Ü

Template:Short description Template:One source Template:Infobox grapheme Ü (lowercase ü) is a Latin script character composed of the letter U and the diaeresis diacritical mark. In some alphabets such as those of a number of Romance languages or Guarani it denotes an instance of regular U to be construed in isolation from adjacent characters with which it would usually form a larger unit; other alphabets like the Azerbaijani, Estonian, German, Hungarian and Turkish ones treat it as a letter in its own right. In those cases it typically represents a close front rounded vowel Template:IPAblink.

Although not a part of their alphabet, Ü also appears in languages such as Finnish and Swedish when retained in foreign proper names like München ("Munich"). A small number of Dutch and Afrikaans words employ the character to mark vowel hiatus (e.g. reünie /reːyˈni/ ("reunion"), a loanword marked with diaeresis to suppress the native reading of eu as a digraph pronounced /øː/).

U-umlaut

A glyph, U with umlaut, appears in the German alphabet. It represents the umlauted form of u, which results in when long and when short. The letter is collated together with U, or as UE. In languages that have adopted German names or spellings, such as Swedish, the letter also occurs. It is however not a part of these languages' alphabets. In Swedish the letter is called tyskt y which means German y.

Though not a part of the Slovene alphabet, ü is often used in eastern Styrian dialects, especially around Ptuj as well as in the Resian dialect with the same pronouncation as in German.

In other languages that do not have the letter as part of the regular alphabet or in limited character sets such as ASCII, U-umlaut is frequently replaced with the two-letter combination "ue". Software for optical character recognition sometimes sees it falsely as ii.

Letter Ü

The letter Ü is present in the Hungarian, Turkish, Uyghur Latin, Estonian, Azeri, Turkmen, Crimean Tatar, Kazakh Latin and Tatar Latin alphabets, where it represents a close front rounded vowel . It is considered a distinct letter, collated separately, not a simple modification of U or Y, and is distinct from UE.

Wayuu represents the close central unrounded vowel using this letter.

In the Swedish, Danish, Norwegian and Finnish alphabets ü is alphabetized as y.

It is not present in the Basque alphabet but the Souletin dialect uses it for .

This same letter appears in the Chinese Romanisations Pinyin, Wade–Giles, and the German-based Lessing-Othmer, where it represents the same sound : 綠/lǜ (green) or 女/nǚ (female). Standard Mandarin Chinese pronunciation has both the sounds and . Pinyin only uses "Ü" to represent after the letters "L" or "N" to avoid confusion with words such as 路/lù (road) and 怒/nù (anger). Words such as 玉/yù (jade) or 句/jù (sentence) are pronounced with , but are not spelled with "Ü", although Wade–Giles and Lessing use "Ü" in all situations. As the letter "Ü" is missing on most keyboards and the letter "V" is not present in standard Mandarin pinyin, the letter "V" is used on most computer Chinese input methods to enter the letter "Ü". As a result, romanisation of Chinese with the letter "V" representing the Ü sound is sometimes found. However, Ü sound should be officially represented by "yu" in Pinyin when it is difficult to enter Ü. For example, the surname Lü (吕) would be written as "Lyu" in passports. Four extra tones for the letter "ü", which are "ǖ, ǘ, ǚ, ǜ", is added in Unicode as per GB/T 2312.

U-diaeresis

Several languages use diaeresis over the letter U to show that the letter is pronounced in its regular way, without dropping out or building diphthongs with neighbouring letters.

In Catalan, ü is used in the letter combinations güe, güi, qüe and qüi to indicate the pronunciation , , or , respectively (e.g. , , , ); this contrasts with the combinations gue/gui/que/qui, in which the u is silent (, , , ). Catalan also uses the letter ü to indicate that a vowel pair that would normally form a diphthong must be pronounced as separate syllables (e.g. , ).

Similarly, in Spanish, ü is used in the combinations güe and güi , to distinguish them from "gue" and "gui" (e.g. , ). Unlike Catalan, though, Spanish does not use it after q, instead using cue and cui to spell words with or sounds (, ); it also does not use it to break diphthongs, sometimes using the letter ú for that purpose when necessary (, but ).

In French, the diaeresis appears over the "u" only very rarely, in some uncommon words, capharnaüm ('shambles'), Capharnaüm/Capernaüm or Emmaüs . After the 1990 spelling reforms, it is applied to a few more words, like aigüe (formerly aiguë), ambigüe (formerly ambiguë) and argüer (formerly without the diaeresis).

Usage in phonetic alphabets

In the Rheinische Dokumenta, a phonetic alphabet for many West Central German, Low Rhenish, and related vernacular languages, "ü" represents a range from Template:IPAblink to Template:IPAblink.

Typography

File:VolapukAOU.svg

Johann Martin Schleyer proposed alternate forms for Ü and ü (Ꞟ and ꞟ, respectively) in Volapük but they were rarely used.

Historically the unique letter Ü and U-diaeresis were written as a U with two dots above the letter.

U-umlaut was written as a U with a small e written above (Uͤ uͤ): this minute e degenerated to two vertical bars in medieval handwritings. In most later handwritings these bars in turn nearly became dots.

In modern typography there was insufficient space on typewriters and later computer keyboards to allow for both a U-with-dots (also representing Ü) and a U-with-bars. Since they looked near-identical the two glyphs were combined, which was also done in computer character encodings such as ISO 8859-1. As a result, there was no way to differentiate between the three different characters. While the distinction can be recreated in modern Unicode using combining diacritics, modern typographic standards do not recommend doing so. In the Hungarian alphabet, double acute U (Ű) is a distinct letter representing a long Ü.

Computing codes

Keyboarding

The methods available for entering Template:Angle bracket and Template:Angle bracket from the keyboard depend on the operating system, the keyboard layout, and the application.

• Microsoft Windows – some keyboard layouts feature separate keys for Template:Angle bracket
  • Using the Swiss French keyboard, Template:Angle bracket can be entered by typing Template:Key press
  • Using the US International layout, Template:Angle bracket can be entered by typing Template:Key press
• Microsoft Windows: with the Number Lock on, hold down the Template:Key press key while typing on the numeric keypad the decimal value of the code point from the active DOS/OEM code page without a leading zero, then release the Template:Key press key; i.e. Template:Key press for Template:Angle bracket and Template:Key press for Template:Angle bracket
• Microsoft Windows: with the Number Lock on, hold down the Template:Key press key while typing on the numeric keypad the decimal value of the code point from the active ANSI code page with a leading zero, then release the Alt key; i.e. Template:Key press for Template:Angle bracket and Template:Key press for Template:Angle bracket
• Microsoft Word for Windows: type Template:Key press followed by Template:Key press for Template:Angle bracket or Template:Key press then Template:Key press for Template:Angle bracket
• macOS with an English keyboard layout (Australian, British, or U.S.): type Template:Key press followed by Template:Key press for Template:Angle bracket or Template:Key press and then Template:Key press for Template:Angle bracket or by keeping the Template:Key press key pressed and then typing Template:Key press
• In Linux-based operating systems, this symbol may be typed by pressing the Compose key followed by Template:Key press, Template:Key press.
• In GTK-based GUI-Applications, Template:Key press followed by the Hex-Code

See also

• Umlaut (diacritic)
• Ӱ ӱ : Cyrillic letter U with diaeresis
• Ү ү : Cyrillic letter Ue