [[Javanese language|Javanese]], it is a common part of proper names of [[Javanese people]], e.g the name of Indonesian finance minister [[Sri Mulyani Indrawati]] and [[Indonesian Marine Corps|Indonesian marine corps]] officer Lt. Col [[:id:Sri Utomo|Sri Utomo]]. "Sri" is also a widely used name in [[Java]] used for names of placements, organizations, institutions, etc | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[Kannada]] || {{lang|kn|ಶ್ರೀ}} (''Sri'' or ''Sree'')|| | | [[Kannada]] || {{lang|kn|ಶ್ರೀ}} (''Sri'' or ''Sree'')|| | ||
| Line 132: | Line 132: | ||
* [[Srey Santhor]], a district located in [[Kampong Cham Province|Kampong Cham]], Cambodia. | * [[Srey Santhor]], a district located in [[Kampong Cham Province|Kampong Cham]], Cambodia. | ||
* [[Serei Saophoan (city)|Serei Saophoan]], the capital city of [[Banteay Meanchey Province|Banteay Meanchey]], Cambodia. | * [[Serei Saophoan (city)|Serei Saophoan]], the capital city of [[Banteay Meanchey Province|Banteay Meanchey]], Cambodia. | ||
== References == | == References == | ||
Latest revision as of 20:26, 14 December 2025
Template:Short description Template:Redirect-multi
ShriTemplate:Efn (Template:IPAc-en;[1] Template:Langx, Script error: No such module "IPA".) is a Sanskrit term denoting resplendence, wealth and prosperity, primarily used as an honorific.[1]
The word is widely used in South and Southeast Asian languages such as Hindi, and also among Philippine languages. It is usually transliterated as Sri, Sree, Shri, Shiri, Shree, Si, or Seri based on the local convention for transliteration. In Tamil it evolved to Tiru.
The term is used in Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia as a polite form of address equivalent to the English "Mr." in written and spoken language.
"Shri" is also used as a title of veneration for deities or as honorific title for individuals.
"Shri" is also an epithet for Hindu goddess Lakshmi, while a yantra or a mystical diagram popularly used to worship her is called Shri Yantra.
Etymology
File:Blank - Spacer.pngFile:Gupta allahabad m.svgFile:Gupta allahabad haa.jpgFile:Gupta allahabad raa.jpgFile:Gupta allahabad j.svgFile:Blank - Spacer.pngFile:Gupta allahabad shrii.jpgFile:Blank - Spacer.pngFile:Gupta allahabad gu.jpgFile:Gupta allahabad pt.jpg
MahārājaFile:Blank - Spacer.pngShrīFile:Blank - Spacer.pngGupta
"Great King, Lord Gupta"
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".in Gupta script, on the Allahabad pillar inscription of Samudragupta (4th century CE).[2]
MahārājaFile:Blank - Spacer.pngShrīFile:Blank - Spacer.pngGupta
"Great King, Lord Gupta"
Monier-Williams's dictionary gives the meaning of the root verb Script error: No such module "lang". as "to cook, boil, to burn, diffuse light", but as a feminine abstract noun, it has received a general meaning of "grace, splendour, beauty; wealth, affluence, prosperity".[3][4]
The word Script error: No such module "lang". may also be used as an adjective in Sanskrit, which is the origin of the modern use of shri as a title. From the noun is derived the Sanskrit adjective "śrīmat" (śrimān in the masculine nominative singular, śrīmatī in the feminine) by adding the suffix indicating possession, literally "radiance-having" (person, god, etc.). This is used in modern vernacular as form of address Shrimati (abbreviated Smt) for married women, while Sushri (with "su", "good", added to the beginning) can be used for women in general (regardless of marital status).
Spelling and pronunciation
In Devanagari script for Sanskrit, Hindi, Marathi and other languages, the word Template:Angle bracket is a combination of three sounds: Script error: No such module "Lang". (Script error: No such module "lang".), Script error: No such module "Lang". (Script error: No such module "lang".) and Script error: No such module "Lang". (Script error: No such module "lang"., long i). There are two conventions in India to transliterate the consonant Script error: No such module "Lang". (ISO: Script error: No such module "lang".) to English: some use s (which in narrower transcription represents only Script error: No such module "Lang".) as in Sri Lanka and Srinagar, while others use sh as in Shimla and Shimoga.[5] Similarly, Script error: No such module "Lang". (Script error: No such module "lang".; Script error: No such module "Lang".) is also transliterated to English in two different ways as ri and ree, although the latter is non-standard in Hindi.[5][6] Hence this word Script error: No such module "Lang". may be rendered in English as Shri (the standard spelling), Shree, Sri or Sree; some other transcriptions used are Shri, Shiri, Shrii.
Sanskrit is written in many other Indian scripts as well, each of which has its own equivalents of these Devanāgari characters.
Usage
Shri is a polite form of address equivalent to the English "Mr." or "Ms.".[7]
Shri is also frequently used as an epithet of some Hindu gods, in which case it is often translated into English as Holy. Also, in language and general usage, Shri, if used by itself and not followed by any name, refers to the supreme consciousness, i.e. god.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".
Shri, also rendered Sridevi, is an epithet of Lakshmi.[8][9] The Vedas speak of Shri as a goddess, who personified ten qualities coveted by other divine beings: food, royalty, holiness, kingdom, fortune, sovereignty, nobility, power, righteousness, and beauty. The Vedic Shri is believed to have identified with later conceptions of Lakshmi, as the embodiment of royalty and dignity.[10]
Other current usage
There is a common practice of writing Shri as the first word centralised in line at the beginning of a document.
Another usage is as an emphatic compound (which can be used several times: shri shri, or shri shri shri, etc.) in princely styles, notably in Darbar Shri, Desai Shri, and Thakur Shri or Shrii Shrii Anandamurti, the founder of the social and spiritual movement Ananda Marga (the Path of Bliss).
The honorific can also be applied to objects and concepts that are widely respected, such as the Sikh religious text, the Shri Guru Granth Sahib. Similarly, when the Ramlila tradition of reenacting the Ramayana is referred to as an institution, the term Shri Ramlila is frequently used.
A common Sikh greeting is “Sat Shri Akaal (Gurmukhi: ਸਤਿ ਸ੍ਰੀ ਅਕਾਲ)”, meaning “Truth is divine and eternal”. Shri here is used to denote divinity or godliness.
Indian music
The use of the term is common in the names of ragas (musical motifs), either as a prefix or postfix. Some examples are Shree, Bhagyashree, Dhanashree, Jayashree, Subhashree, Itishree, Jiteshree, and Shree ranjani.
Other languages
South and Southeast Asia
| Language/Script | Form | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Bengali | শ্রী | |
| Balinese | Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang"., or Script error: No such module "Lang". (all read as sri) | Comparable to the Javanese usage: a particle prefixed to royal names, the goddess of rice-culture. |
| Burmese | Script error: No such module "Lang". (thiri) and Script error: No such module "Lang". (tharay) | See Tamil below. |
| Dhivehi | ސިރީ (siree or sirī) | Used in the full titles of sultans and kings |
| Gujarati | શ્રી | |
| Gurmukhi (Punjabi) | ਸ਼੍ਰੀ | |
| Javanese | Template:Jav, Template:Jav, or Template:Jav (all read as sri) | Often used to address royal or venerated figures, such as the King of Yogyakarta, Sri Sultan Hamengkubuwono and the title "Sri Bhaginda" (equivalent to "your majesty"), and for names of deities, such as the Javanese rice goddess Dewi Sri. In modern Javanese, it is a common part of proper names of Javanese people, e.g the name of Indonesian finance minister Sri Mulyani Indrawati and Indonesian marine corps officer Lt. Col Sri Utomo. "Sri" is also a widely used name in Java used for names of placements, organizations, institutions, etc |
| Kannada | Script error: No such module "Lang". (Sri or Sree) | |
| Khmer | Script error: No such module "Lang". (Srey) and Script error: No such module "Lang". (Serey) | |
| Lao | Script error: No such module "Lang". (Si) and Script error: No such module "Lang". (Sri or Sree) | |
| Malay (including Malaysian and Indonesian varieties) | Jawi: Script error: No such module "Lang"., Latin: Seri (Malaysian) Sri (Indonesian) |
Often used as a title of veneration for honorific titles in Malay kingdoms and sultanates. This includes the honorific title for the Sultan of Brunei: Kebawah Duli Yang Maha Mulia Paduka Seri Baginda Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah and King of Malaysia: Kebawah Duli Yang Maha Mulia Seri Paduka Baginda. It is also used for the name of places in the Malay world such as Bandar Seri Begawan in Brunei and Siak Sri Indrapura city in Sumatra, Indonesia
Usage of "Sri" in Indonesia is used for honorary titles for a king or other great person, for example the King of Yogyakarta Sri Sultan Hamengkubuwono and Sri Baginda which means "Your Majesty", and is also used for people's names, mainly Javanese people such as Indonesian finance minister Sri Mulyani, Indonesian marine officer Lt. Col Sri Utomo, Indian-Indonesian businessman Sri Prakash Lohia, etc. It also refers to the Javanese rice goddess "Dewi Sri". "Sri" is also used as names of companies, placements, institutions, etc (e.g — Sriwijaya Air, Sriwijaya University, etc). |
| Malayalam | ശ്രീ (Sri or Sree) | |
| Meitei (Manipuri) | Script error: No such module "Lang". (transliterated as "shri/shree/sri/sree" in Meitei script) | Used as honorific as in Shri Biren and Shri Shri Govindaji Temple |
| Nepal Bhasa (Newari) | 𑐱𑑂𑐬𑐷 (Sri) | |
| Odia | ଶ୍ରୀ | |
| Philippine languages / Baybayin | ᜐ᜔ᜇᜒ (Sri or Si or Sree) | Formerly used as an honorific title for rulers in old Indianized precolonial states and polities in the Philippines, such as Sri Lumay of Cebu or Sri Bata Shaja of Butuan or Sripada/Sipad of Lupah Sūg or Sikatuna of Bo-ol. |
| Sinhala | ශ්රී (Sri or Sree) also ශ්රී (Sri or Sree) or සිරි (Siri) | Meaning "resplendent", as in Sri Lanka, "Resplendent Island". |
| Tamil | ஸ்ரீ (Sri or Sree) | The Tamil equivalent tiru is also used. |
| Telugu | శ్రీ (Sri or Sree) | |
| Thai | Script error: No such module "Lang". (Siri) and Script error: No such module "Lang". (Sri or Sree or Si) | Used in many Thai place names, as seen below. |
| Vietnamese/Cham | Chế | Vietnamese transcription of honorific name prefix used among the Cham ethnic minority. |
Place names
The honorific is incorporated into many place names. A partial list follows:
- Sriharikota, India
- Srimangal, Bangladesh
- Srisailam, Andhra Pradesh, a Siva temple, also one of the holiest places of worship for Hindus.
- Srikakulam, a town in northern Andhra Pradesh.
- Sri City, an integrated township located on the Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu border.
- Shri Kshetra, name of the Puri Jagannath Dham, Odisha. One of the four Dhams in the Hindu religion.
- Sree Mandira is a famous Hindu temple dedicated to Jagannath (Krishna) and located in the coastal town of Puri in Odisha.
- Sri Lanka, an island country at the southern tip of India.
- Sri Perumbudur, a town in the state of Tamil Nadu
- Sri Rangam, an island zone in the city of Tiruchirapalli, in Tamil Nadu.
- Srinagar, nagar meaning "city", is the capital of the union territory of Jammu and Kashmir
- Sri Jayawardenapura Kotte, the administrative capital of Sri Lanka.
- Sri Maha Bodhi, a sacred fig tree in the Mahamewna Gardens, Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka.
- Srivijaya, a former kingdom centered on Sumatra, Indonesia.
- Siak Sri Indrapura, the capital seat of Siak Regency. It was the place of the Sultanate of Siak Sri Indrapura.
- Sri (Script error: No such module "Lang".), pronounced and usually transliterated Si in Thailand place names:
- Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya (Script error: No such module "Lang".), formal name of the city and province of Ayutthaya
- Nakhon Si Thammarat (Script error: No such module "Lang".) city and province
- Sisaket (Script error: No such module "Lang".) city and province
- Si Racha (Script error: No such module "Lang".), the namesake town of Siracha hot sauce[11]
- Wat Si Saket in Vientiane, Laos.
- Bandar Seri Begawan, the capital of Brunei.
- Seri Menanti, the royal town of Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia.
- Banteay Srei, a 10th-century Hindu temple in Angkor, Cambodia
- Srey Santhor, a district located in Kampong Cham, Cambodia.
- Serei Saophoan, the capital city of Banteay Meanchey, Cambodia.
References
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