Zaiwa language
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Zaiwa (autonym: Script error: No such module "IPA".; 载瓦; Burmese: ဇိုင်ဝါး/အဇီး) is a Burmish language spoken in parts of southwest China and eastern Burma. There are around 100,000 speakers. It is also known as Atsi, its name in Jingpo. Zaiwa may be spelled 'Tsaiva' or 'Tsaiwa', and Atsi may be spelled 'Aci', 'Aji', 'Atshi', 'Atzi' or 'Azi'. Other names include Atsi-Maru, Szi and Xiaoshanhua.[1] Pela (Bola), with 400 speakers, was once classified as a dialect. From the 1950s Zaiwa was written using the Roman script. A Gospel of Mark was published in Zaiwa in 1938 in the Fraser alphabet and in 1951 in the Roman script.[2][3]
Distribution
There are more than 70,000 Zaiwa speakers in Yunnan, China, including in:[4]
- Bangwa (邦瓦), Longchuan County, Dehong Prefecture
- Zhanxi (盏西), Yingjiang County, Dehong Prefecture
- Xishan (西山), Mangshi, Dehong Prefecture
The Ethnologue lists Bengwa, Longzhun and Tingzhu as dialects.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".
In Myanmar, the Sadon (Sadung) dialect is the standard variety.Template:Sfnp
Phonology
Consonants
Zaiwa has the following consonant sounds:[5]
| Labial | Dental/ Alveolar |
Palatal | Velar | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| plainScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | pal.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | plainScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | sib.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | plainScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | pal.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | |||
| Plosive/ Affricate |
voicelessScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link |
| aspiratedScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link | |
| Fricative | voicelessScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link | ||
| voicedScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link | ||||||
| Nasal | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link | |||
| Approximant | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link | |||||
Vowels
Zaiwa distinguishes between tense throat and lax throat vowel sounds:
| Front | Central | Back | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| lax | tense | lax | tense | lax | tense | |
| Close | Template:IPA link | i | Template:IPA link | u | ||
| Mid | Template:IPA link | ɛ | Template:IPA link | ə | Template:IPA link | ɔ |
| Open | Template:IPA link | a | ||||
| Syllabic | Template:IPA link | ɹ̩ | ||||
Tones
Zaiwa has five tones. Three of these five tones are in unchecked syllables and the remaining two are in checked syllables.[3] The tones are distinguished through a numbering system of one to five; one being the lowest pitch and five the highest pitch.Template:Sfnp
References
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Further reading
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Template:Sister project Template:Languages of Burma Template:Languages of China Template:Sino-Tibetan languages Template:Lolo-Burmese languages