Toolebuc Formation

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The Toolebuc Formation is a geological formation that extends from Queensland across South Australia and the Northern Territory in Australia, whose strata date back to the Albian stage of the Early Cretaceous. Dinosaurs,[1] pterosaurs, plesiosaurs, ichthyosaurs, protostegid turtles, sharks, chimaeroids and bony fish remains are among the fossils that have been recovered from the formation.

Description

Deposition occurred in a cool to temperate inland sea setting and the present lithology is dominantly made up of limey shales with abundant Inoceramus bivalve shells. Ichthyosaurs and protostegid turtles were the most common marine reptiles at this time in the Eromanga Sea, in contrast to older Aptian deposits such as the Bulldog Shale of South Australia, which show that plesiosaurs were previously more abundant and also more diverse. The Toolebuc Formation is one of the richest known sources of Mesozoic vertebrate fossils in Australia, with notable collecting areas situated around the towns of Richmond, Julia Creek, Hughenden and Boulia.

Fossil content

Possible indeterminate ankylosaurid remains are present in Queensland, Australia.[1] Indeterminate ornithopod remains have also been found in Queensland, Australia.[1]

Animals

Dinosaurs

Dinosaurs of the Toolebuc formation
Genus Species Presence Materials Notes Images
Kunbarrasaurus K. ieversi Queensland A preserved skeleton A parankylosaur.[1][2]
File:Minmi model Canberra email.jpg
K. sp Queensland A partial skull
Muttaburrasaurus M. sp. Queensland Fossil remains. An iguanodontian ornithopod.
Nanantius N. eos Queensland "Tibiotarsi and vertebra"[1][3] An enantiornithean avialan.

Pterosaur

Pterosaurs of the Toolebuc Formation
Genus Species Presence Materials Notes Images
Anhangueria indet. Indeterminate Queensland [4]
Aussiedraco A. molnari Queensland An anterior portion of the skull including partial premaxillary and partial skeleton consists of phalanx and vertebras. A targaryendraconian pterodactyloid.
Haliskia H. peterseni Queensland A partial skeleton with a skull. An anhanguerian pteranodontoid.[5]
File:Haliskia Life Restoration.png
Mythunga M. camara Queensland A preserved mandible. An anhanguerid.
Thapunngaka T. shawi Queensland A partial mandible without dentition. An anhanguerid.[6]

Plesiosaurs

Plesiosaurs of the Toolebuc formation
Genus Species Presence Materials Notes Images
Kronosaurus K. queenslandicus Queensland A pliosaur.
File:Kronosaurus queenslandicus SW.png
Eromangasaurus E. australis Queensland An elasmosaur.
File:Eromangasaurus australis.png
Polycotylidae indet. Undescribed polycotylid (specimen QM F18041, nicknamed Penny)[7] Queensland An indeterminate polycotylid.

Icthyosaurs

Ichthyosaurs of the Toolebuc formation
Genus Species Presence Materials Notes Images
Platypterygius P. australis Queensland A platypterygiine ichthyosaur.
File:Platypterigius longmani DB.jpg

Turtles

Turtles of the Toolebuc formation
Genus Species Presence Materials Notes Images
Bouliachelys B. suteri "Around Boulia in Western Queensland"[8] A Protostegidae sea turtle.[8]
File:Poropatetal2023 Bouliachelys.png
Cratochelone C. berneyi Queensland A Protostegidae sea turtle.
File:Poropatetal2023 Cratochelone.png
Notochelone N. costata Queensland A Protostegidae sea turtle.
File:Notochelone costata.jpg

Fish

Fish of the Toolebuc formation
Genus Species Presence Material Notes Images
Australopachycormus A. hurleyi "QM F52641 (holotype); partial snout (lacking tip of rostrum) and mandible including dentition and associated cranial/postcranial fragments; SAM P40514 (referred specimen), partial skull with rostrum and incomplete pectoral fin"[9] Long-rostrum pachycormiform
Canaryichthys C. rozefeldsi A fossil specimen which is "undistorted and preserved in 3-dimensions but lacks all but the cranial vault."[10] A halecomorph, possibly an ionoscopiform.[10]
Cardabiodontidae Undescribed genus and species[11] Associated teeth and vertebrae suggesting an individual 8 to 9 meters long[12][11][13] Closely related to Cardabiodon[11]
Cooyoo C. australis An ichthyodectiform also present in the Allaru Formation[14]
File:Cooyoo australis 23.jpg
Dugaldia D. emmilta [14]
Euroka E. dunravenensis An elopiform[15]
Flindersichthys F. denmeadi [16]
Marathonichthys M. coyleorum An albuliforme[17]
Pachyrhizodus P. grawi Two species known from both this and the Allaru Formation[18][19]
P. marathonensis
Pristiophorus Indeterminate Known from rostral teeth that are tentatively referred to P. tumidens.[20] Adnet and Cappetta (2001) considered that these remains are teeth and jaw fragments of teleostean instead.[21]
?Pseudocorax Partially disarticulated vertebrae Probable anacoracid remains[22]
Ptykoptychion P. tayyo [23]
Richmondichthys R. sweeti An aspidorhynchid also found in the Allaru Formation[24] File:Richmondichthys holotype.jpg
Stewartichthys S. leichhardti An albuliforme[17]

Arthropod

Arthropods of the Toolebuc formation
Genus Species Presence Notes Images
Brunnaega B. tomhurleyi An isopod, over 130 fossil individuals found infesting a Pachyrhizodus marathonensis carcass.[19]

Molluscs

Molluscs of the Toolebuc formation
Genus Species Presence Notes Images
Beudanticeras B. flindersi [25]
Enchoteuthis E. tonii [26]
Inoceramus I. sutherlandi "Siphon Paddock, Dunluce Street, near Hughendon, North Queensland, Australia"[27] [27]
Trachyteuthis T. willisi [25]

See also

References

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  1. ↑ a b c d e Weishampel et al., 2004, pp.573-574
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  3. ↑ "Table 11.1," in Weishampel et al., 2004, p.213
  4. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  5. ↑ Pentland, A.H., Poropat, S.F., Duncan, R.J. et al. Haliskia peterseni, a new anhanguerian pterosaur from the late Early Cretaceous of Australia. Sci Rep 14, 11789 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-60889-8
  6. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
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  10. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  11. ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  12. ↑ Mikael Siverson (2012). Lamniform Sharks: 110 Million Years of Ocean Supremacy. Royal Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology. Royal Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology. Archived from the original on 2021-12-15.
  13. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  14. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
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  24. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
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  26. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  27. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".

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Bibliography

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