Cyrillic script: Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 15:15, 8 November 2025

Template:Short description Script error: No such module "Redirect hatnote". Template:More citations needed Template:Use dmy dates Script error: No such module "Infobox".Template:Template otherScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". The Cyrillic script (Template:IPAc-en Template:Respell)^[1]^[2] is a writing system used for various languages across Eurasia. It is the designated national script in various Slavic, Turkic, Mongolic, Uralic, Caucasian and Iranic-speaking countries in Southeastern Europe, Eastern Europe, the Caucasus, Central Asia, North Asia, and East Asia, and used by many other minority languages.

Template:As of, around 250 million people in Eurasia use Cyrillic as the official script for their national languages, with Russia accounting for about half of them.^[3] With the accession of Bulgaria to the European Union in 2007, Cyrillic became the third official script of the European Union, following the Latin and Greek alphabets.^[4]

The Early Cyrillic alphabet was developed during the 9th century AD at the Preslav Literary School in the First Bulgarian Empire during the reign of Tsar Simeon I the Great, probably by the disciples of the two Byzantine brothers Cyril and Methodius, who had previously created the Glagolitic script. Among them were Clement of Ohrid, Naum of Preslav, Constantine of Preslav, Joan Ekzarh, Chernorizets Hrabar, Angelar, Sava and other scholars.^[5]^[6]Template:Sfnp^[7] The script is named in honor of Saint Cyril.

Etymology

Since the script was conceived and popularised by the followers of Cyril and Methodius in Bulgaria, rather than by Cyril and Methodius themselves,^[8] its name denotes homage rather than authorship.^[9]

History

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File:Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana p169 Serbian Alphabet Serbian Language Serbian Literatue Saint Cyril and Metodius Illyrian 2 pages.png

Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana attributed Cyrillic script to Saint Cyril and Methodius,14th century

File:Krepchanski manastir.jpg

View of the cave monastery near the village of Krepcha, Opaka Municipality in Bulgaria. Found here is the oldest Cyrillic inscription, dated to 921.^[10]

File:Azbuka 1574 by Ivan Fyodorov v3.png

I A page from Буквар (ABC (Reader)), the first Old Slavonic textbook, printed by Ivan Fyodorov in 1574 in Lviv. This page features the Cyrillic alphabet.

The Cyrillic script was created during the First Bulgarian Empire.^[11] Modern scholars believe that the Early Cyrillic alphabet was created at the Preslav Literary School, the most important early literary and cultural center of the First Bulgarian Empire and of all Slavs: <templatestyles src="Template:Blockquote/styles.css" />

Unlike the Churchmen in Ohrid, Preslav scholars were much more dependent upon Greek models and quickly abandoned the Glagolitic scripts in favor of an adaptation of the Greek uncial to the needs of Slavic, which is now known as the Cyrillic alphabet.Template:Sfnp

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A number of prominent Bulgarian writers and scholars worked at the school, including Naum of Preslav until 893; Constantine of Preslav; Joan Ekzarh (also transcr. John the Exarch); and Chernorizets Hrabar, among others. The school was also a center of translation, mostly of Byzantine authors. The Cyrillic script is derived from the Greek uncial script letters, augmented by ligatures and consonants from the older Glagolitic alphabet for sounds not found in Greek. Glagolitic and Cyrillic were formalized by the Byzantine Saints Cyril and Methodius and their Bulgarian disciples, such as Saints Naum, Clement, Angelar, and Sava. They spread and taught Christianity in the whole of Bulgaria.^[12]^[13]^[14]^[15] Paul Cubberley posits that although Cyril may have codified and expanded Glagolitic, it was his students in the First Bulgarian Empire under Tsar Simeon the Great that developed Cyrillic from the Greek letters in the 890s as a more suitable script for church books.^[11]

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Cyrillic spread among other Slavic peoples, as well as among non-Slavic Romanians. The earliest datable Cyrillic inscriptions have been found in the area of Preslav, in the medieval city itself and at nearby Patleina Monastery, both in present-day Shumen Province, as well as in the Ravna Monastery and in the Varna Monastery. The new script became the basis of alphabets used in various languages in Orthodox Church-dominated Eastern Europe, both Slavic and non-Slavic languages (such as Romanian, until the 1860s). For centuries, Cyrillic was also used by Catholic and Muslim Slavs.

Cyrillic and Glagolitic were used for the Church Slavonic language, especially the Old Church Slavonic variant. Hence expressions such as "И is the tenth Cyrillic letter" typically refer to the order of the Church Slavonic alphabet; not every Cyrillic alphabet uses every letter available in the script. The Cyrillic script came to dominate Glagolitic in the 12th century.

The literature produced in Old Church Slavonic soon spread north from Bulgaria and became the lingua franca of the Balkans and Eastern Europe.^[16]^[17]^[18]^[19]^[20]

Cyrillic in modern-day Bosnia^[21]^[22] is an extinct and disputed variant of the Cyrillic alphabet that originated in medieval period. Paleographers consider the earliest features of script had likely begun to appear between the 10th or 11th century, with the Humac tablet to be the first such document using this type of script and is believed to date from this period.^[23] It was used continuously until the 18th century, with sporadic usage extending into the 20th century.^[24]

With the orthographic reform of Saint Evtimiy of Tarnovo and other prominent representatives of the Tarnovo Literary School of the 14th and 15th centuries, such as Gregory Tsamblak and Constantine of Kostenets, the school influenced Russian, Serbian, Wallachian and Moldavian medieval culture. This is known in Russia as the second South-Slavic influence.

In 1708Template:Ndash10, the Cyrillic script used in Russia was heavily reformed by Peter the Great, who had recently returned from his Grand Embassy in Western Europe. The new letterforms, called the Civil script, became closer to those of the Latin alphabet; several archaic letters were abolished and several new letters were introduced designed by Peter himself. Letters became distinguished between upper and lower case. West European typography culture was also adopted.^[25] The pre-reform letterforms, called poluustav (Template:Langx), were notably retained in Church Slavonic and are sometimes used in Russian even today, especially if one wants to give a text a 'Slavic' or 'archaic' feel.

The alphabet used for the modern Church Slavonic language in Eastern Orthodox and Eastern Catholic rites still resembles early Cyrillic. However, over the course of the following millennium, Cyrillic adapted to changes in spoken language, developed regional variations to suit the features of national languages, and was subjected to academic reform and political decrees. A notable example of such linguistic reform can be attributed to Vuk Stefanović Karadžić, who updated the Serbian Cyrillic alphabet by removing certain graphemes no longer represented in the vernacular and introducing graphemes specific to Serbian (i.e., Љ Њ Ђ Ћ Џ Ј), distancing it from the Church Slavonic alphabet in use prior to the reform. Today, many languages in the Balkans, Eastern Europe, and northern Eurasia are written in Cyrillic alphabets.

Letters

File:Archive-ugent-be-973E9242-B062-11E1-9EF1-99BDAAF23FF7 DS-375 (cropped).jpg

Example of the Cyrillic script. Excerpt from the manuscript "Bdinski Zbornik". Written in 1360.^[26]

Cyrillic script spread throughout the East Slavic and some South Slavic territories, being adopted for writing local languages, such as Old East Slavic. Its adaptation to local languages produced a number of Cyrillic alphabets, discussed below.

The early Cyrillic alphabet^[27]^[28]
Template:Script	Template:Script	Template:Script	Template:Script	Template:Script	Template:Script Template:Efn	Template:Script	Template:Script Template:Efn	Template:Script Template:Efn	Template:Script Template:Efn	Template:Script Template:Efn	Template:Script	Template:Script	Template:Script	Template:Script	Template:Script Template:Efn	Template:Script Template:Efn	Template:Script	Template:Script^[29]	Template:Script	Template:Script	Template:Script	Template:Script Template:Efn
Template:Script	Template:Script	Template:Script Template:Efn	Template:Script	Template:Script	Template:Script	Template:Script	Template:Script	Template:Script	Template:Script Template:Efn	Template:Script	Template:Script	Template:Script	Template:Script	Template:Script Template:Efn	Template:Script Template:Efn	Template:Script	Template:Script Template:Efn	Template:Script Template:Efn	Template:Script	Template:Script	Template:Script	Template:Script

Majuscule and minuscule

Capital and lowercase letters were not distinguished in old manuscripts.

File:Meletius Smotrisky Cyrillic Alphabet.PNG

A page from the Church Slavonic Grammar of Meletius Smotrytsky (1619)

Yeri (Template:Script) was originally a ligature of Yer and I (Template:Script + Template:Script = Template:Script). Iotation was indicated by ligatures formed with the letter І: Template:Script (not an ancestor of modern Ya, Я, which is derived from Template:Script), Template:Script, Template:Script (ligature of Template:Script and Template:Script), Template:Script, Template:Script. Sometimes different letters were used interchangeably, for example Template:Script = Template:Script = Template:Script, as were typographical variants like Template:Script = Template:Script. There were also commonly used ligatures like Template:Script = Template:Script.

Numbers

The letters also had numeric values, based not on Cyrillic alphabetical order, but inherited from the letters' Greek ancestors.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".

Cyrillic numerals
1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9
Template:Script	Template:Script	Template:Script	Template:Script	Template:Script (Template:Script)	Template:Script (Template:Script, Template:Script)	Template:Script (Template:Script)	Template:Script	Template:Script

10	20	30	40	50	60	70	80	90
Template:Script (Template:Script)	Template:Script	Template:Script	Template:Script	Template:Script	Template:Script (Template:Script)	Template:Script (Template:Script)	Template:Script	Template:Script (Template:Script)

100	200	300	400	500	600	700	800	900
Template:Script	Template:Script	Template:Script	Template:Script (Template:Script, Template:Script, Template:Script)	Template:Script	Template:Script	Template:Script	Template:Script (Template:Script, Template:Script)	Template:Script (Template:Script)

Computer support

Computer fonts for early Cyrillic alphabets are not routinely provided. Many of the letterforms differ from those of modern Cyrillic, varied a great deal between manuscripts, and changed over time. In accordance with Unicode policy, the standard does not include letterform variations or ligatures found in manuscript sources unless they can be shown to conform to the Unicode definition of a character: this aspect is the responsibility of the typeface designer.

The Unicode 5.1 standard, released on 4 April 2008, greatly improved computer support for the early Cyrillic and the modern Church Slavonic language. In Microsoft Windows, the Segoe UI user interface font is notable for having complete support for the archaic Cyrillic letters since Windows 8.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".

Currency signs

Some currency signs have derived from Cyrillic letters:

The Ukrainian hryvnia sign (₴) is from the cursive minuscule Ukrainian Cyrillic letter He (г).
The Russian ruble sign (₽) from the majuscule Р.
The Kyrgyzstani som sign (⃀) from the majuscule С (es)
The Kazakhstani tenge sign (₸) from Т
The Mongolian tögrög sign (₮) from Т

Letterforms and type design

The development of Cyrillic letter forms passed directly from the medieval stage to the late Baroque, without a Renaissance phase as in Western Europe. Late Medieval Cyrillic letters (categorized as vyaz' and still found on many icon inscriptions today) show a marked tendency to be very tall and narrow, with strokes often shared between adjacent letters.

Peter the Great, Tsar of Russia, mandated the use of westernized letter forms (ru) in the early 18th century.^[30]^[31] Over time, these were largely adopted in the other languages that use the script. Thus, unlike the majority of modern Greek typefaces that retained their own set of design principles for lower-case letters (such as the placement of serifs, the shapes of stroke ends, and stroke-thickness rules, although Greek capital letters do use Latin design principles), modern Cyrillic types are much the same as modern Latin types of the same typeface family. The development of some Cyrillic computer fonts from Latin ones has also contributed to a visual Latinization of Cyrillic type.

Lowercase forms

File:Cyrillic upright-cursive-n.svg

Letters Ge, De, I, Short I, Em, Te, Tse, Be and Ve in upright (printed) and cursive (handwritten) variants. (Top is set in Georgia type, bottom in Odesa Script.)

Cyrillic uppercase and lowercase letter forms are not as differentiated as in Latin typography. Though both Latin and Cyrillic types feature letters whose upper- and lowercase forms differ more in size and proportion than in shape (such as Latin Template:Angle bracket, Template:Angle bracket, Template:Angle bracket), these form a minority of the Latin alphabet but a majority of Cyrillic (particularly in upright rather than italic forms). Still, a good-quality Cyrillic typeface will include separate small-caps glyphs.^[32]

Cyrillic typefaces, as well as Latin ones, have roman and italic forms (practically all popular modern computer fonts include parallel sets of Latin and Cyrillic letters, where many glyphs, uppercase as well as lowercase, are shared by both). However, the native typeface terminology in most Slavic languages (for example, in Russian) does not use the words "roman" and "italic" in this sense.Template:Efn Instead, the nomenclature follows German naming patterns:Script error: No such module "Unsubst".

File:Cyrillic alternates.svg

Alternative variants of lowercase (cursive) Cyrillic letters: Б/б, Д/д, Г/г, И/и, П/п, Т/т, Ш/ш. <templatestyles src="Legend/styles.css" />

Default Russian (Eastern) forms on the left.

Alternate Bulgarian (Western) upright forms in the middle.

Alternate Serbian/Macedonian (Southern) italic forms on the right.

See also:

File:Cyrillic cursive.svg

File:Special Cyrillics BGDPT.svg

Roman type is called Script error: No such module "Lang". ("upright type")Template:Sndcompare with Script error: No such module "Lang". ("regular type") in German
Italic type is called Script error: No such module "Lang". ("cursive") or Script error: No such module "Lang". ("cursive type")Template:Sndfrom the German word Script error: No such module "Lang"., meaning italic typefaces and not cursive writing
Cursive handwriting is Script error: No such module "Lang". ("handwritten type")Template:Sndin German: Script error: No such module "Lang". or Script error: No such module "Lang"., both meaning literally 'running type'
A (mechanically) sloped oblique type of sans-serif faces is Script error: No such module "Lang". ("sloped" or "slanted type").
A boldfaced type is called Script error: No such module "Lang". ("semi-bold type"), because there existed fully boldfaced shapes that have been out of use since the beginning of the 20th century.

Italic and cursive forms

Similarly to Latin typefaces, italic and cursive forms of many Cyrillic letters (typically lowercase; uppercase only for handwritten or stylish types) are very different from their upright roman types. In certain cases, the correspondence between uppercase and lowercase glyphs does not coincide in Latin and Cyrillic types: for example, italic Cyrillic Template:Angle bracket is the lowercase counterpart of Template:Angle bracket not of Template:Angle bracket.

Differences between upright and italic Cyrillic letters of the Russian alphabet; italic forms significantly different from their upright analogues, or especially confusing to users of a Latin alphabet, are highlighted; also available as a graphical image.
upright	а	б	в	г	д	е	ё	ж	з	и	й	к	л	м	н	о	п	р	с	т	у	ф	х	ц	ч	ш	щ	ъ	ы	ь	э	ю	я
italic	а	б	в	г	д	е	ё	ж	з	и	й	к	л	м	н	о	п	р	с	т	у	ф	х	ц	ч	ш	щ	ъ	ы	ь	э	ю	я

Note: in some typefaces or styles, Template:Angle bracket, i.e. the lowercase italic Cyrillic Template:Angle bracket, may look like Latin Template:Angle bracket, and Template:Angle bracket, i.e. lowercase italic Cyrillic Template:Angle bracket, may look like small-capital italic Template:Angle bracket.

Script error: No such module "anchor".Script error: No such module "anchor". In Standard Serbian, as well as in Macedonian,^[33] some italic and cursive letters are allowed to be different, to more closely resemble the handwritten letters. The regular (upright) shapes are generally standardized in small caps form.^[34]

Mandatory (blue) and optional (green) italic lowercase variants, alongside unique letters (red), in South-European orthography
Russian	а	б	в	г	д	—	е	ж	з	и	й	—	к	л	—	м	н	—	о	п	р	с	т	—	у	ф	х	ц	ч	—	ш	щ	ъ	ы	ь	э	ю	я
Serbian	а	б	в	г	д	ђ	е	ж	з	и	—	ј	к	л	љ	м	н	њ	о	п	р	с	т	ћ	у	ф	х	ц	ч	џ	ш	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Simulation	а	δ	в	ī	ɡ	ђ	е	ж	з	и	—	ј	к	л	љ	м	н	њ	о	ū	р	с	ш̄	ћ	у	ф	х	ц	ч	џ	ш̱	—	—	—	—	—	—	—

Notes: Depending on fonts available, the Serbian row may appear identical to the Russian row. Unicode approximations are used in the faux row to ensure it can be rendered properly across all systems.

Script error: No such module "anchor". In the Bulgarian alphabet, many lowercase letterforms may more closely resemble the cursive forms on the one hand and Latin glyphs on the other hand, e.g. by having an ascender or descender or by using rounded arcs instead of sharp corners.^[35] Sometimes, uppercase letters may have a different shape as well, e.g. more triangular, Д and Л, like Greek delta Δ and lambda Λ.

Differences between Russian and Bulgarian glyphs of upright Cyrillic lowercase letters; Bulgarian glyphs significantly different from their Russian analogues or different from their italic form are highlighted
default	а	б	в	г	д	е	ж	з	и	й	к	л	м	н	о	п	р	с	т	у	ф	х	ц	ч	ш	щ	ъ	ь	ю	я
Bulgarian	а	б	в	г	д	е	ж	з	и	й	к	л	м	н	о	п	р	с	т	у	ф	х	ц	ч	ш	щ	ъ	ь	ю	я
Simulation	а	б	Template:Not a typo	ƨ	ɡ	е	жl	ȝ	u	ŭ	k	ʌ	м	н	o	n	р	с	m	у	ɸ	х	u̡	ч	ɯ	ɯ̡	ъ	ƅ	lo	я

Notes: Depending on fonts available, the Bulgarian row may appear identical to the Russian row. Unicode approximations are used in the faux row to ensure it can be rendered properly across all systems; in some cases, such as ж with k-like ascender, no such approximation exists.

Accessing variant forms

Computer fonts typically default to the Central/Eastern, Russian letterforms, and require the use of OpenType Layout (OTL) features to display the Western, Bulgarian or Southern, Serbian/Macedonian forms. Depending on the choices made by the (computer) font designer, they may either be automatically activated by the local variant locl feature for text tagged with an appropriate language code, or the author needs to opt-in by activating a stylistic set ss## or character variant cv## feature. These solutions only enjoy partial support and may render with default glyphs in certain software configurations, and the reader may not see the same result as the author intended.^[36]

Cyrillic alphabets

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Among others, Cyrillic is the standard script for writing the following languages:

Slavic languages:

Belarusian
Bulgarian
Macedonian
Pannonian Rusyn
Russian
Rusyn
Serbo-Croatian (Bosnian, Montenegrin and Serbian)
Ukrainian

Non-Slavic languages of Russia:

Non-Slavic languages in other countries:

Abkhaz
Aleut (mostly in church texts)
Dungan
Kazakh (to be replaced by Latin script by 2031^[37])
Kyrgyz

Mongolian (to also be written with traditional Mongolian script by 2025^[38])
Tajik
Tlingit (only in church texts)
Turkmen (officially replaced by Latin script)
Uzbek (generally replaced by Latin script but still used officially)
Yupik (in Alaska)Script error: No such module "Unsubst".

The Cyrillic script has also been used for languages of Alaska,^[39] Slavic Europe (except for Western Slavic and Slovenian), the Caucasus, the languages of Idel-Ural, Siberia, and the Russian Far East.

The first alphabet derived from Cyrillic was Abur, used for the Komi language.^[40] Other Cyrillic alphabets include the Molodtsov alphabet for the Komi language and various alphabets for Caucasian languages.^[41]

Usage of Cyrillic versus other scripts

File:Cyrillic monument.jpg

Cyrillic Script Monument in Antarctica near the Bulgarian base St. Kliment Ohridski

Latin script

A number of languages written in a Cyrillic alphabet have also been written in a Latin alphabet, such as Azerbaijani, Uzbek, Serbian, and Romanian (in the Moldavian SSR until 1989 and in the Danubian Principalities until the early 19th century). After the disintegration of the Soviet Union in 1991, some of the former republics officially shifted from Cyrillic to Latin. The transition is complete in most of Moldova (except the breakaway region of Transnistria, where Moldovan Cyrillic is official), Turkmenistan, and Azerbaijan. Uzbekistan still uses both systems, and Kazakhstan has officially begun a transition from Cyrillic to Latin (scheduled to be complete by 2025). The Russian government has mandated that Cyrillic must be used for all public communications in all federal subjects of Russia, to promote closer ties across the federation. This act was controversial for speakers of many Slavic languages; for others, such as Chechen and Ingush speakers, the law had political ramifications. For example, the separatist Chechen government mandated a Latin script which is still used by many Chechens.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".

Template:CSS image crop

File:Cyrillic Europe.PNG

Cyrillic Script in Europe

Standard Serbian uses both the Cyrillic and Latin scripts. Cyrillic is nominally the official script of Serbia's administration according to the Serbian constitution;^[42] however, the law does not regulate scripts in standard language, or standard language itself by any means. In practice the scripts are equal, with Latin being used more often in a less official capacity.^[43]

The Zhuang alphabet, used between the 1950s and 1980s in portions of the People's Republic of China, used a mixture of Latin, phonetic, numeral-based, and Cyrillic letters. The non-Latin letters, including Cyrillic, were removed from the alphabet in 1982 and replaced with Latin letters that closely resembled the letters they replaced.^[44]

Romanization

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". There are various systems for romanization of Cyrillic text, including transliteration to convey Cyrillic spelling in Latin letters, and transcription to convey pronunciation.

Standard Cyrillic-to-Latin transliteration systems include:

Scientific transliteration, used in linguistics, is based on the Serbo-Croatian Latin alphabet.
The Working Group on Romanization Systems^[45] of the United Nations recommends different systems for specific languages. These are the most commonly used around the world.
ISO 9:1995, from the International Organization for Standardization.
American Library Association and Library of Congress Romanization tables for Slavic alphabets (ALA-LC Romanization), used in North American libraries.
BGN/PCGN Romanization (1947), United States Board on Geographic Names & Permanent Committee on Geographical Names for British Official Use).
GOST 16876, a defunct Soviet transliteration standard. Replaced by GOST 7.79-2000, which is based on ISO 9.
Various informal romanizations of Cyrillic, which adapt the Cyrillic script to Latin and sometimes Greek glyphs for compatibility with small character sets.

Cyrillization

Representing other writing systems with Cyrillic letters is called Cyrillization.

Summary table

Slavic Cyrillic letters
А A	А́ A with acute	А̀ A with grave	А̂ A with circumflex	А̄ A with macron	Ӑ A with breve	Ӓ A with diaeresis	Б Be	В Ve	Г Ge (Ghe)	Ґ Ghe upturn	Д De
Ђ Dje	Ѓ Gje	Е Ye	Е́ Ye with acute	Ѐ Ye with grave	Е̂ Ye with circumflex	Е̄ Ye with macron	Ё Yo	Є Ukrainian Ye	Є́ Ukrainian Ye with acute	Ж Zhe	З Ze
З́ Zje	Ѕ Dze	И I	І Dotted I	І́ Dotted I with acute	Ї Yi	Ꙇ Iota	И́ I with acute	Ѝ I with grave	И̂ I with circumflex	Ӣ I with macron	Й Short I
Ӥ I with diaeresis	Ј Je	К Ka	Л El	Љ Lje	М Em	Н En	Њ Nje	О O	О́ O with acute	О̀ O with grave	О̂ O with circumflex
О̄ O with macron	Ӧ O with diaeresis	П Pe	Р Er	С Es	С́ Sje	Т Te	Ћ Tje	Ќ Kje	У U	У́ U with acute	У̀ U with grave
У̂ U with circumflex	Ӯ U with macron	Ў Short U	Ӱ U with diaeresis	Ф Ef	Х Kha	Ц Tse	Ч Che	Џ Dzhe	Ш Sha	Щ Shcha	Ꙏ Neutral Yer
Ъ Hard sign (Yer)	Ъ̀ Hard sign with grave	Ы Yery	Ы́ Yery	Ь Soft sign (Yeri)	Э E	Э́ E with acute	Ю Yu	Ю́ Yu with acute	Ю̀ Yu with grave	Я Ya
Я́ Ya with acute	Я̀ Ya with grave
Examples of non-Slavic Cyrillic letters (see List of Cyrillic letters for more)
А̊ A with ring	Ә Schwa	Ӛ Schwa with diaeresis	Ӕ Ae	Ғ Ghayn	Ҕ Ge with middle hook	Ӻ Ghayn with hook	Ӷ Ge with descender	Ӂ Zhe with breve	Ӝ Zhe with diaeresis	Ҙ Dhe	Ӡ Abkhazian Dze
Ҡ Bashkir Qa	Ҟ Ka with stroke	Ӊ En with tail	Ң En with descender	Ӈ En with hook	Ҥ En-ge	О̆ O with breve	Ө Oe	Ҩ O-hook	Ҏ Er with tick	Ҫ The	Ҭ Te with descender
Ӳ U with double acute	Ү Ue	Ұ Kazakh Short U	Ҳ Kha with descender	Ӽ Kha with hook	Ӿ Kha with stroke	Һ Shha (He)	Ҵ Te Tse	Ҷ Che with descender	Ӌ Khakassian Che	Ҹ Che with vertical stroke	Ҽ Abkhazian Che
Ҍ Semisoft sign	Ӏ Palochka
Cyrillic letters used in the past
Ѣ Yat	Ꙗ Iotated A	Ѥ Iotated E	Ѧ Small yus	Ѫ Big yus	Ѩ Iotated small yus	Ѭ Iotated big yus	Ѯ Ksi	Ѱ Psi	Ꙟ Yn	Ѳ Fita	Ѵ Izhitsa
Ѷ Izhitsa okovy	Ҁ Koppa	ОУ Uk	Ѡ Omega	Ѿ Ot

Cyrillic alphabets comparison table
Early/Reference scripts
Greek	Α			Β	Γ		Δ			Ε					Ζ			Η	Θ	Ι				Κ		Λ		Μ		Ν			Ξ	Ο		Π		Ϙ	Ρ		Σ		Τ				Υ			Φ	Χ			Ψ	Ω
Church Slavonic	А		Б	В	Г		Д		Ѕ	Е			Ж		З			И	Ѳ	І				К		Л		М		Н			Ѯ	О		П		Ҁ	Р		С		Т				У			Ф	Х			Ѱ	Ѡ	Ц				Ч		Ш		Щ	Ъ	Ы	Ѣ	Ь			Ю	Ꙗ			Ѥ	Ѧ	Ѩ	Ѫ	Ѭ	Ѵ
Most common shared letters
Common	А		Б	В	Г		Д			Е			Ж		З			И					Й	К		Л		М		Н				О		П			Р		С		Т				У			Ф	Х					Ц				Ч		Ш		Щ	Ъ	Ы		Ь	Э		Ю	Я
South Slavic languages
Bulgarian	А		Б	В	Г		Д		ДзScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".	Е			Ж		З			И					Й	К		Л		М		Н				О		П			Р		С		Т				У			Ф	Х					Ц				Ч	ДжScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".	Ш		Щ	Ъ			Ь			Ю	Я
Macedonian	А		Б	В	Г		Д	Ѓ	Ѕ	Е			Ж		З			И			Ј			К		Л	Љ	М		Н	Њ			О		П			Р		С		Т		Ќ		У			Ф	Х					Ц				Ч	Џ	Ш
Serbian	А		Б	В	Г		Д	Ђ		Е			Ж		З			И			Ј			К		Л	Љ	М		Н	Њ			О		П			Р		С		Т		Ћ		У			Ф	Х					Ц				Ч	Џ	Ш
Montenegrin	А		Б	В	Г		Д	Ђ		Е			Ж		З	З́		И			Ј			К		Л	Љ	М		Н	Њ			О		П			Р		С	С́	Т		Ћ		У			Ф	Х					Ц				Ч	Џ	Ш
East Slavic languages
Russian	А		Б	В	Г		Д			Е		Ё	Ж		З			И					Й	К		Л		М		Н				О		П			Р		С		Т				У			Ф	Х					Ц				Ч		Ш		Щ	Ъ	Ы		Ь	Э		Ю	Я
Belarusian	А		Б	В	Г	Ґ	Д	Дж	Дз	Е		Ё	Ж		З					І			Й	К		Л		М		Н				О		П			Р		С		Т				У	Ў		Ф	Х					Ц				Ч		Ш			’	Ы		Ь	Э		Ю	Я
Ukrainian	А		Б	В	Г	Ґ	Д			Е	Є	Йо	Ж		З			И		І		Ї	Й	К		Л		М		Н				О		П			Р		С		Т				У			Ф	Х					Ц				Ч		Ш		Щ	’			Ь			Ю	Я
Rusyn	А		Б	В	Г	Ґ	Д			Е	Є	Ё	Ж		З			И		І		Ї	Й	К		Л		М		Н				О		П			Р		С		Т				У			Ф	Х					Ц				Ч		Ш		Щ	Ъ	Ы		Ь			Ю	Я
Iranian languages
Kurdish	А		Б	В	Г	Г'	Д			Е	Ә	Ә'	Ж		З			И					Й	К	К'	Л		М		Н				О	Ӧ	П	П'		Р	Р'	С		Т		Т'		У			Ф	Х	Һ	Һ'							Ч	Ч'	Ш		Щ				Ь	Э				Ԛ	Ԝ
Ossetian	А	Ӕ	Б	В	Г	ГъScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".	Д	ДжScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".	ДзScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".	Е		Ё	Ж		З			И					Й	К	КъScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".	Л		М		Н				О		П	ПъScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".		Р		С		Т		ТъScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".		У			Ф	Х	ХъScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".				Ц	ЦъScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".			Ч	ЧъScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".	Ш		Щ	Ъ	Ы		Ь	Э		Ю	Я
Tajik	А		Б	В	Г	Ғ	Д			Е		Ё	Ж		З			И			Ӣ		Й	К	Қ	Л		М		Н				О		П			Р		С		Т				У	Ӯ		Ф	Х	Ҳ								Ч	Ҷ	Ш			Ъ				Э		Ю	Я
Romance languages
Moldovan (Romanian)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".	А		Б	В	Г		Д			Е			Ж	Ӂ	З			И					Й	К		Л		М		Н				О		П			Р		С		Т				У			Ф	Х					Ц				Ч		Ш				Ы		Ь	Э		Ю	Я
Uralic languages
Komi-Permyak	А		Б	В	Г		Д			Е		Ё	Ж		З			И		І			Й	К		Л		М		Н				О	Ӧ	П			Р		С		Т				У			Ф	Х					Ц				Ч		Ш		Щ	Ъ	Ы		Ь	Э		Ю	Я
Meadow Mari	А		Б	В	Г		Д			Е		Ё	Ж		З			И					Й	К		Л		М		Н	Ҥ			О	Ӧ	П			Р		С		Т				У	Ӱ		Ф	Х					Ц				Ч		Ш		Щ	Ъ	Ы		Ь	Э		Ю	Я
Hill Mari	А	Ӓ	Б	В	Г		Д			Е		Ё	Ж		З			И					Й	К		Л		М		Н				О	Ӧ	П			Р		С		Т				У	Ӱ		Ф	Х					Ц				Ч		Ш		Щ	Ъ	Ы	Ӹ	Ь	Э		Ю	Я
Kildin Sami	А	Ӓ	Б	В	Г		Д			Е		Ё	Ж		З			И			Й	Ҋ	Ј	К		Л	Ӆ	М	Ӎ	Н	Ӊ	Ӈ		О		П			Р	Ҏ	С		Т				У			Ф	Х	Һ				Ц				Ч		Ш		Щ	Ъ	Ы	Ь	Ҍ	Э	Ӭ	Ю	Я
Udmurt	А		Б	В	Г		Д			Е		Ё	Ж	Ӝ	З	Ӟ		И		Ӥ	Й			К	(К̈)	Л		М		Н				О	Ӧ	П			Р		С		Т				У			Ф	Х					Ц				Ч	Ӵ	Ш		Щ	Ъ	Ы		Ь	Э		Ю	Я
Turkic languages
Azerbaijani	А		Б	В	Г	Ғ	Д			Е	Ә	Ё	Ж		З			И			Ј		Й	К	Ҝ	Л		М		Н				О	Ө	П			Р		С		Т				У		Ү	Ф	Х	Һ				Ц				Ч	Ҹ	Ш		Щ	Ъ	Ы		Ь	Э		Ю	Я
Bashkir	А		Б	В	Г	Ғ	Д		Ҙ	Е		Ё	Ж		З			И					Й	К	Ҡ	Л		М		Н	Ң			О	Ө	П			Р		С	Ҫ	Т				У		Ү	Ф	Х	Һ				Ц				Ч		Ш		Щ	Ъ	Ы		Ь	Э	Ә	Ю	Я
Chuvash	А	Ӑ	Б	В	Г		Д			Е	Ё	Ӗ	Ж		З			И					Й	К		Л		М		Н				О		П			Р		С	Ҫ	Т				У	Ӳ		Ф	Х					Ц				Ч		Ш		Щ	Ъ	Ы		Ь	Э		Ю	Я
Kazakh	А	Ә	Б	В	Г	Ғ	Д			Е		Ё	Ж		З			И		І			Й	К	Қ	Л		М		Н	Ң			О	Ө	П			Р		С		Т				У	Ұ	Ү	Ф	Х	Һ				Ц				Ч		Ш		Щ	Ъ	Ы		Ь	Э		Ю	Я
Kyrgyz	А		Б		Г		Д			Е		Ё	Ж		З			И					Й	К		Л		М		Н	Ң			О	Ө	П			Р		С		Т				У		Ү		Х									Ч		Ш				Ы			Э		Ю	Я
Tatar	А	Ә	Б	В	Г		Д			Е		Ё	Ж	Җ	З			И					Й	К		Л		М		Н	Ң			О	Ө	П			Р		С		Т				У		Ү	Ф	Х	Һ				Ц				Ч		Ш		Щ	Ъ	Ы		Ь	Э		Ю	Я
Uzbek	А		Б	В	Г	Ғ	Д			Е		Ё	Ж		З			И					Й	К	Қ	Л		М		Н				О		П			Р		С		Т				У	Ў		Ф	Х	Ҳ								Ч		Ш			Ъ				Э		Ю	Я
Mongolian languages
Buryat	А		Б	В	Г		Д			Е		Ё	Ж		З			И					Й			Л		М		Н				О	Ө	П			Р		С		Т				У		Ү		Х	Һ				Ц				Ч		Ш				Ы		Ь	Э		Ю	Я
Khalkha	А		Б	В	Г		Д			Е		Ё	Ж		З			И					Й	К		Л		М		Н				О	Ө	П			Р		С		Т				У		Ү	Ф	Х					Ц				Ч		Ш		Щ	Ъ	Ы		Ь	Э		Ю	Я
Kalmyk	А	Ә	Б	В	Г	Һ	Д			Е			Ж	Җ	З			И					Й	К		Л		М		Н	Ң			О	Ө	П			Р		С		Т				У		Ү		Х					Ц				Ч		Ш						Ь	Э		Ю	Я
Caucasian languages
Abkhaz	А		Б	В	Г	Ҕ	Д	ДәScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".	Џ	Е	Ҽ	Ҿ	Ж	ЖәScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".	З	Ӡ	ӠәScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".	И				Й	К	Қ	Ҟ	Л		М		Н				О	Ҩ	П	Ҧ		Р		С		Т	ТәScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".	Ҭ	ҬәScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".	У			Ф	Х	Ҳ	ҲәScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".			Ц	ЦәScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".	Ҵ	ҴәScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".	Ч	Ҷ	Ш	ШәScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".	Щ		Ы
Sino-Tibetan languages
Dungan	А		Б	В	Г		Д			Е		Ё	Ж	Җ	З			И					Й	К		Л		М		Н	Ң	Ә		О		П			Р		С		Т				У	Ў	Ү	Ф	Х					Ц				Ч		Ш		Щ	Ъ	Ы		Ь	Э		Ю	Я

Ё in Russian is usually spelled as Е; Ё is typically printed in texts for learners and in dictionaries, and in word pairs which are differentiated only by that letter (все – всё).^[46]

Computer encoding

Unicode

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As of Unicode version Template:Unicode version, Cyrillic letters, including national and historical alphabets, are encoded across several blocks:

The characters in the range U+0400 to U+045F are essentially the characters from ISO 8859-5 moved upward by 864 positions. The characters in the range U+0460 to U+0489 are historic letters, no longer used. The characters in the range U+048A to U+052F are additional letters for various languages that are written with Cyrillic script.

Unicode as a general rule does not include accented Cyrillic letters. A few exceptions include:

combinations that are considered as separate letters of respective alphabets, like Й, Ў, Ё, Ї, Ѓ, Ќ (as well as many letters of non-Slavic alphabets);
two most frequent combinations orthographically required to distinguish homonyms in Bulgarian and Macedonian: Ѐ, Ѝ;
a few Old and New Church Slavonic combinations: Ѷ, Ѿ, Ѽ.

To indicate stressed or long vowels, combining diacritical marks can be used after the respective letter (for example, Template:Unichar: е́ у́ э́ etc.).

Some languages, including Church Slavonic, are still not fully supported.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".

Unicode 5.1, released on 4 April 2008, introduces major changes to the Cyrillic blocks. Revisions to the existing Cyrillic blocks, and the addition of Cyrillic Extended A (2DE0 ... 2DFF) and Cyrillic Extended B (A640 ... A69F), significantly improve support for the early Cyrillic alphabet, Abkhaz, Aleut, Chuvash, Kurdish, and Moksha.^[47]

Other

Other character encoding systems for Cyrillic:

CP866 Template:Snd8-bit Cyrillic character encoding established by Microsoft for use in MS-DOS also known as GOST-alternative. Cyrillic characters go in their native order, with a "window" for pseudographic characters.
ISO/IEC 8859-5 Template:Snd8-bit Cyrillic character encoding established by International Organization for Standardization
KOI8-R Template:Snd8-bit native Russian character encoding. Invented in the USSR for use on Soviet clones of American IBM and DEC computers. The Cyrillic characters go in the order of their Latin counterparts, which allowed the text to remain readable after transmission via a 7-bit line that removed the most significant bit from each byteTemplate:Sndthe result became a very rough, but readable, Latin transliteration of Cyrillic. Standard encoding of early 1990s for Unix systems and the first Russian Internet encoding.
KOI8-U Template:SndKOI8-R with addition of Ukrainian letters.
MIK Template:Snd8-bit native Bulgarian character encoding for use in MS-DOS.
Windows-1251 Template:Snd8-bit Cyrillic character encoding established by Microsoft for use in Windows. The simplest 8-bit Cyrillic encodingTemplate:Snd32 capital chars in native order at 0xc0–0xdf, 32 usual chars at 0xe0–0xff, with rarely used "YO" characters somewhere else. No pseudographics. Former standard encoding in some Linux distributions for Belarusian and Bulgarian, but currently displaced by UTF-8.
GOST-main.
GB 2312 Template:SndPrincipally simplified Chinese encodings, but there are also the basic 33 Russian Cyrillic letters (in upper- and lower-case).
JIS and Shift JIS Template:SndPrincipally Japanese encodings, but there are also the basic 33 Russian Cyrillic letters (in upper- and lower-case).

Keyboard layouts

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Each language has its own standard keyboard layout, adopted from traditional national typewriters. With the flexibility of computer input methods, there are also transliterating or phonetic/homophonic keyboard layouts made for typists who are more familiar with other layouts, like the common English QWERTY keyboard. When practical Cyrillic keyboard layouts are unavailable, computer users sometimes use transliteration (translit) or look-alike (volapuk encoding) to type in languages that are normally written with the Cyrillic alphabet. Potentially, these proxy versions could be transformed programmatically into Cyrillic at a later date.

Notes

Template:Notelist

Footnotes

Template:Reflist

References

Template:Refbegin

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Template:Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500–1250

Template:Refend

External links

Template:Sister project Template:Sister project

The Cyrillic Charset Soup overview and history of Cyrillic charsets.
Transliteration of Non-Roman Scripts, a collection of writing systems and transliteration tables
History and development of the Cyrillic alphabet
Cyrillic Alphabets of Slavic Languages review of Cyrillic charsets in Slavic Languages.
data entry in Old Cyrillic / Стара Кирилица (archived 22 February 2014)
Cyrillic and its Long Journey East – NamepediA Blog, article about the Cyrillic script
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Unicode collation charts—including Cyrillic letters, sorted by shape

Template:Cyrillic navbox Template:List of writing systems Template:Authority control

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↑ Template:Cite MW
↑ List of countries by population
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↑ Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001–05, s.v. "Cyril and Methodius, Saints"; Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica Incorporated, Warren E. Preece – 1972, p. 846, s.v., "Cyril and Methodius, Saints" and "Eastern Orthodoxy, Missions ancient and modern"; Encyclopedia of World Cultures, David H. Levinson, 1991, p. 239, s.v., "Social Science"; Eric M. Meyers, The Oxford Encyclopedia of Archaeology in the Near East, p. 151, 1997; Lunt, Slavic Review, June 1964, p. 216; Roman Jakobson, Crucial problems of Cyrillo-Methodian Studies; Leonid Ivan Strakhovsky, A Handbook of Slavic Studies, p. 98; V. Bogdanovich, History of the ancient Serbian literature, Belgrade, 1980, p. 119.
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↑ ^a ^b Paul Cubberley (1996) "The Slavic Alphabets". In Daniels and Bright, eds. The World's Writing Systems. Oxford University Press. Template:ISBN.
↑ Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001–05, s.v. "Cyril and Methodius, Saints"; Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica Incorporated, Warren E. Preece – 1972, p. 846, s.v., "Cyril and Methodius, Saints" and "Eastern Orthodoxy, Missions ancient and modern"; Encyclopedia of World Cultures, David H. Levinson, 1991, p. 239, s.v., "Social Science"; Eric M. Meyers, The Oxford Encyclopedia of Archaeology in the Near East, p. 151, 1997; Lunt, Slavic Review, June, 1964, p. 216; Roman Jakobson, Crucial problems of Cyrillo-Methodian Studies; Leonid Ivan Strakhovsky, A Handbook of Slavic Studies, p. 98; V. Bogdanovich, History of the ancient Serbian literature, Belgrade, 1980, p. 119.
↑ The Columbia Encyclopaedia, Sixth Edition. 2001–05, O.Ed. Saints Cyril and Methodius "Cyril and Methodius, Saints) 869 and 884, respectively, "Greek missionaries, brothers, called Apostles to the Slavs and fathers of Slavonic literature."
↑ Encyclopædia Britannica, Major alphabets of the world, Cyrillic and Glagolitic alphabets, 2008, O.Ed. "The two early Slavic alphabets, the Cyrillic and the Glagolitic, were invented by St. Cyril, or Constantine (c. 827–869), and St. Methodii (c. 825–884). These men from Thessaloniki who became apostles to the southern Slavs, whom they converted to Christianity."
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↑ А. Н. Стеценко. Хрестоматия по Старославянскому Языку, 1984.
↑ Cubberley, Paul. The Slavic Alphabets, 1996.
↑ Lunt, Horace G. Old Church Slavonic Grammar, Seventh Edition, 2001.
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↑ Template:Harvp writes: "in Cyrillic, the difference between normal lower case and small caps is more subtle than it is in the Latin or Greek alphabets" (p. 32) and "in most Cyrillic faces, the lower case is close in color and shape to Latin small caps" (p. 107).
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[2] Template:Cite MW

[3] List of countries by population

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[5] Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001–05, s.v. "Cyril and Methodius, Saints"; Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica Incorporated, Warren E. Preece – 1972, p. 846, s.v., "Cyril and Methodius, Saints" and "Eastern Orthodoxy, Missions ancient and modern"; Encyclopedia of World Cultures, David H. Levinson, 1991, p. 239, s.v., "Social Science"; Eric M. Meyers, The Oxford Encyclopedia of Archaeology in the Near East, p. 151, 1997; Lunt, Slavic Review, June 1964, p. 216; Roman Jakobson, Crucial problems of Cyrillo-Methodian Studies; Leonid Ivan Strakhovsky, A Handbook of Slavic Studies, p. 98; V. Bogdanovich, History of the ancient Serbian literature, Belgrade, 1980, p. 119.

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[Cubberley1996-11] Paul Cubberley (1996) "The Slavic Alphabets". In Daniels and Bright, eds. The World's Writing Systems. Oxford University Press. Template:ISBN.

[Columbia_Encyclopedia_1972,_p._846-12] Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001–05, s.v. "Cyril and Methodius, Saints"; Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica Incorporated, Warren E. Preece – 1972, p. 846, s.v., "Cyril and Methodius, Saints" and "Eastern Orthodoxy, Missions ancient and modern"; Encyclopedia of World Cultures, David H. Levinson, 1991, p. 239, s.v., "Social Science"; Eric M. Meyers, The Oxford Encyclopedia of Archaeology in the Near East, p. 151, 1997; Lunt, Slavic Review, June, 1964, p. 216; Roman Jakobson, Crucial problems of Cyrillo-Methodian Studies; Leonid Ivan Strakhovsky, A Handbook of Slavic Studies, p. 98; V. Bogdanovich, History of the ancient Serbian literature, Belgrade, 1980, p. 119.

[ReferenceB-13] The Columbia Encyclopaedia, Sixth Edition. 2001–05, O.Ed. Saints Cyril and Methodius "Cyril and Methodius, Saints) 869 and 884, respectively, "Greek missionaries, brothers, called Apostles to the Slavs and fathers of Slavonic literature."

[BritGlago-14] Encyclopædia Britannica, Major alphabets of the world, Cyrillic and Glagolitic alphabets, 2008, O.Ed. "The two early Slavic alphabets, the Cyrillic and the Glagolitic, were invented by St. Cyril, or Constantine (c. 827–869), and St. Methodii (c. 825–884). These men from Thessaloniki who became apostles to the southern Slavs, whom they converted to Christianity."

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[fortson-20] Benjamin W. Fortson. Indo-European Language and Culture: An Introduction, p. 374.

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[27] А. Н. Стеценко. Хрестоматия по Старославянскому Языку, 1984.

[28] Cubberley, Paul. The Slavic Alphabets, 1996.

[Lunt-29] Lunt, Horace G. Old Church Slavonic Grammar, Seventh Edition, 2001.

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[32] Template:Harvp writes: "in Cyrillic, the difference between normal lower case and small caps is more subtle than it is in the Latin or Greek alphabets" (p. 32) and "in most Cyrillic faces, the lower case is close in color and shape to Latin small caps" (p. 107).

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Cyrillic script: Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 15:15, 8 November 2025

Contents

Etymology

History

Letters

Majuscule and minuscule

Numbers

Computer support

Currency signs

Letterforms and type design

Lowercase forms

Italic and cursive forms

Accessing variant forms

Cyrillic alphabets

Usage of Cyrillic versus other scripts

Latin script

Romanization

Cyrillization

Summary table

Computer encoding

Unicode

Other

Keyboard layouts

See also

Internet top-level domains in Cyrillic

Notes

Footnotes

References

Further reading

External links

Navigation menu

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-{{Short description|Writing system used for various Eurasian languages}}
+{{Short description|Writing system}}
 {{Redirect2|Cyrillic|Cyrillic alphabet|the national variants of the Cyrillic script|Cyrillic alphabets|other uses|Cyrillic (disambiguation)}}
 {{More citations needed|date=January 2023}}
@@ Line 8: / Line 8: @@
 | time        = [[early Cyrillic alphabet|Earliest variants]] exist {{circa|893}}<ref name="Auty">Auty, R. ''Handbook of Old Church Slavonic, Part II: Texts and Glossary.'' 1977.</ref> – {{circa|940}}
 | direction   = Left-to-right
-| languages   = See [[Cyrillic alphabets|Languages using Cyrillic]]
+| languages   = See [[Cyrillic alphabets|languages using Cyrillic]]
-| official script = {{Collapsible list
-  |title = 7 sovereign states<!-- The official script of Azerbaijan and Turkmenistan is Latin, as is clear from the articles about those countries so any different status will need reliable sources. -->
- |{{flag|Belarus}}
- |{{flag|Bulgaria}}
- |{{flag|Kyrgyzstan}}
- |{{flag|Russia}}
- |{{flag|Serbia}}{{Efn|The Serbian language can be written in both Cyrillic and Latin script. Only Cyrillic script is used in official documents.}}
- |{{flag|Ukraine}}
- |{{flag|Tajikistan}}
- |'''3 partially recognised states'''
- |{{flag|Abkhazia}}
- |{{flag|South Ossetia}}
- |{{flag|Transnistria}}
- }}
-{{Collapsible list
-  |title = 5 intergovernmental organizations
-| {{flag|Commonwealth of Independent States}}
-| {{flag|Eurasian Economic Union}}
-| {{flag|European Union}}
-| [[Shanghai Cooperation Organisation]]
-| {{flag|United Nations}}
-}}
-'''Co-official script in:'''
-{{Collapsible list
-  |title      = 5 sovereign states{{Efn|Turkmenistan has one official language, Turkmen, which is written in Latin. The daily official newspaper is published in both Turkmen (''Türkmenistan'')<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gazetler &#124; TDNG |url=https://metbugat.gov.tm/newspapers?id=10 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415035750/https://metbugat.gov.tm/newspapers?id=10 |archive-date=15 April 2021 |access-date=28 March 2021 |website=metbugat.gov.tm}}</ref> and Russian [[Neytralny Turkmenistan|(''Нейтральный Туркменистан'')]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gazetler &#124; TDNG |url=https://metbugat.gov.tm/newspapers?id=11 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415033446/https://metbugat.gov.tm/newspapers?id=11 |archive-date=15 April 2021 |access-date=28 March 2021 |website=metbugat.gov.tm}}</ref>}}
- |{{flag|Bosnia and Herzegovina}}{{Efn|Two of the three official languages in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bosnian and Serbian, can be written in Cyrillic.}}
- |{{flag|Kazakhstan}}{{Efn|Kazakh language will be transitioned to a Latin script from 2023 to 2031. Russian, the co-official language in Kazakhstan, will continue to be written in Cyrillic.}}{{Citation needed|date=February 2023|reason=Kazakh language is confirmed to be transitioned to a Latin script beginning in 2023, a cite should be added if the transition has already begun or see is going to later during the year. As long as Russian is the second official language in the country, Kazakhstan should not be removed from the list}}
- |{{flag|Mongolia}}{{Efn|Cyrillic is used co-officially alongside the [[Mongolian script]].}}
- |{{flag|Montenegro}}{{Efn|The Montenegrin language, the official language of Montenegro, is written in Latin and Cyrillic.}}
- |{{flag|North Macedonia}}{{Efn|North Macedonia has two official languages, Macedonian, which is written in Cyrillic, and Albanian, written in Latin.}}
- |'''1 partially recognised state'''
- |{{flag|Kosovo}}{{Efn|Serbian, one of the two official languages in Kosovo, can be written in Cyrillic.}}
-}}
 | states      =
 | footnotes   = Names: {{langx|be|кірыліца}}; {{langx|bg|кирилица}} {{IPA|bg|ˈkirilit͡sɐ|}}; {{langx|mk|кирилица}} {{IPA|mk|kiˈrilit͡sa|}}; {{langx|ru|кириллица}} {{IPA|ru|kʲɪˈrʲilʲɪtsə|}}; {{langx|sr|ћирилица}} {{IPA|sr|t͡ɕirǐlit͡sa|}}; {{langx|uk|кирилиця}} {{IPA|uk|kɪˈrɪlɪt͡sʲɐ|}}.
@@ Line 50: / Line 14: @@
 | fam2        = [[Proto-Sinaitic]]
 | fam3        = [[Phoenician alphabet|Phoenician]]
-| fam4       = [[Greek script]]
+| fam4        = [[Greek script]]
 | fam5        = [[Glagolitic script|Glagolitic]] also inspired by [[Uncial script]]
 | fam6        = [[Early Cyrillic script]]
@@ Line 67: / Line 31: @@
 The '''Cyrillic script''' ({{IPAc-en|s|ᵻ|ˈ|ɹ|ɪ|l|ᵻ|k|audio=LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-Cyrillic.wav}} {{respell|sih|RI|lik}})<ref>{{Cite OED|term=Cyrillic|id=1142284800|access-date=2025-04-15|access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite MW|Cyrillic|access-date=2025-04-15}}</ref> is a [[writing system]] used for various languages across [[Eurasia]]. It is the designated national script in various [[Slavic languages|Slavic]], [[Turkic languages|Turkic]], [[Mongolic languages|Mongolic]], [[Uralic languages|Uralic]], [[Caucasian languages|Caucasian]] and [[Iranian languages|Iranic]]-speaking countries in [[Southeastern Europe]], [[Eastern Europe]], the [[Caucasus]], [[Central Asia]], [[North Asia]], and [[East Asia]], and used by many other [[minority language]]s.
-{{As of|2019|}}, around 250&nbsp;million people in [[Eurasia]] use Cyrillic as the official script for their [[national language]]s, with [[Russia]] accounting for about half of them.<ref>[[List of countries by population]]</ref> With the [[accession of Bulgaria to the European Union]] on 1 January 2007, Cyrillic became the third official script of the [[Languages of the European Union#Writing systems|European Union]], following the [[Latin script|Latin]] and [[Greek alphabet|Greek]] alphabets.<ref>{{cite web |first1=Leonard |last1=Orban |title=Cyrillic, the third official alphabet of the EU, was created by a truly multilingual European |url=http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_SPEECH-07-330_en.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_SPEECH-07-330_en.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live |publisher=[[European Union]] |access-date=3 August 2014 |date=24 May 2007}}</ref>
+{{As of|2019|}}, around 250&nbsp;million people in [[Eurasia]] use Cyrillic as the official script for their [[national language]]s, with [[Russia]] accounting for about half of them.<ref>[[List of countries by population]]</ref> With the [[accession of Bulgaria to the European Union]] in 2007, Cyrillic became the third official script of the [[Languages of the European Union#Writing systems|European Union]], following the [[Latin script|Latin]] and [[Greek alphabet|Greek]] alphabets.<ref>{{cite web |first1=Leonard |last1=Orban |title=Cyrillic, the third official alphabet of the EU, was created by a truly multilingual European |url=http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_SPEECH-07-330_en.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_SPEECH-07-330_en.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live |publisher=[[European Union]] |access-date=3 August 2014 |date=24 May 2007}}</ref>
 The [[Early Cyrillic alphabet]] was developed during the 9th century AD at the [[Preslav Literary School]] in the [[First Bulgarian Empire]] during the reign of [[Tsar]] [[Simeon I of Bulgaria|Simeon I the Great]], probably by the disciples of the two [[Byzantine]] brothers [[Saints Cyril and Methodius|Cyril and Methodius]], who had previously created the [[Glagolitic script]]. Among them were [[Clement of Ohrid]], [[Naum of Preslav]], [[Constantine of Preslav]], [[John the Exarch|Joan Ekzarh]], [[Chernorizets Hrabar]], [[Saint Angelar|Angelar]], [[Saint Sava (disciple of Saints Cyril and Methodius)|Sava]] and other scholars.<ref>''Columbia Encyclopedia'', Sixth Edition. 2001–05, s.v. "Cyril and Methodius, Saints"; ''Encyclopædia Britannica'', Encyclopædia Britannica Incorporated, Warren E. Preece – 1972, p. 846, s.v., "Cyril and Methodius, Saints" and "Eastern Orthodoxy, Missions ancient and modern"; ''Encyclopedia of World Cultures'', David H. Levinson, 1991, p. 239, s.v., "Social Science"; Eric M. Meyers, ''The Oxford Encyclopedia of Archaeology in the Near East'', p. 151, 1997; Lunt, ''Slavic Review'', June 1964, p. 216; Roman Jakobson, ''Crucial problems of Cyrillo-Methodian Studies''; Leonid Ivan Strakhovsky, ''A Handbook of Slavic Studies'', p. 98; V. Bogdanovich, ''History of the ancient Serbian literature'', Belgrade, 1980, p.&nbsp;119.</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=Francis |last=Dvornik |title=The Slavs: Their Early History and Civilization |url=https://archive.org/details/slavstheirearlyh00dvor |url-access=limited |quote=The Psalter and the Book of Prophets were adapted or "modernized" with special regard to their use in Bulgarian churches and it was in this school that the [[Glagolitic script]] was replaced by the so-called Cyrillic writing, which was more akin to the Greek uncial, simplified matters considerably and is still used by the Orthodox Slavs. |year=1956 |place=Boston |publisher=American Academy of Arts and Sciences |page=[https://archive.org/details/slavstheirearlyh00dvor/page/n184 179] }}</ref>{{sfnp|Curta|2006|pp=221–222}}<ref>{{cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J-H9BTVHKRMC&pg=PR98 |chapter=The Orthodox Church in the Byzantine Empire |title=Oxford History of the Christian Church |first1=J. M. |last1=Hussey |first2=Andrew |last2=Louth |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-19-161488-0 |pages=100 }}</ref> The script is named in honor of [[Cyril the Philosopher|Saint Cyril]].
@@ Line 80: / Line 44: @@
 ]]
 [[File:Krepchanski_manastir.jpg|thumb|left|View of the cave monastery near the village of [[Krepcha]], [[Opaka Municipality]] in Bulgaria. Found here is the oldest Cyrillic inscription, dated to 921.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://dobrotoliubie.com/2021/10/15/провежда-се-международна-конференци/ |title=Провежда се международна конференция в гр. Опака за св. Антоний от Крепчанския манастир  |trans-title=An international conference is being held in the town of Opaka for St. Anthony of the Krepchan Monastery |date=October 15, 2021 |quote=Another inscription found by Popkonstantinov during the survey of the monastery speaks of the time of its creation. It consists of nine lines and has come down to us much damaged. 59 letters are saved. The first three lines are readable. What is preserved of him reads: "In the year 921, in the month of October, the servant of God Anton died..."}}</ref>]]
-[[File:Azbuka 1574 by Ivan Fyodorov v3.png|thumb|left|I A page from Буквар (ABC (Reader)), the first Old Slavonic textbook, printed by [[Ivan Fedorov (printer)|Ivan Fyodorov]] in 1574 in Lviv. This page features the Cyrillic alphabet.]]The Cyrillic script was created during the [[First Bulgarian Empire]].<ref name=Cubberley1996>Paul Cubberley (1996) "The Slavic Alphabets". In Daniels and Bright, eds. ''The World's Writing Systems.'' Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|0-19-507993-0}}.</ref> Modern scholars believe that the [[Early Cyrillic alphabet]] was created at the [[Preslav Literary School]], the most important early literary and cultural center of the First Bulgarian Empire and of all [[Slavs]]:
+[[File:Azbuka 1574 by Ivan Fyodorov v3.png|thumb|left|I A page from Буквар (ABC (Reader)), the first Old Slavonic textbook, printed by [[Ivan Fedorov (printer)|Ivan Fyodorov]] in 1574 in [[Lviv]]. This page features the Cyrillic alphabet.]]The Cyrillic script was created during the [[First Bulgarian Empire]].<ref name=Cubberley1996>Paul Cubberley (1996) "The Slavic Alphabets". In Daniels and Bright, eds. ''The World's Writing Systems.'' Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|0-19-507993-0}}.</ref> Modern scholars believe that the [[Early Cyrillic alphabet]] was created at the [[Preslav Literary School]], the most important early literary and cultural center of the First Bulgarian Empire and of all [[Slavs]]:
 {{blockquote|Unlike the Churchmen in Ohrid, Preslav scholars were much more dependent upon Greek models and quickly abandoned the [[Glagolitic script]]s in favor of an adaptation of the Greek [[Uncial script|uncial]] to the needs of Slavic, which is now known as the Cyrillic alphabet.{{sfnp|Curta|2006|pp=221–222}}}}
@@ Line 130: / Line 94: @@
 |+ style="font-size:smaller;" | The [[early Cyrillic alphabet]]<ref>А. Н. Стеценко. ''Хрестоматия по Старославянскому Языку'', 1984.</ref><ref>Cubberley, Paul. ''The Slavic Alphabets'', 1996.</ref>
 |-
-| {{script|Cyrs|{{script|Cyrs|[[A (Cyrillic)|А]]}}}} || {{script|Cyrs|[[Be (Cyrillic)|Б]]}} || {{script|Cyrs|[[Ve (Cyrillic)|В]]}} || {{script|Cyrs|[[Ge (Cyrillic)|Г]]}} || {{script|Cyrs|[[De (Cyrillic)|Д]]}} || [[Ukrainian Ye|Є]]{{efn|Variant form: E.}}|| {{script|Cyrs|[[Zhe (Cyrillic)|Ж]]}} || {{script|Cyrs|[[Dze (Cyrillic)|Ꙃ]]}}{{efn|Variant  forms: Ƨ, Ѕ.}}|| {{script|Cyrs|[[Ze (Cyrillic)|Ꙁ]]}}{{efn|Variant  form: З.}}|| {{script|Cyrs|[[I (Cyrillic)|И]]}}{{efn|Early form: Η, which later evolved into И.}}|| {{script|Cyrs|[[Yi (Cyrillic)|Ї]]}}{{efn|Variant form: І.}}
+| {{script|Cyrs|[[A (Cyrillic)|А]]}} || {{script|Cyrs|[[Be (Cyrillic)|Б]]}} || {{script|Cyrs|[[Ve (Cyrillic)|В]]}} || {{script|Cyrs|[[Ge (Cyrillic)|Г]]}} || {{script|Cyrs|[[De (Cyrillic)|Д]]}} || {{script|Cyrs|[[Ukrainian Ye|Є]]}}{{efn|Variant form: E.}}|| {{script|Cyrs|[[Zhe (Cyrillic)|Ж]]}} || {{script|Cyrs|[[Dze (Cyrillic)|Ꙃ]]}}{{efn|Variant  forms: Ƨ, Ѕ.}}|| {{script|Cyrs|[[Ze (Cyrillic)|Ꙁ]]}}{{efn|Variant  form: З.}}|| {{script|Cyrs|[[I (Cyrillic)|И]]}}{{efn|Early form: Η, which later evolved into И.}}|| {{script|Cyrs|[[Yi (Cyrillic)|Ї]]}}{{efn|Variant form: І.}}
-|[[Djerv|Ꙉ]]|| {{script|Cyrs|[[Ka (Cyrillic)|К]]}} || {{script|Cyrs|[[El (Cyrillic)|Л]]}} || {{script|Cyrs|[[Em (Cyrillic)|М]]}} || {{script|Cyrs|[[En (Cyrillic)|Н]]}}{{efn|Early form: Ν, which later evolved into Н.}}|| {{script|Cyrs|[[O (Cyrillic)|О]]}}{{efn|Variant form: Ѻ.}}|| {{script|Cyrs|[[Pe (Cyrillic)|П]]}}
+|{{script|Cyrs|[[Djerv|Ꙉ]]}}|| {{script|Cyrs|[[Ka (Cyrillic)|К]]}} || {{script|Cyrs|[[El (Cyrillic)|Л]]}} || {{script|Cyrs|[[Em (Cyrillic)|М]]}} || {{script|Cyrs|[[En (Cyrillic)|Н]]}}{{efn|Early form: Ν, which later evolved into Н.}}|| {{script|Cyrs|[[O (Cyrillic)|О]]}}{{efn|Variant form: Ѻ.}}|| {{script|Cyrs|[[Pe (Cyrillic)|П]]}}
 |{{script|Cyrs|[[Koppa (Cyrillic)|Ҁ]]}}<ref name="Lunt">Lunt, Horace G. ''Old Church Slavonic Grammar, Seventh Edition'', 2001.</ref>|| {{script|Cyrs|[[Er (Cyrillic)|Р]]}} || {{script|Cyrs|[[Es (Cyrillic)|С]]}} || {{script|Cyrs|[[Te (Cyrillic)|Т]]}} || {{script|Cyrs|[[Uk (Cyrillic)|ОУ]]}}{{efn|Variant forms: ОѴ, Ꙋ.}}
 |-
-| [[Ef (Cyrillic)|Ф]]|| {{script|Cyrs|[[Kha (Cyrillic)|Х]]}}|| {{script|Cyrs|[[Omega (Cyrillic)|Ѡ]]}}{{efn|Variant forms: Ꙍ, Ѽ.}}|| [[Ot (Cyrillic)|Ѿ]]|| {{script|Cyrs|[[Tse (Cyrillic)|Ц]]}}|| {{script|Cyrs|[[Che (Cyrillic)|Ч]]}}|| {{script|Cyrs|[[Sha (Cyrillic)|Ш]]}}|| {{script|Cyrs|[[Shcha|Щ]]}}|| {{script|Cyrs|[[Yer|Ъ]]}}|| {{script|Cyrs|[[Yery|ЪI]]}}{{efn|Variant forms: ЪІ, ЪИ, ЬЇ, Ы, ЬИ.}}|| {{script|Cyrs|[[soft sign|Ь]]}}
+| {{script|Cyrs|[[Ef (Cyrillic)|Ф]]}}|| {{script|Cyrs|[[Kha (Cyrillic)|Х]]}}|| {{script|Cyrs|[[Omega (Cyrillic)|Ѡ]]}}{{efn|Variant forms: Ꙍ, Ѽ.}}|| {{script|Cyrs|[[Ot (Cyrillic)|Ѿ]]}}|| {{script|Cyrs|[[Tse (Cyrillic)|Ц]]}}|| {{script|Cyrs|[[Che (Cyrillic)|Ч]]}}|| {{script|Cyrs|[[Sha (Cyrillic)|Ш]]}}|| {{script|Cyrs|[[Shcha|Щ]]}}|| {{script|Cyrs|[[Yer|Ъ]]}}|| {{script|Cyrs|[[Yery|ЪI]]}}{{efn|Variant forms: ЪІ, ЪИ, ЬЇ, Ы, ЬИ.}}|| {{script|Cyrs|[[soft sign|Ь]]}}
 |{{script|Cyrs|[[yat|Ѣ]]}}|| {{script|Cyrs|[[Iotated A (Cyrillic)|Ꙗ]]}}|| {{script|Cyrs|[[Iotated E (Cyrillic)|Ѥ]]}}|| {{script|Cyrs|[[Yu (Cyrillic)|Ю]]}}{{efn|Variant form: Ꙕ.}}|| {{script|Cyrs|[[yus|Ѫ]]}}{{efn|Variant form: Ꙛ.}}|| {{script|Cyrs|[[yus|Ѭ]]}}|| {{script|Cyrs|[[yus|Ѧ]]}}{{efn|Variant form: Ꙙ.}}
 |{{script|Cyrs|[[yus|Ѩ]]}}{{efn|Variant form: Ꙝ.}}|| {{script|Cyrs|[[Ksi (Cyrillic)|Ѯ]]}} || {{script|Cyrs|[[Psi (Cyrillic)|Ѱ]]}} || {{script|Cyrs|[[Fita|Ѳ]]}} || {{script|Cyrs|[[Izhitsa|Ѵ]]}}
@@ Line 185: / Line 149: @@
 The development of Cyrillic [[letter form]]s passed directly from the [[medieval]] stage to the late [[Baroque]], without a [[Renaissance]] phase as in [[Western Europe]]. Late Medieval Cyrillic letters (categorized as [[vyaz (Cyrillic calligraphy)|vyaz']] and still found on many [[icon]] inscriptions today) show a marked tendency to be very tall and narrow, with strokes often shared between adjacent letters.
-[[Peter the Great]], Tsar of Russia, mandated the use of [[Civil script|westernized letter forms]] ([[:ru:Гражданский шрифт|ru]]) in the early 18th century.{{citation needed|date=February 2024}} Over time, these were largely adopted in the other languages that use the script. Thus, unlike the majority of modern Greek typefaces that retained their own set of design principles for lower-case letters (such as the placement of [[serif]]s, the shapes of stroke ends, and stroke-thickness rules, although Greek capital letters do use Latin design principles), modern Cyrillic [[typeface|types]] are much the same as modern Latin types of the same typeface family. The development of some Cyrillic [[computer font]]s from Latin ones has also contributed to a visual Latinization of Cyrillic type.
+[[Peter the Great]], Tsar of Russia, mandated the use of [[Civil script|westernized letter forms]] ([[:ru:Гражданский шрифт|ru]]) in the early 18th century.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Holland |first=Martha A. |date=2017 |title=Russian Orthographic Reform |url=https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/8c5b4fc0-ec20-45f0-8946-04b1a3160a8d/content |journal=Mānoa Horizons |volume=2 |pages=11–19 |access-date=5 October 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Eustace |first=S.S. |date=1974 |title=A proposed transcription of Russian Cyrillic |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44526730 |journal=[[Journal of the International Phonetic Association]] |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=45–46 |doi= |access-date=5 October 2025}}</ref> Over time, these were largely adopted in the other languages that use the script. Thus, unlike the majority of modern Greek typefaces that retained their own set of design principles for lower-case letters (such as the placement of [[serif]]s, the shapes of stroke ends, and stroke-thickness rules, although Greek capital letters do use Latin design principles), modern Cyrillic [[typeface|types]] are much the same as modern Latin types of the same typeface family. The development of some Cyrillic [[computer font]]s from Latin ones has also contributed to a visual Latinization of Cyrillic type.
 === Lowercase forms ===
 [[File:Cyrillic upright-cursive-n.svg|frame|right|Letters [[Ge (Cyrillic)|Ge]], [[De (Cyrillic)|De]], [[I (Cyrillic)|I]], [[Short I]], [[Em (Cyrillic)|Em]], [[Te (Cyrillic)|Te]], [[Tse (Cyrillic)|Tse]], [[Be (Cyrillic)|Be]] and [[Ve (Cyrillic)|Ve]] in upright (printed) and cursive (handwritten) variants. (Top is set in Georgia type, bottom in Odesa Script.)]]
-Cyrillic [[capital letters|uppercase]] and [[lower case|lowercase]] letter forms are not as differentiated as in Latin typography. Upright Cyrillic lowercase letters are essentially [[small caps|small capitals]] (with exceptions: Cyrillic {{angle bracket|а}}, {{angle bracket|е}}, {{angle bracket|і}}, {{angle bracket|ј}}, {{angle bracket|р}}, and {{angle bracket|у}} adopted Latin lowercase shapes, lowercase {{angle bracket|ф}} is typically based on {{angle bracket|p}} from Latin typefaces, lowercase {{angle bracket|б}}, {{angle bracket|ђ}} and {{angle bracket|ћ}} are traditional handwritten forms), although a good-quality Cyrillic typeface will still include separate small-caps glyphs.<ref>{{harvp|Bringhurst|2002}} writes: "in Cyrillic, the difference between normal lower case and small caps is more subtle than it is in the Latin or Greek alphabets" (p.&nbsp;32) and "in most Cyrillic faces, the lower case is close in color and shape to Latin small caps" (p.&nbsp;107).</ref>
+Cyrillic [[capital letters|uppercase]] and [[lower case|lowercase]] letter forms are not as differentiated as in Latin typography. Though both Latin and Cyrillic types feature letters whose upper- and lowercase forms differ more in size and proportion than in shape (such as Latin {{angle bracket|C c}}, {{angle bracket|V v}}, {{angle bracket|Z z}}), these form a minority of the Latin alphabet but a majority of Cyrillic (particularly in upright rather than italic forms). Still, a good-quality Cyrillic typeface will include separate [[small caps|small-caps]] glyphs.<ref>{{harvp|Bringhurst|2002}} writes: "in Cyrillic, the difference between normal lower case and small caps is more subtle than it is in the Latin or Greek alphabets" (p.&nbsp;32) and "in most Cyrillic faces, the lower case is close in color and shape to Latin small caps" (p.&nbsp;107).</ref>
 Cyrillic typefaces, as well as Latin ones, have [[roman type|roman]] and [[italic type|italic]] forms (practically all popular modern computer fonts include parallel sets of Latin and Cyrillic letters, where many glyphs, uppercase as well as lowercase, are shared by both). However, the native typeface terminology in most Slavic languages (for example, in Russian) does not use the words "roman" and "italic" in this sense.{{efn|The Russian name {{lang|ru-Latn|ital'yanskiy shrift}} (Italian type) refers to a particular typeface family, whereas {{lang|ru-Latn|rimskiy shrift}} (roman type) is just a synonym for Latin type, Latin alphabet.}} Instead, the nomenclature follows German naming patterns:{{citation needed|date=February 2024}}<!-- When a citation is found, please recycle at [[Typeface#Style of typefaces]] -->
@@ Line 271: / Line 235: @@
 *[[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]]
 *[[Macedonian language|Macedonian]]
+*[[Pannonian Rusyn language|Pannonian Rusyn]]
 *[[Russian language|Russian]]
 *[[Rusyn language|Rusyn]]
@@ Line 310: / Line 275: @@
 {{Col-2}}
 *[[Abkhaz language|Abkhaz]]
-*[[Aleut language|Aleut]] (now mostly in church texts)
+*[[Aleut language|Aleut]] (mostly in church texts)
 *[[Dungan language|Dungan]]
 *[[Kazakh language|Kazakh]] (to be replaced by Latin script by 2031<ref name="MongolSwitch">{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/oct/26/kazakhstan-switch-official-alphabet-cyrillic-latin|title=Alphabet soup as Kazakh leader orders switch from Cyrillic to Latin letters|agency=Reuters|date=2017-10-26|work=The Guardian|access-date=2017-10-30|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref>)
@@ Line 317: / Line 282: @@
 *[[Mongolian language|Mongolian]] (to also be written with traditional [[Mongolian script]] by 2025<ref name="KazSwitch">{{Cite news|url=https://news.mn/en/791396|title=Mongolia to restore traditional alphabet by 2025|last=The Times|date=2020-03-20|work=News.MN|access-date=2020-06-08|language=en-GB}}</ref>)
 *[[Tajik language|Tajik]]
-*[[Tlingit alphabet#Cyrillic alphabets|Tlingit]] (now only in church texts)
+*[[Tlingit alphabet#Cyrillic alphabets|Tlingit]] (only in church texts)
 *[[Turkmen language|Turkmen]] (officially replaced by Latin script)
 *[[Uzbek language|Uzbek]] (generally replaced by Latin script but still used officially)
@@ Line 331: / Line 296: @@
 ===Latin script===
-A number of languages written in a Cyrillic alphabet have also been written in a [[Latin alphabet]], such as [[Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]], [[Uzbek language|Uzbek]], [[Serbian language|Serbian]], and [[Romanian language|Romanian]] (in the [[Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic|Moldavian SSR]] until 1989 and in the [[Danubian Principalities]] throughout the 19th century). After the disintegration of the Soviet Union in 1991, some of the former republics officially shifted from Cyrillic to Latin. The transition is complete in most of Moldova (except the breakaway region of [[Transnistria]], where [[Moldovan Cyrillic alphabet|Moldovan Cyrillic]] is official), [[Turkmenistan]], and [[Azerbaijan]]. [[Uzbekistan]] still uses both systems, and [[Kazakhstan]] has officially begun a transition from Cyrillic to Latin (scheduled to be complete by 2025). The [[Russia]]n government has mandated that Cyrillic must be used for all public communications in all [[federal subjects of Russia]], to promote closer ties across the federation. This act was controversial for speakers of many Slavic languages; for others, such as [[Chechen language|Chechen]] and [[Ingush language|Ingush]] speakers, the law had political ramifications. For example, the separatist Chechen government mandated a Latin script which is still used by many Chechens.{{Citation needed|date=February 2023}}
+A number of languages written in a Cyrillic alphabet have also been written in a [[Latin alphabet]], such as [[Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]], [[Uzbek language|Uzbek]], [[Serbian language|Serbian]], and [[Romanian language|Romanian]] (in the [[Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic|Moldavian SSR]] until 1989 and in the [[Danubian Principalities]] until the early 19th century). After the disintegration of the Soviet Union in 1991, some of the former republics officially shifted from Cyrillic to Latin. The transition is complete in most of Moldova (except the breakaway region of [[Transnistria]], where [[Moldovan Cyrillic alphabet|Moldovan Cyrillic]] is official), [[Turkmenistan]], and [[Azerbaijan]]. [[Uzbekistan]] still uses both systems, and [[Kazakhstan]] has officially begun a transition from Cyrillic to Latin (scheduled to be complete by 2025). The [[Russia]]n government has mandated that Cyrillic must be used for all public communications in all [[federal subjects of Russia]], to promote closer ties across the federation. This act was controversial for speakers of many Slavic languages; for others, such as [[Chechen language|Chechen]] and [[Ingush language|Ingush]] speakers, the law had political ramifications. For example, the separatist Chechen government mandated a Latin script which is still used by many Chechens.{{Citation needed|date=February 2023}}
 {{CSS image crop
@@ Line 349: / Line 314: @@
 }}
 [[File:Cyrillic Europe.PNG|thumb|Cyrillic Script in [[Europe]]]]
-Standard [[Serbian language|Serbian]] uses [[Serbian language#Writing system|both the Cyrillic and Latin scripts]]. Cyrillic is nominally the official script of Serbia's administration according to the Serbian constitution;<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.ustavni.sud.rs/page/view/en-GB/235-100028/constitution| title = Serbian constitution| access-date = 12 March 2014| archive-date = 23 July 2011| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110723055855/http://www.ustavni.sud.rs/page/view/en-GB/235-100028/constitution| url-status = dead}}</ref> however, the law does not regulate scripts in standard language, or standard language itself by any means. In practice the scripts are equal, with Latin being used more often in a less official capacity.<ref>{{Cite journal | url=http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Europe/2008/0529/p20s01-woeu.html | title=Serbian signs of the times are not in Cyrillic| journal=Christian Science Monitor| date=2008-05-29}}</ref>
+Standard [[Serbian language|Serbian]] uses [[Serbian language#Writing system|both the Cyrillic and Latin scripts]]. Cyrillic is nominally the official script of Serbia's administration according to the Serbian constitution;<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.ustavni.sud.rs/page/view/en-GB/235-100028/constitution| title = Serbian constitution| access-date = 12 March 2014| archive-date = 23 July 2011| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110723055855/http://www.ustavni.sud.rs/page/view/en-GB/235-100028/constitution| url-status = dead}}</ref> however, the law does not regulate scripts in standard language, or standard language itself by any means. In practice the scripts are equal, with Latin being used more often in a less official capacity.<ref>{{Cite journal | url=https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Europe/2008/0529/p20s01-woeu.html | title=Serbian signs of the times are not in Cyrillic| journal=Christian Science Monitor| date=2008-05-29}}</ref>
 The [[Zhuang alphabet]], used between the 1950s and 1980s in portions of the People's Republic of China, used a mixture of Latin, phonetic, numeral-based, and Cyrillic letters. The non-Latin letters, including Cyrillic, were removed from the alphabet in 1982 and replaced with Latin letters that closely resembled the letters they replaced.<ref>{{Citation |last=Grey |first=Alexandra |title=Language Standardisation and Language Variation in Multilingual Contexts |chapter=8 How Standard Zhuang has Met with Market Forces |date=2021-12-14 |pages=163–182 |publisher=Multilingual Matters |language=en |doi=10.21832/9781800411562-011 |isbn=978-1-80041-156-2 |s2cid=245301540 |postscript=.|doi-access=free |hdl=10453/150285 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>
@@ Line 363: / Line 328: @@
 *American Library Association and Library of Congress Romanization tables for Slavic alphabets ([[ALA-LC Romanization]]), used in North American libraries.
 *[[BGN/PCGN Romanization]] (1947), United States Board on Geographic Names & Permanent Committee on Geographical Names for British Official Use).
-*[[GOST 16876-71|GOST 16876]], a now defunct Soviet transliteration standard. Replaced by [[GOST 7.79-2000]], which is based on ISO 9.
+*[[GOST 16876-71|GOST 16876]], a defunct Soviet transliteration standard. Replaced by [[GOST 7.79-2000]], which is based on ISO 9.
 *Various informal romanizations of Cyrillic, which adapt the Cyrillic script to Latin and sometimes Greek glyphs for compatibility with small character sets.
@@ Line 535: / Line 500: @@
 |}
-<div style="overflow:auto">
+{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left; empty-cells: hide; font-size: 0.9em"
-{| style="text-align: left; empty-cells: hide; font-size: 0.9em" class="wikitable"
 |+ Cyrillic alphabets comparison table
-! colspan="73" style="text-align: center" |Early scripts
+! colspan="81" style="text-align: center" |Early/Reference scripts
+|-
+! ''Greek''
+! Α
+!
+!
+! Β
+! Γ
+!
+! Δ
+!
+!
+! Ε
+!
+!
+!
+!
+! Ζ
+!
+!
+! Η
+! Θ
+! Ι
+!
+!
+!
+! Κ
+!
+! Λ
+!
+! Μ
+!
+! Ν
+!
+!
+! Ξ
+! Ο
+!
+! Π
+!
+! ''Ϙ''
+! Ρ
+!
+! Σ
+!
+! Τ
+!
+!
+!
+! Υ
+!
+!
+! Φ
+! Χ
+!
+!
+! Ψ
+! Ω
+!
+!
+!
+!
+!
+!
+!
+!
+!
+!
+!
+!
+!
+!
+!
+!
+!
+!
+!
+!
+!
+!
+!
+!
+!
 |-
 ! Church Slavonic
@@ Line 549: / Line 595: @@
 !Д
 !
-!(Ѕ)
+!Ѕ
 !Е
 !
@@ Line 555: / Line 601: @@
 !Ж
 !
-!Ѕ/З
+!З
+!
 !
 !И
+!Ѳ
 !І
 !
@@ Line 571: / Line 619: @@
 !
 !
+!''Ѯ''
 !О
 !
 !П
 !
+!''Ҁ''
 !Р
 !
@@ Line 581: / Line 631: @@
 !Т
 !
-!Оу
 !
-!(Ѡ)
+!
+!У
+!
+!
 !Ф
 !Х
 !
+!
+!Ѱ
+!Ѡ
 !Ц
+!
+!
 !
 !Ч
 !
 !Ш
+!
 !Щ
 !Ъ
@@ Line 608: / Line 666: @@
 !Ѫ
 !Ѭ
-!'''Ѯ'''
-!Ѱ
-!Ѳ
 !Ѵ
-!''Ҁ''
 |-
-! colspan="73" style="text-align: center" | Most common shared letters
+! colspan="81" style="text-align: center" | Most common shared letters
 |-
 ! ''Common''
-| А || &nbsp; || Б || В || Г || &nbsp; || Д || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Е || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Ж || &nbsp; || З
+| А || &nbsp; || Б || В || Г || &nbsp; || Д || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Е || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Ж || &nbsp; || З || &nbsp;
-| &nbsp; || И || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Й
+| &nbsp; || И || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Й
-| К || &nbsp; || Л || &nbsp; || М || &nbsp; || Н || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || О || &nbsp; || П || &nbsp;
+| К || &nbsp; || Л || &nbsp; || М || &nbsp; || Н || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || О || &nbsp; || П || &nbsp;
-| Р || &nbsp; || С || &nbsp; || Т || &nbsp; || У || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Ф || Х || &nbsp;
+| &nbsp; || Р || &nbsp; || С || &nbsp; || Т || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || У || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Ф || Х || &nbsp; || &nbsp;
-| Ц || &nbsp; || Ч || &nbsp; || Ш || Щ || Ъ || Ы || &nbsp; || Ь || Э || &nbsp; || Ю || Я
+| &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Ц || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Ч || &nbsp; || Ш || &nbsp; || Щ || Ъ || Ы || &nbsp; || Ь || Э || &nbsp; || Ю || Я
 |-
-! colspan="73" style="text-align: center" | South Slavic languages
+! colspan="81" style="text-align: center" | South Slavic languages
 |-
 ! Bulgarian
-| А || &nbsp; || Б || В || Г || &nbsp; || Д || &nbsp; || {{small|Дз}} || Е || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Ж || &nbsp; || З
+| А || &nbsp; || Б || В || Г || &nbsp; || Д || &nbsp; || {{small|Дз}} || Е || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Ж || &nbsp; || З || &nbsp;
-| &nbsp; || И || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Й
+| &nbsp; || И || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Й
-| К || &nbsp; || Л || &nbsp; || М || &nbsp; || Н || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || О || &nbsp; || П || &nbsp;
+| К || &nbsp; || Л || &nbsp; || М || &nbsp; || Н || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || О || &nbsp; || П || &nbsp;
-| Р || &nbsp; || С || &nbsp; || Т || &nbsp; || У || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Ф || Х || &nbsp;
+| &nbsp; || Р || &nbsp; || С || &nbsp; || Т || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || У || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Ф || Х || &nbsp; || &nbsp;
-| Ц || &nbsp; || Ч || {{small|Дж}} || Ш || Щ || Ъ || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Ь || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Ю || Я
+| &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Ц || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Ч || {{small|Дж}} || Ш || &nbsp; || Щ || Ъ || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Ь || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Ю || Я
 |-
 !Macedonian
-| А || &nbsp; || Б || В || Г || &nbsp; || Д || Ѓ || Ѕ || Е || &nbsp;|| &nbsp; || Ж || &nbsp; || З
+| А || &nbsp; || Б || В || Г || &nbsp; || Д || Ѓ || Ѕ || Е || &nbsp;|| &nbsp; || Ж || &nbsp; || З || &nbsp;
-| &nbsp; || И || &nbsp; || Ј || &nbsp; || &nbsp;
+| &nbsp; || И || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Ј || &nbsp; || &nbsp;
-| К || &nbsp; || Л || Љ || М || &nbsp; || Н || Њ || &nbsp; || О || &nbsp; || П || &nbsp;
+| К || &nbsp; || Л || Љ || М || &nbsp; || Н || Њ || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || О || &nbsp; || П || &nbsp;
-| Р || &nbsp; || С || &nbsp; || Т || Ќ || У || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Ф || Х || &nbsp;
+| &nbsp; || Р || &nbsp; || С || &nbsp; || Т || &nbsp; || Ќ || &nbsp; || У || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Ф || Х || &nbsp; || &nbsp;
-| Ц || &nbsp; || Ч || Џ || Ш
+| &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Ц || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Ч || Џ || Ш
 |-
 ! Serbian
-| А || &nbsp; || Б || В || Г || &nbsp; || Д || Ђ || &nbsp; || Е || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Ж || &nbsp; || З
+| А || &nbsp; || Б || В || Г || &nbsp; || Д || Ђ || &nbsp; || Е || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Ж || &nbsp; || З || &nbsp;
-| &nbsp; || И || &nbsp; || Ј || &nbsp; || &nbsp;
+| &nbsp; || И || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Ј || &nbsp; || &nbsp;
-| К || &nbsp; || Л || Љ || М || &nbsp; || Н || Њ || &nbsp; || О || &nbsp; || П || &nbsp;
+| К || &nbsp; || Л || Љ || М || &nbsp; || Н || Њ || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || О || &nbsp; || П || &nbsp;
-| Р || &nbsp; || С || &nbsp; || Т || Ћ || У || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Ф || Х || &nbsp;
+| &nbsp; || Р || &nbsp; || С || &nbsp; || Т || &nbsp; || Ћ || &nbsp; || У || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Ф || Х || &nbsp; || &nbsp;
-| Ц || &nbsp; || Ч || Џ || Ш
+| &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Ц || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Ч || Џ || Ш
 |-
 ! Montenegrin
 | А || &nbsp; || Б || В || Г || &nbsp; || Д || Ђ || &nbsp; || Е || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Ж || &nbsp; || З
-| З́ || И || &nbsp; || Ј || &nbsp; || &nbsp;
+| З́ || &nbsp; || И || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Ј || &nbsp; || &nbsp;
-| К || &nbsp; || Л || Љ || М || &nbsp; || Н || Њ || &nbsp; || О || &nbsp; || П || &nbsp;
+| К || &nbsp; || Л || Љ || М || &nbsp; || Н || Њ || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || О || &nbsp; || П || &nbsp;
-| Р || &nbsp; || С || С́ || Т || Ћ || У || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Ф || Х || &nbsp;
+| &nbsp; || Р || &nbsp; || С || С́ || Т || &nbsp; || Ћ || &nbsp; || У || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Ф || Х || &nbsp; || &nbsp;
-| Ц || &nbsp; || Ч || Џ || Ш
+| &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Ц || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Ч || Џ || Ш
 |-
-! colspan="73" style="text-align: center" | East Slavic languages
+! colspan="81" style="text-align: center" | East Slavic languages
 |-
 ! Russian
-| А || &nbsp; || Б || В || Г || &nbsp; || Д || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Е || &nbsp; || Ё || Ж || &nbsp; || З
+| А || &nbsp; || Б || В || Г || &nbsp; || Д || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Е || &nbsp; || Ё || Ж || &nbsp; || З || &nbsp;
-| &nbsp; || И ||  || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Й
+| &nbsp; || И || &nbsp; ||  || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Й
-| К || &nbsp; || Л || &nbsp; || М || &nbsp; || Н || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || О || &nbsp; || П || &nbsp;
+| К || &nbsp; || Л || &nbsp; || М || &nbsp; || Н || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || О || &nbsp; || П || &nbsp;
-| Р || &nbsp; || С || &nbsp; || Т || &nbsp; || У || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Ф || Х || &nbsp;
+| &nbsp; || Р || &nbsp; || С || &nbsp; || Т || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || У || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Ф || Х || &nbsp; || &nbsp;
-| Ц || &nbsp; || Ч || &nbsp; || Ш || Щ || Ъ || Ы ||  || Ь || Э || &nbsp; || Ю || Я || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; ||  ||
+| &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Ц || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Ч || &nbsp; || Ш || &nbsp; || Щ || Ъ || Ы ||  || Ь || Э || &nbsp; || Ю || Я
 |-
 ! Belarusian
-| А || &nbsp; || Б || В || Г || Ґ || Д || Дж || Дз || Е || &nbsp; || Ё || Ж || &nbsp; || З
+| А || &nbsp; || Б || В || Г || Ґ || Д || Дж || Дз || Е || &nbsp; || Ё || Ж || &nbsp; || З || &nbsp;
-| &nbsp; || &nbsp; || І || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Й
+| &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || І || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Й
-| К || &nbsp; || Л || &nbsp; || М || &nbsp; || Н || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || О || &nbsp; || П || &nbsp;
+| К || &nbsp; || Л || &nbsp; || М || &nbsp; || Н || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || О || &nbsp; || П || &nbsp;
-| Р || &nbsp; || С || &nbsp; || Т || &nbsp; || У || Ў || &nbsp; || Ф || Х || &nbsp;
+| &nbsp; || Р || &nbsp; || С || &nbsp; || Т || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || У || Ў || &nbsp; || Ф || Х || &nbsp; || &nbsp;
-| Ц || &nbsp; || Ч || &nbsp; || Ш || &nbsp; || ’ || Ы || &nbsp; || Ь || Э || &nbsp; || Ю || Я
+| &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Ц || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Ч || &nbsp; || Ш || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || ’ || Ы || &nbsp; || Ь || Э || &nbsp; || Ю || Я
 |-
 ! Ukrainian
-| А || &nbsp; || Б || В || Г || Ґ || Д || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Е || Є || Йо || Ж || &nbsp; || З
+| А || &nbsp; || Б || В || Г || Ґ || Д || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Е || Є || Йо || Ж || &nbsp; || З || &nbsp;
-| &nbsp; || И || І || &nbsp; || Ї || Й
+| &nbsp; || И || &nbsp; || І || &nbsp; || Ї || Й
-| К || &nbsp; || Л || &nbsp; || М || &nbsp; || Н || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || О || &nbsp; || П || &nbsp;
+| К || &nbsp; || Л || &nbsp; || М || &nbsp; || Н || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || О || &nbsp; || П || &nbsp;
-| Р || &nbsp; || С || &nbsp; || Т || &nbsp; || У || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Ф || Х || &nbsp;
+| &nbsp; || Р || &nbsp; || С || &nbsp; || Т || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || У || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Ф || Х || &nbsp; || &nbsp;
-| Ц || &nbsp; || Ч || &nbsp; || Ш || Щ || ’ || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Ь || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Ю || Я
+| &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Ц || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Ч || &nbsp; || Ш || &nbsp; || Щ || ’ || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Ь || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Ю || Я
 |-
 ! Rusyn
-| А || &nbsp; || Б || В || Г || Ґ || Д || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Е || Є || Ё || Ж || &nbsp; || З
+| А || &nbsp; || Б || В || Г || Ґ || Д || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Е || Є || Ё || Ж || &nbsp; || З || &nbsp;
-| &nbsp; || И || І || &nbsp; || Ї || Й
+| &nbsp; || И || &nbsp; || І || &nbsp; || Ї || Й
-| К || &nbsp; || Л || &nbsp; || М || &nbsp; || Н || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || О || &nbsp; || П || &nbsp;
+| К || &nbsp; || Л || &nbsp; || М || &nbsp; || Н || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || О || &nbsp; || П || &nbsp;
-| Р || &nbsp; || С || &nbsp; || Т || &nbsp; || У || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Ф || Х || &nbsp;
+| &nbsp; || Р || &nbsp; || С || &nbsp; || Т || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || У || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Ф || Х || &nbsp; || &nbsp;
-| Ц || &nbsp; || Ч || &nbsp; || Ш || Щ || Ъ || Ы || &nbsp;|| Ь || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Ю || Я
+| &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Ц || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Ч || &nbsp; || Ш || &nbsp; || Щ || Ъ || Ы || &nbsp;|| Ь || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Ю || Я
 |-
-! colspan="73" style="text-align: center" | Iranian languages
+! colspan="81" style="text-align: center" | Iranian languages
 |-
 ! Kurdish
-| А || &nbsp; || Б || В || Г || Г' || Д || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Е || Ә || Ә' || Ж || &nbsp; || З
+| А || &nbsp; || Б || В || Г || Г' || Д || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Е || Ә || Ә' || Ж || &nbsp; || З || &nbsp;
-| &nbsp; || И || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Й
+| &nbsp; || И || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Й
-| К || К' || Л || &nbsp; || М || &nbsp; || Н || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || О || Ӧ || П || П'
+| К || К' || Л || &nbsp; || М || &nbsp; || Н || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || О || Ӧ || П || П'
-| Р || Р' || С || &nbsp; || Т || Т' || У || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Ф || Х || Һ
+| &nbsp; || Р || Р' || С || &nbsp; || Т || &nbsp; || Т' || &nbsp; || У || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Ф || Х || Һ
-| Һ' || &nbsp; || Ч || Ч' || Ш || Щ || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Ь || Э || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Ԛ || Ԝ
+| Һ' || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Ч || Ч' || Ш || &nbsp; || Щ || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Ь || Э || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Ԛ || Ԝ
-| colspan="10" |
 |-
 ! Ossetian
-| А || Ӕ || Б || В || Г || {{small|Гъ}} || Д || {{small|Дж}} || {{small|Дз}} || Е || &nbsp; || Ё || Ж || &nbsp; || З
+| А || Ӕ || Б || В || Г || {{small|Гъ}} || Д || {{small|Дж}} || {{small|Дз}} || Е || &nbsp; || Ё || Ж || &nbsp; || З || &nbsp;
-| &nbsp; || И || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Й
+| &nbsp; || И || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Й
-| К || {{small|Къ}} || Л || &nbsp; || М || &nbsp; || Н || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || О || &nbsp; || П || {{small|Пъ}}
+| К || {{small|Къ}} || Л || &nbsp; || М || &nbsp; || Н || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || О || &nbsp; || П || {{small|Пъ}}
-| Р || &nbsp; || С || &nbsp; || Т || {{small|Тъ}} || У || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Ф || Х || {{small|Хъ}}
+| &nbsp; || Р || &nbsp; || С || &nbsp; || Т || &nbsp; || {{small|Тъ}} || &nbsp; || У || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Ф || Х || {{small|Хъ}} || &nbsp;
-| Ц || {{small|Цъ}} || Ч || {{small|Чъ}} || Ш || Щ || Ъ || Ы || &nbsp; || Ь || Э || &nbsp; || Ю || Я
+| &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Ц || {{small|Цъ}} || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Ч || {{small|Чъ}} || Ш || &nbsp; || Щ || Ъ || Ы || &nbsp; || Ь || Э || &nbsp; || Ю || Я
 |-
 ! Tajik
-| А || &nbsp; || Б || В || Г || Ғ || Д || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Е || &nbsp; || Ё || Ж || &nbsp; || З
+| А || &nbsp; || Б || В || Г || Ғ || Д || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Е || &nbsp; || Ё || Ж || &nbsp; || З || &nbsp;
-| &nbsp; || И || &nbsp; || Ӣ || &nbsp; || Й
+| &nbsp; || И || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Ӣ || &nbsp; || Й
-| К || Қ || Л || &nbsp; || М || &nbsp; || Н || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || О || &nbsp; || П || &nbsp;
+| К || Қ || Л || &nbsp; || М || &nbsp; || Н || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || О || &nbsp; || П || &nbsp;
-| Р || &nbsp; || С || &nbsp; || Т || &nbsp; || У || Ӯ || &nbsp; || Ф || Х || Ҳ
+| &nbsp; || Р || &nbsp; || С || &nbsp; || Т || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || У || Ӯ || &nbsp; || Ф || Х || Ҳ || &nbsp;
-| &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Ч || Ҷ || Ш || &nbsp; || Ъ || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Э || &nbsp; || Ю || Я
+| &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Ч || Ҷ || Ш || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Ъ || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Э || &nbsp; || Ю || Я
 |-
-! colspan="73" style="text-align: center" | Romance languages
+! colspan="81" style="text-align: center" | Romance languages
 |-
 ! Moldovan<br />{{small|(Romanian)}}
-| А || &nbsp; || Б || В || Г || &nbsp; || Д || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Е || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Ж || Ӂ || З
+| А || &nbsp; || Б || В || Г || &nbsp; || Д || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Е || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Ж || Ӂ || З || &nbsp;
-| &nbsp; || И || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Й
+| &nbsp; || И || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Й
-| К || &nbsp; || Л || &nbsp; || М || &nbsp; || Н || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || О || &nbsp; || П || &nbsp;
+| К || &nbsp; || Л || &nbsp; || М || &nbsp; || Н || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || О || &nbsp; || П || &nbsp;
-| Р || &nbsp; || С || &nbsp; || Т || &nbsp; || У || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Ф || Х || &nbsp;
+| &nbsp; || Р || &nbsp; || С || &nbsp; || Т || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || У || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Ф || Х || &nbsp; || &nbsp;
-| Ц || &nbsp; || Ч || &nbsp; || Ш || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Ы || &nbsp; || Ь || Э || &nbsp; || Ю || Я
+| &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Ц || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Ч || &nbsp; || Ш || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Ы || &nbsp; || Ь || Э || &nbsp; || Ю || Я
 |-
-! colspan="73" style="text-align: center" | Uralic languages
+! colspan="81" style="text-align: center" | Uralic languages
 |-
 ! Komi-Permyak
-| А || &nbsp; || Б || В || Г || &nbsp; || Д || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Е || &nbsp; || Ё || Ж || &nbsp; || З
+| А || &nbsp; || Б || В || Г || &nbsp; || Д || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Е || &nbsp; || Ё || Ж || &nbsp; || З || &nbsp;
-| &nbsp; || И || І || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Й
+| &nbsp; || И || &nbsp; || І || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Й
-| К || &nbsp; || Л || &nbsp; || М || &nbsp; || Н || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || О || Ӧ || П || &nbsp;
+| К || &nbsp; || Л || &nbsp; || М || &nbsp; || Н || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || О || Ӧ || П || &nbsp;
-| Р || &nbsp; || С || &nbsp; || Т || &nbsp; || У || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Ф || Х || &nbsp;
+| &nbsp; || Р || &nbsp; || С || &nbsp; || Т || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || У || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Ф || Х || &nbsp; || &nbsp;
-| Ц || &nbsp; || Ч || &nbsp; || Ш || Щ || Ъ || Ы || &nbsp; || Ь || Э || &nbsp; || Ю || Я
+| &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Ц || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Ч || &nbsp; || Ш || &nbsp; || Щ || Ъ || Ы || &nbsp; || Ь || Э || &nbsp; || Ю || Я
 |-
 ! Meadow Mari
-| А || &nbsp; || Б || В || Г || &nbsp; || Д || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Е || &nbsp; || Ё || Ж || &nbsp; || З
+| А || &nbsp; || Б || В || Г || &nbsp; || Д || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Е || &nbsp; || Ё || Ж || &nbsp; || З || &nbsp;
-| &nbsp; || И || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Й
+| &nbsp; || И || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Й
-| К || &nbsp; || Л || &nbsp; || М || &nbsp; || Н || Ҥ || &nbsp; || О || Ӧ || П || &nbsp;
+| К || &nbsp; || Л || &nbsp; || М || &nbsp; || Н || Ҥ || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || О || Ӧ || П || &nbsp;
-| Р || &nbsp; || С || &nbsp; || Т || &nbsp; || У || Ӱ || &nbsp; || Ф || Х || &nbsp;
+| &nbsp; || Р || &nbsp; || С || &nbsp; || Т || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || У || Ӱ || &nbsp; || Ф || Х || &nbsp; || &nbsp;
-| Ц || &nbsp; || Ч || &nbsp; || Ш || Щ || Ъ || Ы || &nbsp; || Ь || Э || &nbsp; || Ю || Я
+| &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Ц || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Ч || &nbsp; || Ш || &nbsp; || Щ || Ъ || Ы || &nbsp; || Ь || Э || &nbsp; || Ю || Я
 |-
 ! Hill Mari
-| А || Ӓ || Б || В || Г || &nbsp; || Д || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Е || &nbsp; || Ё || Ж || &nbsp; || З
+| А || Ӓ || Б || В || Г || &nbsp; || Д || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Е || &nbsp; || Ё || Ж || &nbsp; || З || &nbsp;
-| &nbsp; || И || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Й
+| &nbsp; || И || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Й
-| К || &nbsp; || Л || &nbsp; || М || &nbsp; || Н || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || О || Ӧ || П || &nbsp;
+| К || &nbsp; || Л || &nbsp; || М || &nbsp; || Н || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || О || Ӧ || П || &nbsp;
-| Р || &nbsp; || С || &nbsp; || Т || &nbsp; || У || Ӱ || &nbsp; || Ф || Х || &nbsp;
+| &nbsp; || Р || &nbsp; || С || &nbsp; || Т || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || У || Ӱ || &nbsp; || Ф || Х || &nbsp; || &nbsp;
-| Ц || &nbsp; || Ч || &nbsp; || Ш || Щ || Ъ || Ы || Ӹ || Ь || Э || &nbsp; || Ю || Я
+| &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Ц || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Ч || &nbsp; || Ш || &nbsp; || Щ || Ъ || Ы || Ӹ || Ь || Э || &nbsp; || Ю || Я
 |-
 ! Kildin Sami
-| А || Ӓ || Б || В || Г || &nbsp; || Д || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Е || &nbsp; || Ё || Ж || &nbsp; || З
+| А || Ӓ || Б || В || Г || &nbsp; || Д || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Е || &nbsp; || Ё || Ж || &nbsp; || З || &nbsp;
-| &nbsp; || И || &nbsp; || Й || Ҋ || Ј
+| &nbsp; || И || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Й || Ҋ || Ј
-| К || &nbsp; || Л || Ӆ || М || Ӎ || Н || Ӊ || Ӈ || О || &nbsp; || П || &nbsp;
+| К || &nbsp; || Л || Ӆ || М || Ӎ || Н || Ӊ || Ӈ || &nbsp; || О || &nbsp; || П || &nbsp;
-| Р || Ҏ || С || &nbsp; || Т || &nbsp; || У || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Ф || Х || Һ
+| &nbsp; || Р || Ҏ || С || &nbsp; || Т || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || У || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Ф || Х || Һ || &nbsp;
-| Ц || &nbsp; || Ч || &nbsp; || Ш || Щ || Ъ || Ы || Ь || Ҍ || Э || Ӭ || Ю || Я
+| &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Ц || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Ч || &nbsp; || Ш || &nbsp; || Щ || Ъ || Ы || Ь || Ҍ || Э || Ӭ || Ю || Я
 |-
 ! Udmurt
-| А || &nbsp; || Б || В || Г || &nbsp; || Д || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Е || &nbsp; || Ё || Ж || Ӝ || З || Ӟ || И || Ӥ || Й || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || К || (К̈) || Л || &nbsp; || М || &nbsp; || Н || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || О || Ӧ || П || &nbsp; || Р || &nbsp; || С || &nbsp; || Т || &nbsp; || &nbsp; | У || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Ф || Х || &nbsp; || Ц || &nbsp; || Ч || Ӵ || Ш || Щ || Ъ || Ы || &nbsp; || Ь || Э || &nbsp; || Ю || Я
+| А || &nbsp; || Б || В || Г || &nbsp; || Д || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Е || &nbsp; || Ё || Ж || Ӝ || З || Ӟ || &nbsp; || И || &nbsp; || Ӥ || Й || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || К || (К̈) || Л || &nbsp; || М || &nbsp; || Н || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || О || Ӧ || П || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Р || &nbsp; || С || &nbsp; || Т || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; | У || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Ф || Х || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Ц || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Ч || Ӵ || Ш || &nbsp; || Щ || Ъ || Ы || &nbsp; || Ь || Э || &nbsp; || Ю || Я
 |-
-! colspan="73" style="text-align: center" | Turkic languages
+! colspan="81" style="text-align: center" | Turkic languages
 |-
 ! Azerbaijani
-| А || &nbsp; || Б || В || Г || Ғ || Д || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Е || Ә || Ё || Ж || &nbsp; || З || &nbsp; || И || Ј || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Й || К || Ҝ || Л || &nbsp; || М || &nbsp; || Н || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || О || Ө || П || &nbsp; || Р || &nbsp; || С || &nbsp; || Т || &nbsp; || У || &nbsp; || Ү || Ф || Х || Һ || Ц || &nbsp; || Ч || Ҹ || Ш || Щ || Ъ || Ы || &nbsp; || Ь || Э || &nbsp; || Ю || Я
+| А || &nbsp; || Б || В || Г || Ғ || Д || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Е || Ә || Ё || Ж || &nbsp; || З || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || И || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Ј || &nbsp; || Й || К || Ҝ || Л || &nbsp; || М || &nbsp; || Н || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || О || Ө || П || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Р || &nbsp; || С || &nbsp; || Т || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || У || &nbsp; || Ү || Ф || Х || Һ || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Ц || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Ч || Ҹ || Ш || &nbsp; || Щ || Ъ || Ы || &nbsp; || Ь || Э || &nbsp; || Ю || Я
 |-
 ! Bashkir
-| А || &nbsp; || Б || В || Г || Ғ || Д || &nbsp; || Ҙ || Е || &nbsp; || Ё || Ж || &nbsp; || З
+| А || &nbsp; || Б || В || Г || Ғ || Д || &nbsp; || Ҙ || Е || &nbsp; || Ё || Ж || &nbsp; || З || &nbsp;
-| &nbsp; || И || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Й
+| &nbsp; || И || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Й
-| К || Ҡ || Л || &nbsp; || М || &nbsp; || Н || Ң || &nbsp; || О || Ө || П || &nbsp;
+| К || Ҡ || Л || &nbsp; || М || &nbsp; || Н || Ң || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || О || Ө || П || &nbsp;
-| Р || &nbsp; || С || Ҫ || Т || &nbsp; || У || &nbsp; || Ү || Ф || Х || Һ
+| &nbsp; || Р || &nbsp; || С || Ҫ || Т || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || У || &nbsp; || Ү || Ф || Х || Һ || &nbsp;
-| Ц || &nbsp; || Ч || &nbsp; || Ш || Щ || Ъ || Ы || &nbsp; || Ь || Э || Ә || Ю || Я
+| &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Ц || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Ч || &nbsp; || Ш || &nbsp; || Щ || Ъ || Ы || &nbsp; || Ь || Э || Ә || Ю || Я
 |-
 ! Chuvash
-| А || Ӑ || Б || В || Г || &nbsp; || Д || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Е || Ё || Ӗ || Ж || &nbsp; || З
+| А || Ӑ || Б || В || Г || &nbsp; || Д || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Е || Ё || Ӗ || Ж || &nbsp; || З || &nbsp;
-| &nbsp; || И || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Й
+| &nbsp; || И || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Й
-| К || &nbsp; || Л || &nbsp; || М || &nbsp; || Н || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || О || &nbsp; || П || &nbsp;
+| К || &nbsp; || Л || &nbsp; || М || &nbsp; || Н || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || О || &nbsp; || П || &nbsp;
-| Р || &nbsp; || С || Ҫ || Т || &nbsp; || У || Ӳ || &nbsp; || Ф || Х || &nbsp;
+| &nbsp; || Р || &nbsp; || С || Ҫ || Т || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || У || Ӳ || &nbsp; || Ф || Х || &nbsp; || &nbsp;
-| Ц || &nbsp; || Ч || &nbsp; || Ш || Щ || Ъ || Ы || &nbsp; || Ь || Э || &nbsp; || Ю || Я
+| &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Ц || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Ч || &nbsp; || Ш || &nbsp; || Щ || Ъ || Ы || &nbsp; || Ь || Э || &nbsp; || Ю || Я
 |-
 ! Kazakh
-| А || Ә || Б || В || Г || Ғ || Д || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Е || &nbsp; || Ё || Ж || &nbsp; || З
+| А || Ә || Б || В || Г || Ғ || Д || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Е || &nbsp; || Ё || Ж || &nbsp; || З || &nbsp;
-| &nbsp; || И || І || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Й
+| &nbsp; || И || &nbsp; || І || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Й
-| К || Қ || Л || &nbsp; || М || &nbsp; || Н || Ң || &nbsp; || О || Ө || П || &nbsp;
+| К || Қ || Л || &nbsp; || М || &nbsp; || Н || Ң || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || О || Ө || П || &nbsp;
-| Р || &nbsp; || С || &nbsp; || Т || &nbsp; || У || Ұ || Ү || Ф || Х || Һ
+| &nbsp; || Р || &nbsp; || С || &nbsp; || Т || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || У || Ұ || Ү || Ф || Х || Һ || &nbsp;
-| Ц || &nbsp; || Ч || &nbsp; || Ш || Щ || Ъ || Ы || &nbsp; || Ь || Э || &nbsp; || Ю || Я
+| &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Ц || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Ч || &nbsp; || Ш || &nbsp; || Щ || Ъ || Ы || &nbsp; || Ь || Э || &nbsp; || Ю || Я
 |-
 ! Kyrgyz
-| А || &nbsp; || Б || &nbsp; || Г || &nbsp; || Д || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Е || &nbsp; || Ё || Ж || &nbsp; || З
+| А || &nbsp; || Б || &nbsp; || Г || &nbsp; || Д || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Е || &nbsp; || Ё || Ж || &nbsp; || З || &nbsp;
-| &nbsp; || И || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Й
+| &nbsp; || И || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Й
-| К || &nbsp; || Л || &nbsp; || М || &nbsp; || Н || Ң || &nbsp; || О || Ө || П || &nbsp;
+| К || &nbsp; || Л || &nbsp; || М || &nbsp; || Н || Ң || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || О || Ө || П || &nbsp;
-| Р || &nbsp; || С || &nbsp; || Т || &nbsp; || У || &nbsp; || Ү || &nbsp; || Х || &nbsp;
+| &nbsp; || Р || &nbsp; || С || &nbsp; || Т || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || У || &nbsp; || Ү || &nbsp; || Х || &nbsp; || &nbsp;
-| &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Ч || &nbsp; || Ш || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Ы || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Э || &nbsp; || Ю || Я
+| &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Ч || &nbsp; || Ш || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Ы || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Э || &nbsp; || Ю || Я
 |-
 ! Tatar
-| А || Ә || Б || В || Г || &nbsp; || Д || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Е || &nbsp; || Ё || Ж || Җ || З
+| А || Ә || Б || В || Г || &nbsp; || Д || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Е || &nbsp; || Ё || Ж || Җ || З || &nbsp;
-| &nbsp; || И || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Й
+| &nbsp; || И || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Й
-| К || &nbsp; || Л || &nbsp; || М || &nbsp; || Н || Ң || &nbsp; || О || Ө || П || &nbsp;
+| К || &nbsp; || Л || &nbsp; || М || &nbsp; || Н || Ң || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || О || Ө || П || &nbsp;
-| Р || &nbsp; || С || &nbsp; || Т || &nbsp; || У || &nbsp; || Ү || Ф || Х || Һ
+| &nbsp; || Р || &nbsp; || С || &nbsp; || Т || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || У || &nbsp; || Ү || Ф || Х || Һ || &nbsp;
-| Ц || &nbsp; || Ч || &nbsp; || Ш || Щ || Ъ || Ы || &nbsp; || Ь || Э || &nbsp; || Ю || Я
+| &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Ц || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Ч || &nbsp; || Ш || &nbsp; || Щ || Ъ || Ы || &nbsp; || Ь || Э || &nbsp; || Ю || Я
 |-
 ! Uzbek
-| А || &nbsp; || Б || В || Г || Ғ || Д || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Е || &nbsp; || Ё || Ж || &nbsp; || З
+| А || &nbsp; || Б || В || Г || Ғ || Д || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Е || &nbsp; || Ё || Ж || &nbsp; || З || &nbsp;
-| &nbsp; || И || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Й
+| &nbsp; || И || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Й
-| К || Қ || Л || &nbsp; || М || &nbsp; || Н || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || О || &nbsp; || П || &nbsp;
+| К || Қ || Л || &nbsp; || М || &nbsp; || Н || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || О || &nbsp; || П || &nbsp;
-| Р || &nbsp; || С || &nbsp; || Т || &nbsp; || У || Ў || &nbsp; || Ф || Х || Ҳ
+| &nbsp; || Р || &nbsp; || С || &nbsp; || Т || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || У || Ў || &nbsp; || Ф || Х || Ҳ || &nbsp;
-| &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Ч || &nbsp; || Ш || &nbsp; || Ъ || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Э || &nbsp; || Ю || Я
+| &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Ч || &nbsp; || Ш || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Ъ || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Э || &nbsp; || Ю || Я
 |-
-! colspan=73 style="text-align: center" | Mongolian languages
+! colspan=81 style="text-align: center" | Mongolian languages
 |-
 ! Buryat
-| А || &nbsp; || Б || В || Г || &nbsp; || Д || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Е || &nbsp; || Ё || Ж || &nbsp; || З
+| А || &nbsp; || Б || В || Г || &nbsp; || Д || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Е || &nbsp; || Ё || Ж || &nbsp; || З || &nbsp;
-| &nbsp; || И || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Й
+| &nbsp; || И || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Й
-| &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Л || &nbsp; || М || &nbsp; || Н || &nbsp; || &nbsp;|| О || Ө || П || &nbsp;
+| &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Л || &nbsp; || М || &nbsp; || Н || &nbsp; || &nbsp;|| &nbsp; || О || Ө || П || &nbsp;
-| Р || &nbsp; || С || &nbsp; || Т || &nbsp; || У || &nbsp; || Ү || &nbsp; || Х || Һ
+| &nbsp; || Р || &nbsp; || С || &nbsp; || Т || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || У || &nbsp; || Ү || &nbsp; || Х || Һ || &nbsp;
-| Ц || &nbsp; || Ч || &nbsp; || Ш || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Ы || &nbsp; || Ь || Э || &nbsp; || Ю || Я
+| &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Ц || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Ч || &nbsp; || Ш || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Ы || &nbsp; || Ь || Э || &nbsp; || Ю || Я
 |-
 ! Khalkha
-| А || &nbsp; || Б || В || Г || &nbsp; || Д || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Е || &nbsp; || Ё || Ж || &nbsp; || З
+| А || &nbsp; || Б || В || Г || &nbsp; || Д || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Е || &nbsp; || Ё || Ж || &nbsp; || З || &nbsp;
-| &nbsp; || И || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Й
+| &nbsp; || И || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Й
-| К || &nbsp; || Л || &nbsp; || М || &nbsp; || Н || &nbsp; || &nbsp;|| О || Ө || П || &nbsp;
+| К || &nbsp; || Л || &nbsp; || М || &nbsp; || Н || &nbsp; || &nbsp;|| &nbsp; || О || Ө || П || &nbsp;
-| Р || &nbsp; || С || &nbsp; || Т || &nbsp; || У || &nbsp; || Ү || Ф || Х || &nbsp;
+| &nbsp; || Р || &nbsp; || С || &nbsp; || Т || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || У || &nbsp; || Ү || Ф || Х || &nbsp; || &nbsp;
-| Ц || &nbsp; || Ч || &nbsp; || Ш || Щ || Ъ || Ы || &nbsp; || Ь || Э || &nbsp; || Ю || Я
+| &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Ц || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Ч || &nbsp; || Ш || &nbsp; || Щ || Ъ || Ы || &nbsp; || Ь || Э || &nbsp; || Ю || Я
 |-
 ! Kalmyk
-| А || Ә || Б || В || Г || Һ || Д || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Е || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Ж || Җ || З
+| А || Ә || Б || В || Г || Һ || Д || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Е || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Ж || Җ || З || &nbsp;
-| &nbsp; || И || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Й
+| &nbsp; || И || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Й
-| К || &nbsp; || Л || &nbsp; || М || &nbsp; || Н || Ң || &nbsp;|| О || Ө || П || &nbsp;
+| К || &nbsp; || Л || &nbsp; || М || &nbsp; || Н || Ң || &nbsp;|| &nbsp; || О || Ө || П || &nbsp;
-| Р || &nbsp; || С || &nbsp; || Т || &nbsp; || У || &nbsp; || Ү || &nbsp; || Х || &nbsp;
+| &nbsp; || Р || &nbsp; || С || &nbsp; || Т || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || У || &nbsp; || Ү || &nbsp; || Х || &nbsp; || &nbsp;
-| Ц || &nbsp; || Ч || &nbsp; || Ш || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Ь || Э || &nbsp; || Ю || Я
+| &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Ц || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Ч || &nbsp; || Ш || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Ь || Э || &nbsp; || Ю || Я
 |-
-! colspan=73 style="text-align: center" | Caucasian languages
+! colspan=81 style="text-align: center" | Caucasian languages
 |-
 ! Abkhaz
 | А || &nbsp; || Б || В || Г || Ҕ || Д || {{small|Дә}} || Џ || Е || Ҽ || Ҿ || Ж || {{small|Жә}} || З
-| Ӡ {{small|Ӡә}} || И || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Й || К || Қ || Ҟ
+| Ӡ || {{small|Ӡә}} || И || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Й || К || Қ || Ҟ
-| Л || &nbsp; || М || &nbsp; || Н || &nbsp; || &nbsp;|| О || Ҩ || П || Ҧ
+| Л || &nbsp; || М || &nbsp; || Н || &nbsp; || &nbsp;|| &nbsp; || О || Ҩ || П || Ҧ
-| Р || &nbsp; || С || &nbsp; || Т {{small|Тә}} || Ҭ {{small|Ҭә}} || У || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Ф || Х || Ҳ {{small|Ҳә}}
+| &nbsp; || Р || &nbsp; || С || &nbsp; || Т  || {{small|Тә}} || Ҭ  || {{small|Ҭә}} || У || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Ф || Х || Ҳ || {{small|Ҳә}}
-| Ц {{small|Цә}} || Ҵ {{small|Ҵә}} || Ч || Ҷ || Ш {{small|Шә}} || Щ || &nbsp; || Ы
+| &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Ц || {{small|Цә}} || Ҵ || {{small|Ҵә}} || Ч || Ҷ || Ш || {{small|Шә}} || Щ || &nbsp; || Ы
 |-
-! colspan="73" style="text-align: center" | Sino-Tibetan languages
+! colspan="81" style="text-align: center" | Sino-Tibetan languages
 |-
 ! Dungan
-| А || &nbsp; || Б || В || Г || &nbsp; || Д || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Е || &nbsp; || Ё || Ж || Җ || З
+| А || &nbsp; || Б || В || Г || &nbsp; || Д || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Е || &nbsp; || Ё || Ж || Җ || З || &nbsp;
-| &nbsp; || И || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Й
+| &nbsp; || И || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Й
-| К || &nbsp; || Л || &nbsp; || М || &nbsp; || Н || Ң || Ә || О || &nbsp; || П || &nbsp;
+| К || &nbsp; || Л || &nbsp; || М || &nbsp; || Н || Ң || Ә || &nbsp; || О || &nbsp; || П || &nbsp;
-| Р || &nbsp; || С || &nbsp; || Т || &nbsp; || У || Ў || Ү || Ф || Х || &nbsp;
+| &nbsp; || Р || &nbsp; || С || &nbsp; || Т || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || У || Ў || Ү || Ф || Х || &nbsp; || &nbsp;
-| Ц || &nbsp; || Ч || &nbsp; || Ш || Щ || Ъ || Ы || &nbsp; || Ь || Э || &nbsp; || Ю || Я
+| &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Ц || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || Ч || &nbsp; || Ш || &nbsp; || Щ || Ъ || Ы || &nbsp; || Ь || Э || &nbsp; || Ю || Я
 |}
-</div>
 *''Ё'' in Russian is usually spelled as ''Е''; ''Ё'' is typically printed in texts for learners and in dictionaries, and in word pairs which are differentiated only by that letter (''все'' – ''всё'').<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://orthographia.ru/orf.php?paragraph=pp5.php&num=5 |title=Употребление буквы ''ё'' в текстах разного назначения |access-date=2023-09-04 |website=Правила русской орфографии и пунктуации онлайн |year=2009 |editor-last=Лопатин |editor-first=В. В. |language=ru |trans-title=Rules of Russian orthography and punctuation online. Usage of the letter ''ё'' in texts of varied purposes}}</ref>
@@ Line 845: / Line 897: @@
 {{Main|Cyrillic script in Unicode}}
-As of Unicode version {{Unicode version|version=16.0}}, Cyrillic letters, including national and historical alphabets, are encoded across several [[Unicode block|blocks]]:
+As of Unicode version {{Unicode version|version=17.0}}, Cyrillic letters, including national and historical alphabets, are encoded across several [[Unicode block|blocks]]:
 *[[Cyrillic (Unicode block)|Cyrillic]]: [https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0400.pdf U+0400–U+04FF]
 *[[Cyrillic Supplement]]: [https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0500.pdf U+0500–U+052F]
@@ Line 855: / Line 907: @@
 *[[Combining Half Marks]]: [https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/UFE20.pdf U+FE2E–U+FE2F]
-The characters in the range U+0400 to U+045F are essentially the characters from [[ISO 8859-5]] moved upward by 864 positions. The characters in the range U+0460 to U+0489 are historic letters, not used now. The characters in the range U+048A to U+052F are additional letters for various languages that are written with Cyrillic script.
+The characters in the range U+0400 to U+045F are essentially the characters from [[ISO 8859-5]] moved upward by 864 positions. The characters in the range U+0460 to U+0489 are historic letters, no longer used. The characters in the range U+048A to U+052F are additional letters for various languages that are written with Cyrillic script.
 Unicode as a general rule does not include accented Cyrillic letters. A few exceptions include:
@@ Line 874: / Line 926: @@
 *[[KOI8-R]]{{snd}}8-bit native Russian character encoding. Invented in the USSR for use on Soviet clones of American IBM and DEC computers. The Cyrillic characters go in the order of their Latin counterparts, which allowed the text to remain readable after transmission via a 7-bit line that removed the [[most significant bit]] from each byte{{snd}}the result became a very rough, but readable, Latin transliteration of Cyrillic. Standard encoding of early 1990s for [[Unix]] systems and the first Russian Internet encoding.
 *[[KOI8-U]]{{snd}}KOI8-R with addition of Ukrainian letters.
-*[[MIK Code page|MIK]]{{snd}}8-bit native Bulgarian character encoding for use in [[DOS]].
+*[[MIK Code page|MIK]]{{snd}}8-bit native Bulgarian character encoding for use in MS-DOS.
-*[[Windows-1251]]{{snd}}8-bit Cyrillic character encoding established by Microsoft for use in [[Microsoft Windows]]. The simplest 8-bit Cyrillic encoding{{snd}}32 capital chars in native order at 0xc0–0xdf, 32 usual chars at 0xe0–0xff, with rarely used "YO" characters somewhere else. No pseudographics. Former standard encoding in some [[Linux]] distributions for Belarusian and Bulgarian, but currently displaced by [[UTF-8]].
+*[[Windows-1251]]{{snd}}8-bit Cyrillic character encoding established by Microsoft for use in [[Windows]]. The simplest 8-bit Cyrillic encoding{{snd}}32 capital chars in native order at 0xc0–0xdf, 32 usual chars at 0xe0–0xff, with rarely used "YO" characters somewhere else. No pseudographics. Former standard encoding in some [[Linux]] distributions for Belarusian and Bulgarian, but currently displaced by [[UTF-8]].
 *GOST-main.
 *[[GB 2312]]{{snd}}Principally simplified Chinese encodings, but there are also the basic 33 Russian Cyrillic letters (in upper- and lower-case).

Cyrillic script: Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 15:15, 8 November 2025

Etymology

History

Letters

Majuscule and minuscule

Numbers

Computer support

Currency signs

Letterforms and type design

Lowercase forms

Italic and cursive forms

Accessing variant forms

Cyrillic alphabets

Usage of Cyrillic versus other scripts

Latin script

Romanization

Cyrillization

Summary table

Computer encoding

Unicode

Other

Keyboard layouts

See also

Internet top-level domains in Cyrillic

Notes

Footnotes

References

Further reading

External links

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