Unicode subscripts and superscripts

Template:Short description Template:Pp-sock Template:SpecialChars Template:Use mdy dates Unicode has subscripted and superscripted versions of a number of characters including a full set of Arabic numerals. These characters allow any polynomial, chemical and certain other equations to be represented in plain text without using any form of markup like HTML or TeX.

The World Wide Web Consortium and the Unicode Consortium have made recommendations on the choice between using markup and using superscript and subscript characters:

When used in mathematical context (MathML) it is recommended to consistently use style markup for superscripts and subscripts [...] However, when super and sub-scripts are to reflect semantic distinctions, it is easier to work with these meanings encoded in text rather than markup, for example, in phonetic or phonemic transcription.

Uses

File:Sub super num dem.svg

The difference between superscript/subscript and numerator/denominator glyphs. In many popular computer fonts the Unicode "superscript" and "subscript" characters are actually numerator and denominator glyphs.

The intended use when these characters were added to Unicode was to produce true superscripts and subscripts so that chemical and algebraic formulas could be written without markup. Thus "H₂O" (using a subscript 2 character) is supposed to be identical to "H₂O" (with subscript markup).

In reality, many fonts that include these characters ignore the Unicode definition, and instead design the digits for mathematical numerator and denominator glyphs, which are aligned with the cap line and the baseline, respectively. When used with the solidus or the Fraction Slash, they produce an almost typographically correct diagonal fraction, such as ³/₄ for the ¾ glyph. Super and subscript markup does not produce a correct fraction (compare markup ³/₄ with precomposed ¾). The change also makes the superscript letters useful for ordinal indicators, more closely matching the ª and º characters.

Unicode intended that diagonal fractions be rendered by a different mechanism: the fraction slash U+2044 is visually similar to the solidus, but when used with the ordinary digits (not the superscripts and subscripts), it instructs the layout system that a fraction such as ¾ is to be rendered using automatic glyph substitution. User-end support was quite poor for a number of years, but fonts, browsers, word processors, desktop publishing software and others increasingly support the intended Unicode behavior. This browser and your default font render it as 3⁄4. (See Slash (punctuation)#Fractions for rendering in various other fonts.)

Superscripts and subscripts block

The most common superscript digits (1, 2, and 3) were included in ISO-8859-1 and were therefore carried over into those code points in the Latin-1 range of Unicode. The remainder were placed along with basic arithmetical symbols, and later some Latin subscripts, in a dedicated block at U+2070 to U+209F. The table below shows these characters together. Each superscript or subscript character is preceded by a baseline x to show the height of subscripting/superscripting.

Six code points in the "Superscripts and Subscripts" block are unassigned, and remain available for future characters. Template:As of three of these (209D, 209E, and 209F) were provisionally assigned to new subscript characters, namely Latin lowercase w, y, and z.

Unicode characters

	0	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	A	B	C	D	E	F
U+00Bx			x²	x³						x¹
U+207x	x⁰	xⁱ			x⁴	x⁵	x⁶	x⁷	x⁸	x⁹	x⁺	x⁻	x⁼	x⁽	x⁾	xⁿ
U+208x	x₀	x₁	x₂	x₃	x₄	x₅	x₆	x₇	x₈	x₉	x₊	x₋	x₌	x₍	x₎
U+209x	xₐ	xₑ	xₒ	xₓ	xₔ	xₕ	xₖ	xₗ	xₘ	xₙ	xₚ	xₛ	xₜ

  Not yet assigned.

  Other characters from Latin-1 not related to super- or sub-scripts.

Other superscript and subscript characters

Unicode also includes codepoints for subscript and superscript characters that are intended for semantic usage, in the following blocks:

Superscript

• The Latin-1 Supplement block contains the feminine and masculine ordinal indicators ª and º.
• The Latin Extended-C block contains one superscript, ⱽ.
• The Latin Extended-D block contains six superscripts: ꝰ ꟲ ꟳ ꟴ ꟸ ꟹ.
• The Latin Extended-E block contains five superscripts: ꭜ ꭝ ꭞ ꭟ ꭩ.
• The Latin Extended-F block is entirely superscript IPA letters: 𐞁 𐞂 𐞃 𐞄 𐞅 𐞇 𐞈 𐞉 𐞊 𐞋 𐞌 𐞍 𐞎 𐞏 𐞐 𐞑 𐞒 𐞓 𐞔 𐞕 𐞖 𐞗 𐞘 𐞙 𐞚 𐞛 𐞜 𐞝 𐞞 𐞟 𐞠 𐞡 𐞢 𐞣 𐞤 𐞥 𐞦 𐞧 𐞨 𐞩 𐞪 𐞫 𐞬 𐞭 𐞮 𐞯 𐞰 𐞲 𐞳 𐞴 𐞵 𐞶 𐞷 𐞸 𐞹 𐞺.
• The Spacing Modifier Letters block has superscripted letters and symbols used for phonetic transcription: ʰ ʱ ʲ ʳ ʴ ʵ ʶ ʷ ʸ ˀ ˁ ˠ ˡ ˢ ˣ ˤ.
• The Phonetic Extensions block has several superscripted letters and symbols: Latin/IPA ᴬ ᴭ ᴮ ᴯ ᴰ ᴱ ᴲ ᴳ ᴴ ᴵ ᴶ ᴷ ᴸ ᴹ ᴺ ᴻ ᴼ ᴽ ᴾ ᴿ ᵀ ᵁ ᵂ ᵃ ᵄ ᵅ ᵆ ᵇ ᵈ ᵉ ᵊ ᵋ ᵌ ᵍ ᵏ ᵐ ᵑ ᵒ ᵓ ᵖ ᵗ ᵘ ᵚ ᵛ, Greek ᵝ ᵞ ᵟ ᵠ ᵡ, Cyrillic ᵸ, other ᵎ ᵔ ᵕ ᵙ ᵜ. These are intended to indicate secondary articulation.
• The Phonetic Extensions Supplement block has several more: Latin/IPA ᶛ ᶜ ᶝ ᶞ ᶟ ᶠ ᶡ ᶢ ᶣ ᶤ ᶥ ᶦ ᶧ ᶨ ᶩ ᶪ ᶫ ᶬ ᶭ ᶮ ᶯ ᶰ ᶱ ᶲ ᶳ ᶴ ᶵ ᶶ ᶷ ᶸ ᶹ ᶺ ᶻ ᶼ ᶽ ᶾ, Greek ᶿ.
• The Cyrillic Extended-B block contains two Cyrillic superscripts: ꚜ ꚝ.
• The Cyrillic Extended-D block contains many Cyrillic superscripts: 𞀰 𞀱 𞀲 𞀳 𞀷 𞀵 𞀶 𞀷 𞀸 𞀹 𞀺 𞀻 𞀼 𞀽 𞀾 𞀿 𞁀 𞁁 𞁂 𞁃 𞁄 𞁅 𞁆 𞁇 𞁈 𞁉 𞁊 𞁋 𞁌 𞁍 𞁎 𞁏 𞁐 𞁫 𞁬 𞁭.
• The Georgian block contains one superscripted Mkhedruli letter: ჼ.
• The Kanbun block has superscripted annotation characters used in Japanese copies of Classical Chinese texts: ㆒ ㆓ ㆔ ㆕ ㆖ ㆗ ㆘ ㆙ ㆚ ㆛ ㆜ ㆝ ㆞ ㆟.
• The Tifinagh block has one superscript letter : ⵯ.
• The Unified Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics and its Extended blocks contain several mostly consonant-only letters to indicate syllable coda called Finals, along with some characters that indicate syllable medial known as Medials: Main block ᐜ ᐝ ᐞ ᐟ ᐠ ᐡ ᐢ ᐣ ᐤ ᐥ ᐦ ᐧ ᐨ ᐩ ᐪ ᑉ ᑊ ᑋ ᒃ ᒄ ᒡ ᒢ ᒻ ᒼ ᒽ ᒾ ᓐ ᓑ ᓒ ᓪ ᓫ ᔅ ᔆ ᔇ ᔈ ᔉ ᔊ ᔋ ᔥ ᔾ ᔿ ᕀ ᕁ ᕐ ᕑ ᕝ ᕪ ᕻ ᕯ ᕽ ᖅ ᖕ ᖖ ᖟ ᖦ ᖮ ᗮ ᘁ ᙆ ᙇ ᙚ ᙾ ᙿ; Extended block: ᣔ ᣕ ᣖ ᣗ ᣘ ᣙ ᣚ ᣛ ᣜ ᣝ ᣞ ᣟ ᣳ ᣴ ᣵ.

Combining superscript

• The Combining Diacritical Marks block contains medieval superscript letter diacritics. These letters are written directly above other letters appearing in medieval Germanic manuscripts, and so these glyphs do not include spacing, for example uͤ. They are shown here over the dotted circle placeholder ◌: ◌ͣ ◌ͤ ◌ͥ ◌ͦ ◌ͧ ◌ͨ ◌ͩ ◌ͪ ◌ͫ ◌ͬ ◌ͭ ◌ͮ ◌ͯ.
• The Combining Diacritical Marks Extended block contains three combining insular letters for the Middle English Ormulum, ◌ᫌ ◌ᫍ ◌ᫎ.
• The Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement block contains additional medieval superscript letter diacritics, enough to complete the basic lowercase Latin alphabet except for j, q and y, a few small capitals and ligatures (ae, ao, av), and additional letters: ◌᷒ ◌ᷓ ◌ᷔ ◌ᷕ ◌ᷖ ◌ᷗ ◌ᷘ ◌ᷙ ◌ᷚ ◌ᷛ ◌ᷜ ◌ᷝ ◌ᷞ ◌ᷟ ◌ᷠ ◌ᷡ ◌ᷢ ◌ᷣ ◌ᷤ ◌ᷥ ◌ᷦ ◌ᷧ ◌ᷨ ◌ᷪ ◌ᷫ ◌ᷬ ◌ᷭ ◌ᷮ ◌ᷯ ◌ᷰ ◌ᷱ ◌ᷲ ◌ᷳ ◌ᷴ, Greek ◌ᷩ.
• The Cyrillic Extended-A and -B blocks contains multiple medieval superscript letter diacritics, enough to complete the basic lowercase Cyrillic alphabet used in Church Slavonic texts, also includes an additional ligature (ст): ◌ⷠ ◌ⷡ ◌ⷢ ◌ⷣ ◌ⷤ ◌ⷥ ◌ⷦ ◌ⷧ ◌ⷨ ◌ⷩ ◌ⷪ ◌ⷫ ◌ⷬ ◌ⷭ ◌ⷮ ◌ⷯ ◌ⷰ ◌ⷱ ◌ⷲ ◌ⷳ ◌ⷴ ◌ⷵ ◌ⷶ ◌ⷷ ◌ⷸ ◌ⷹ ◌ⷺ ◌ⷻ ◌ⷼ ◌ⷽ ◌ⷾ ◌ⷿ ◌ꙴ ◌ꙵ ◌ꙶ ◌ꙷ ◌ꙸ ◌ꙹ ◌ꙺ ◌ꙻ ◌ꚞ ◌ꚟ.
• The Cyrillic Extended-D block has one additional combining character, that being і: ◌𞂏.

Subscript

• The Latin Extended-C block contains one subscript, ⱼ.
• The Phonetic Extensions block has several subscripted letters and symbols: Latin/IPA ᵢ ᵣ ᵤ ᵥ and Greek ᵦ ᵧ ᵨ ᵩ ᵪ.
• The Cyrillic Extended-D block also contains many Cyrillic subscripts: 𞁑 𞁒 𞁓 𞁔 𞁕 𞁖 𞁗 𞁘 𞁙 𞁚 𞁛 𞁜 𞁝 𞁞 𞁟 𞁠 𞁡 𞁢 𞁣 𞁤 𞁥 𞁦 𞁧 𞁨 𞁩 𞁪.

Combining subscript

• The Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement block contains a combining subscript: ◌᷊.
• The Combining Diacritical Marks Extended block contains two combining letters for linguistic transcriptions of Scots, ◌ᪿ ◌ᫀ.

Latin, Greek, Cyrillic, and IPA tables

File:Superscript small cap W.png

A superscript small-cap W may be distinct from a superscript lowercase w in italic typeface, as in this phonetic notation.

Consolidated, the Unicode standard contains superscript and subscript versions of a subset of Latin, Greek and Cyrillic letters. Here they are arranged in alphabetical order for comparison (or for copy and paste convenience). Since these characters appear in different Unicode ranges, they may not appear to be the same size or position due to font substitution by the browser. Shaded cells mark petite capitals that are not very distinct from minuscules in roman typeface, but they may be distinct in italic typeface, as is used in some phonetic notation.

Little punctuation is encoded. Parentheses are shown in the basic superscript block above, and the exclamation mark Template:Angbr IPA is shown in the IPA table below. In a supporting font, a question mark may be created with a superscript gelded question mark and a combining dot below: Template:Angbr IPA.

Latin superscript and subscript letters

	A	B	C	D	E	F	G	H	I	J	K	L	M	N	O	P	Q	R	S	T	U	V	W	X	Y	Z
Superscript capital	ᴬ	ᴮ	ꟲ	ᴰ	ᴱ	ꟳ	ᴳ	ᴴ	ᴵ	ᴶ	ᴷ	ᴸ	ᴹ	ᴺ	ᴼ	ᴾ	ꟴ	ᴿ	*	ᵀ	ᵁ	ⱽ	ᵂ	–	–	–
Superscript small capital	*	𐞄		*	*	–	𐞒	𐞖	ᶦ	–	Template:Yes-No	ᶫ	Template:Yes-No	ᶰ		*	–	𐞪		Template:Yes-No	ᶸ				𐞲
Superscript minuscule	ᵃ	ᵇ	ᶜ	ᵈ	ᵉ	ᶠ	ᵍ	ʰ	ⁱ	ʲ	ᵏ	ˡ	ᵐ	ⁿ	ᵒ	ᵖ	𐞥	ʳ	ˢ	ᵗ	ᵘ	ᵛ	ʷ	ˣ	ʸ	ᶻ
Overscript small capital		Template:Yes-No					◌ᷛ	Template:Yes-No			Template:Yes-No	◌ᷞ	◌ᷟ	◌ᷡ				◌ᷢ		Template:Yes-No
Overscript minuscule	◌ͣ	◌ᷨ	◌ͨ	◌ͩ	◌ͤ	◌ᷫ	◌ᷚ	◌ͪ	◌ͥ	–	◌ᷜ	◌ᷝ	◌ͫ	◌ᷠ	◌ͦ	◌ᷮ	–	◌ͬ	◌ᷤ	◌ͭ	◌ͧ	◌ͮ	◌ᷱ	◌ͯ	Template:Yes-No	◌ᷦ
Subscript minuscule	ₐ	–	Template:Yes-No	–	ₑ	–	–	ₕ	ᵢ	ⱼ	ₖ	ₗ	ₘ	ₙ	ₒ	ₚ	–	ᵣ	ₛ	ₜ	ᵤ	ᵥ	*	ₓ	*	*
Underscript minuscule																		◌᷊					◌ᪿ

*Superscript versions of S, of petite capital A, D, E and P, of ƀ, and subscript versions of w, y and z have been accepted for a future version of the Unicode Standard.

^§ Cyrillic 𞀹 𞀻 𞁀, ◌ⷡ ◌ⷩ ◌ⷦ ◌ⷮ ◌ꙷ and 𞁞 might be substituted for these letters, but the same font would have to cover both ranges for it to look right.

Additional Latin characters

	Æ	Ƀ	Ǝ	Ə	ꬸ	Ŋ
Superscript capital	ᴭ	ᴯ	ᴲ			ᴻ
Superscript minuscule	𐞃	*	ᵊ			ᵑ
Overscript minuscule	◌ᷔ		◌ᷪ		◌ᷬ
Subscript minuscule			ₔ

Some of these superscript capitals are small caps in the source documents in the Unicode proposals.

Shaded cells Greek letters that are indistinguishable from Latin, and so would not be expected to be supported by Unicode.

Greek superscript and subscript letters

	Α	Β	Γ	Δ	Ε	Ζ	Η	Θ	Ι	Κ	Λ	Μ	Ν	Ξ	Ο	Π	Ρ	Σ	Τ	Υ	Φ	Χ	Ψ	Ω
Superscript minuscule	Template:Efn-ua	ᵝ	ᵞ	ᵟ	ᵋ			ᶿ	ᶥ											Template:Efn-ua	ᵠ	ᵡ	*	*
Overscript minuscule	Template:Efn-ua	◌ᷩ
Subscript minuscule		ᵦ	ᵧ						ͺ								ᵨ				ᵩ	ᵪ
Underscript minuscule									◌ͅ															◌̫

Template:Notelist *Superscript versions of Greek psi and omega have been accepted for a future version of the Unicode Standard.

Russian superscript and subscript letters

	А	Б	В	Г	Д	Е	Ж	З	И	К	Л	М	Н	О	П	Р	С	Т	У	Ф	Х	Ц	Ч	Ш	Щ	Ъ	Ы	Ь	Э	Ю	Я
Superscript	𞀰	𞀱	𞀲	𞀳	𞀴	𞀵	𞀶	𞀷	𞀸	𞀹	𞀺	𞀻	ᵸ	𞀼	𞀽	𞀾	𞀿	𞁀	𞁁	𞁂	𞁃	𞁄	𞁅	𞁆	–	ꚜ	𞁇	ꚝ	𞁈	𞁉	–
Overscript	◌ⷶ	◌ⷠ	◌ⷡ	◌ⷢ	◌ⷣ	◌ⷷ	◌ⷤ	◌ⷥ	◌ꙵ	◌ⷦ	◌ⷧ	◌ⷨ	◌ⷩ	◌ⷪ	◌ⷫ	◌ⷬ	◌ⷭ	◌ⷮ	◌ꙷ	◌ꚞ	◌ⷯ	◌ⷰ	◌ⷱ	◌ⷲ	◌ⷳ	◌ꙸ	◌ꙹ	◌ꙺ	–	◌ⷻ	–
Subscript	𞁑	𞁒	𞁓	𞁔	𞁕	𞁖	𞁗	𞁘	𞁙	𞁚	𞁛	–	–	𞁜	𞁝	–	𞁞	–	𞁟	𞁠	𞁡	𞁢	𞁣	𞁤	–	𞁥	𞁦	–	–	–	–

Additional modern Cyrillic characters

	Ә	Ґ	Є	Ѕ	Ꚉ	І	Ї	Ј	Ө	Ҫ	Ү	Ұ	Џ	Ӏ
Superscript	𞁋				𞁊	𞁌	𞁌̈	𞁍	𞁎	𞁫	𞁏	𞁭		𞁐
Overscript			◌ꙴ			◌𞂏	◌ꙶ
Subscript		𞁧		𞁩		𞁨	𞁨̈						𞁪

Additional medieval Cyrillic characters

	Ꙋ	Ѡ	Ѣ	Ꙗ	Ѥ	Ѧ	Ѫ	Ѭ	Ѳ	Ꙑ
Overscript	◌ⷹ	◌ꙻ	◌ⷺ	◌ⷼ	◌ꚟ	◌ⷽ	◌ⷾ	◌ⷿ	◌ⷴ
Superscript										𞁬

Superscript and subscript ё, ї, й, ў etc. are handled with diacritics, Template:Angle bracket etc. Many of the Cyrillic characters were added to the Cyrillic Extended-D block, which was added to the free Gentium and Andika fonts with version 6.2 in February 2023.

See also small caps in Unicode.

Template:Vanchor

The Latin Extended-F block was created for the remaining superscript IPA letters. They are supported by the free Gentium and Andika fonts. Additional superscript characters for historical and para-IPA letters have been accepted for future versions of the Unicode Standard.

Consonant letters

The Unicode characters for superscript (modifier) IPA and extIPA consonant letters are as follows. The entire Latin Extended-F block is dedicated to superscript IPA. Characters for sounds with secondary articulation are set off in parentheses and placed below the base letters.

IPA and extIPA consonants, along with superscript variants and their Unicode code points

	BiTemplate:Shylabial		LabioTemplate:Shydental		Dental		Alveolar		PostTemplate:Shyalveolar		RetroTemplate:Shyflex		Palatal		Velar		Uvular		PharynTemplate:Shygeal		Glottal
Nasal		1D50		1DAC				207F ()		()		1DAF		1DAE		1D51		1DB0
Plosive	1D56	1D47					1D57 () 1DB5	1D48 ()	()	()	107AF	1078B	1D9C	1DA1	1D4F	/ 1DA2/1D4D	107A5	10792	107B3		02C0
Affricate							107AC	10787	107AE () 107AB	1078A () 10789	107AD ()	10788 ()
Fricative	1DB2	1D5D	1DA0	1D5B	1DBF	1D9E	02E2 ()	1DBB ()	1DB4 () 1D9D	1DBE () 1DBD	1DB3 ()	1DBC ()	1D9C + 0327	1DA8	02E3 () 10797	02E0	1D61	02B6	10795 () 10790	02E4	02B0 ()	02B1
Approximant				1DB9				02B4				02B5		02B2 () 1DA3	() AB69	1DAD () 02B7
Tap/flap				107B0				107A9				107A8
Trill		10784						02B3										107AA	10796	107B4
Lateral fricative							1079B () 10799	1079E () 1079A			1079D	1079F	107A1		1079C
Lateral approximant								02E1 () 1DAA		()		1DA9		107A0		1DAB () AB5E
Lateral tap/flap								107A6				107A7
Implosive		10785						1078C				1078D		10798		10793		10794
Click release	107B5				107B6		A71D				107B9		107B8		()
Lateral click release							107B7
Percussive							A71E

The spacing diacritic for ejective consonants, U+2BC, works with superscript letters despite not being superscript itself: Template:Angbr IPA. If a distinction needs to be made, the combining apostrophe U+315 may be used: Template:Angbr IPA. The spacing diacritic should be used for a baseline letter with a superscript release, such as or , where the scope of the apostrophe includes the non-superscript letter, but the combining apostrophe U+315 might be used to indicate a weakly articulated ejective consonant like or , where the whole consonant is written as a superscript, or together with U+2BC when separate apostrophes have scope over the base and modifier letters, as in Template:Angbr IPA.

Spacing diacritics, as in Template:Angbr IPA, cannot be secondarily superscripted in plain text: Template:Angbr IPA. (In this instance, the old IPA letter for , Template:Angbr IPA, has a superscript variant in Unicode, U+1DB5 Template:Angbr IPA, but that is not generally the case.)

Among older letters, the most common letters with palatal hook are supported; they are displayed in the table above. IPA once had an idiosyncratic curl on some of the palatalized letters: these are the fricative letters Template:Angbr IPA. Their superscript forms have been accepted for a future version of the Unicode Standard. Old-style click letters and the retired letters Template:Angbr IPA and Template:Angbr IPA have also been accepted for a future version of the Unicode Standard. The Teuthonista letter Template:Angbr IPA (U+A727) is an old graphic variant of Template:Angbr IPA. Its superscript is supported at Template:Angbr IPA (U+AB5C).

Among para-IPA letters, superscript variants of Sinological Template:Angbr IPA, of the Bantuist labio-dental plosives Template:Angbr IPA and Template:Angbr IPA, and of central semivowels Template:Angbr IPA, Template:Angbr IPA, and Template:Angbr IPA have been accepted for a future version of the Unicode Standard.

Vowel letters

The Unicode characters for superscript (modifier) IPA vowel letters, plus a pair of extended letters Template:Angbr IPA found in English dictionaries, are as follows. Recently retired alternative letters such as Template:Angbr IPA are also supported; they are set off in parentheses and placed below the standard IPA letters:

IPA vowels and superscript variants

	Front		Central		Back
Close	2071	02B8	1DA4	1DB6	1D5A	1D58
Near-close	1DA6 () 1DA5	107B2	() 1DA7	()	()	1DB7 () 107A4
Close-mid	1D49	107A2	1078E	1DB1	10791	1D52
Mid			1D4A
Open-mid	1D4B	A7F9	1D9F () 1D4C	1078F	1DBA	1D53
Near-open	10783	107A3	1D44		1D45	1D9B
Open	1D43

The precomposed Unicode rhotic vowel letters Template:Angbr IPA are not directly supported. The rhotic diacritic U+02DE should be used instead: Template:Angbr IPA.

Template:Angbr IPA and Template:Angbr IPA are reversed . The older IPA turned , Template:Angbr IPA, is also supported, at U+1D4C Template:Angbr IPA. However, the briefly resurrected vowel letter Template:Angbr IPA (U+029A) is not supported, only its reversed replacement Template:Angbr IPA is.

Among older letters, Template:Angbr IPA (U+1D1C), a graphic variant of Template:Angbr IPA, is supported at Template:Angbr IPA (U+1DB8).

Among para-IPA letters, Sinological superscript Template:Angbr IPA and Template:Angbr IPA have been accepted for a future version of the Unicode Standard.

Length marks

The two length marks are also supported:

Length marks

Long	Half-long
10781	10782

These are used to add length to another superscript, such as Template:Angbr IPA or Template:Angbr IPA for long aspiration.

Wildcards

Superscript wildcards (full caps) are largely supported: e.g. (prenasalized consonant), (prestopped nasal), (fricative release), (epenthetic plosive), (tone-bearing syllable), (liquid or lateral release), (rhotic or resonant release), (off-glide/diphthong), (fleeting vowel). Superscript for sibilant release has been accepted for a future version of the Unicode Standard; superscript for fleeting/epenthetic click has not. Other basic Latin superscript wildcards for tone and weak indeterminate sounds, as described in the article on the International Phonetic Alphabet, are mostly supported. (See table in previous section.)

Combining marks and subscripts

In addition, a very few IPA letters beyond the basic Latin alphabet have combining forms or are supported as subscripts:

Additional IPA characters

	ä	ɑ	æ	β	ç	ð	ə	ʃ	ʍ	χ	ʔ	ʼ
Overscript	◌ᷲ	◌ᷧ	◌ᷔ	◌ᷩ	◌ᷗ	◌ᷙ	◌ᷪ	◌ᷯ			◌̉	◌̓
Subscript				ᵦ			ₔ			ᵪ
Underscript									◌ᫀ			◌̦

Composite characters

Primarily for compatibility with earlier character sets, Unicode contains a number of characters that compose super- and subscripts with other symbols. In most fonts these render much better than attempts to construct these symbols from the above characters or by using markup.

• The Latin-1 Supplement block contains the precomposed fractions ½, ¼, and ¾. The copyright © and registered trademark signs ® are also in this block; they are set as superscript in some fonts.
• The General Punctuation block contains the permille sign ‰ and the per-ten-thousand sign ‱, and Basic Latin has the percent sign %.
• The Number Forms block contains several precomposed fractions: ⅐ ⅑ ⅒ ⅓ ⅔ ⅕ ⅖ ⅗ ⅘ ⅙ ⅚ ⅛ ⅜ ⅝ ⅞ ⅟ ↉.
• The Letterlike Symbols block contains a few symbols composed of subscript and superscript characters: ℀ ℁ ℅ ℆ № ℠ ™ ⅍.
• The Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement block contains three superscript abbreviations 🅪 🅫 🅬: MC for (trademark), MD for (registered trademark), both used in Canada; MR for (registered trademark) in Spanish and Portuguese speaking countries.
• The Miscellaneous Technical block has one additional subscript, a subscript 10 (⏨), for the purpose of scientific notation.
• The Unified Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics and its Extended blocks contain several letters composed with superscripted letters to indicate extended sound values: Main block ᐂ ᐫ ᐬ ᐭ ᐮ ᐰ ᑍ ᑧ ᑨ ᑩ ᑪ ᑬ ᒅ ᒆ ᒇ ᒈ ᒊ ᒤ ᓁ ᓔ ᓮ ᔌ ᔍ ᔎ ᔏ ᔧ ᕅ ᕔ ᕿ ᖀ ᖁ ᖂ ᖃ ᖄ ᖎ ᖏ ᖐ ᖑ ᖒ ᖓ ᖔ ᙯ ᙰ ᙱ ᙲ ᙳ ᙴ ᙵ ᙶ, Extended block ᢰ ᢱ ᢲ ᢳ ᢴ ᢵ ᢶ ᢷ ᢸ ᢹ ᢺ ᢻ ᢼ ᢽ ᢾ ᢿ ᣀ ᣁ ᣂ ᣃ ᣄ ᣅ.