Moldovan Cyrillic alphabet
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The Moldovan Cyrillic alphabet is a Cyrillic alphabet designed for the Romanian language spoken in the Soviet Union (Moldovan) and was in official use from 1924 to 1932 and 1938 to 1989 (and still in use today in the breakaway Moldovan region of Transnistria).
History
Until the 19th century, Romanian was usually written using a local variant of the Cyrillic alphabet. A variant based on the reformed Russian civil script, first introduced in the late 18th century, became widespread in Bessarabia after its annexation to the Russian Empire, while the rest of the Principality of Moldavia gradually switched to a Latin-based alphabet, adopted officially after its union with Wallachia that resulted in the creation of Romania.[1] Grammars and dictionaries published in Bessarabia before 1917, both those that used the label "Moldovan" and the few that used "Romanian", used a version of the Cyrillic alphabet, with its use continuing in Bessarabia even after the 1918 union, in order to make the publications more accessible to peasant readers.[2] The Moldovan Cyrillic alphabet was officially introduced in the early 1920s, in the Soviet bid to standardise the orthography of Romanian in the Moldavian ASSR; at the same time furthering political objectives by marking a clear distinction from the Latin-based Romanian orthography introduced in Romania in the 1860s. As was the case with other Cyrillic-based languages in the Soviet Union, such as Russian, Ukrainian or Belarusian, obsolete and redundant characters were dropped in an effort to simplify orthography and boost literacy. It was abandoned for a Latin-based alphabet (in the Moldovan version of the alphabet, compared to the Romanian version, the letter  â was missing) during the Union-wide Latinisation campaign in 1932.[3] Its re-introduction was decided by the Central Executive Committee of the Moldavian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic on May 19, 1938, albeit with an orthography more similar to standard Russian.Script error: No such module "Unsubst". Following the Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina, it was established as the official alphabet of the Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic until 1989, when a law returned to the standard, Latin-based, Romanian alphabet.
There were several requests to switch back to the Latin alphabet, which was seen "more suitable for the Romance core of the language", in the Moldavian SSR. In 1965, the demands of the 3rd Congress of Writers of Soviet Moldavia were rejected by the leadership of the Communist Party, the replacement being deemed "contrary to the interests of the Moldavian people and not reflecting its aspirations and hopes".[4]
The Moldovan Cyrillic alphabet is still the official and the only accepted alphabet in Transnistria for this language.
Moldovan Cyrillic spellings are also used in the media and in governmental publications in the Republic of Moldova for the names of settlements when writing in Russian, as opposed to using their Russian forms (e.g. Кишинэу is used in place of Кишинёв for the name of the city of Chișinău).[5]
Description
All but one of the letters of this alphabet can be found in the modern Russian alphabet, the exception being the zhe with breve: Ӂ ӂ (U+04C1, U+04C2). The Russian letters Ё, Щ, and Ъ are absent from the Moldovan Cyrillic alphabet, and the former two are usually substituted with corresponding clusters ЬО and ШТ respectively.
The following chart shows the Moldovan Cyrillic alphabet compared with the Romanian Latin alphabet currently in use. IPA values are given for the post-1957 literary standard.
| Cyrillic letter: | Equates to Latin letter: | Name | As employed in this context: | IPA | Example |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| А а | a | а (a) | Script error: No such module "IPA". | apă = апэ | |
| Б б | b | бе (be) | Script error: No such module "IPA". | burtă = буртэ | |
| В в | v | ве (ve) | Script error: No such module "IPA". | verde = верде | |
| Г г | g, gh | ге (ghe) | gh used before i or e, elsewhere g | Script error: No such module "IPA". | gheață = гяцэ, gât = гыт |
| Д д | d | де (de) | Script error: No such module "IPA". | dinte = динте | |
| Е е | e, Template:Not a typo | е (e) | ie after a vowel or if it alternates with ia, elsewhere e | Script error: No such module "IPA". | muiere = муере |
| Ж ж | j | же (je) | Script error: No such module "IPA". | a înjunghia = а ынжунгя | |
| Ӂ ӂ | g, ge, gi | ӂе (ge) | g before i and e, ge before a, gi elsewhere | Script error: No such module "IPA". | fulgerele = фулӂереле |
| З з | z | зе (ze) | Script error: No such module "IPA". | ziua = зиуа | |
| И и | i, iiScript error: No such module "Unsubst". | и (i) | ii used at end of word, i elsewhere | Script error: No such module "IPA". | codrii = кодрий |
| Й й | i | и скурт (i scurt) | before and after vowels | Script error: No such module "IPA". | pâine = пыйне |
| К к | c, ch | ка (ca) | ch before i and e, c elsewhere | Script error: No such module "IPA". | chirilice = кириличе, câine = кыйне |
| Л л | l | ле (le) | Script error: No such module "IPA". | limba = лимба | |
| М м | m | ме (me) | Script error: No such module "IPA". | moldovenească = молдовеняскэ | |
| Н н | n | не (ne) | Script error: No such module "IPA". | sânge = сынӂе | |
| О о | o | о (o) | Script error: No such module "IPA". | ou = оу | |
| П п | p | пе (pe) | Script error: No such module "IPA". | pană = панэ | |
| Р р | r | ре (re) | Script error: No such module "IPA". | roșu = рошу | |
| С с | s | се (se) | Script error: No such module "IPA". | soare = соаре | |
| Т т | t | те (te) | Script error: No such module "IPA". | vânt = вынт | |
| У у | u | у (u) | Script error: No such module "IPA". | unu = уну | |
| Ф ф | f | фе (fe) | Script error: No such module "IPA". | frunză = фрунзэ | |
| Х х | h | ха (ha) | Script error: No such module "IPA". | harță = харцэ | |
| Ц ц | ț | це (țe) | Script error: No such module "IPA". | ține = цине | |
| Ч ч | c, ce, ci | че (ce) | c before i and e, ce before a, ci elsewhere | Script error: No such module "IPA". | ce = че |
| Ш ш | ș | ше (șe) | Script error: No such module "IPA". | și = ши | |
| Ы ы | â, î | ы (î) | â and î | Script error: No such module "IPA". | română = ромынэ, înțelegere = ынцелеӂере |
| Ь ь | i | семнул моале (semnul moale) | At end of word (usually) | Script error: No such module "IPA". (i.e. palatalization of preceding consonant) | ochi = окь |
| Э э | ă | э (ă) | Script error: No such module "IPA". | mână = мынэ | |
| Ю ю | iu | ю (iu) | Script error: No such module "IPA". | iulie = юлие | |
| Я я | ea, ia | я (ia) | ea after a consonant or е, ia elsewhere | Script error: No such module "IPA". | ceață = чяцэ, piatră = пятрэ |
Sample text
This text is from Mihai Eminescu's Script error: No such module "Lang"..
| Latin script | Moldovan Cyrillic script |
|---|---|
Privea în zare cum pe mări |
Привя ын заре кум пе мэрь |
See also
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References
- Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
Notes
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- ↑ Denis Deletant, Slavonic letters in Moldova, Wallachia and Transylvania from the tenth to the seventeenth centuries, Ed. Enciclopedicӑ, Bucharest 1991
- ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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External links
- Moldovan Cyrillic alphabet – example text and comparison with Latin script
- Moldovan Cyrillic (молдовеняскэ) • Keyboard Layout for Windows
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