Inoceramus

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Inoceramus (Greek: translation "fibrous shell" for the fibrous structure of the mineral crystals in the shell) is an extinct genus of fossil marine pteriomorphian bivalves that superficially resembled the related winged pearly oysters of the extant genus Pteria. They lived from the Early Jurassic to latest Cretaceous.[1][2]

The English naturalist James Sowerby proposed the name Inoceramus at a meeting of the Linnean Society in London in 1814 but a text version was not published until 1822. He gave the etymology from Greek with Latin translation as: ἴς fibra [fiber] et κέραμος testa [shell]. The fibrous-appearing mineral structure of the shell inspired the name choice: "[I]t consists entirely of a substance composed of parallel perpendicular fibres, and much more conspicuously so than Pinna or any other genus".[3][4]

Taxonomy

The taxonomy of the inoceramids is disputed, with genera such as Platyceramus sometimes classified as subgenus within Inoceramus. Also the number of valid species in this genus is disputed.

Description

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File:Ogallala opaline sandstone with Cremnoceramus deformis fragments 20201115 143032.jpg
Weathered shell fragment of the closely related Cremnoceramus difformis, highlighting the orientation and texture of the calcite prisms of the Inoceramids.

Inoceramids had thick shells composed of "prisms" of calcite deposited perpendicular to the surface, and unweathered fossils commonly preserve the mother-of-pearl luster the shells had in life.[5] Most species have prominent growth lines which appear as raised semicircles concentric to the growing edge of the shell.[5]

In 1952, the huge specimen of Inoceramus steenstrupi 187 cm long, was found in Qilakitsoq, the Nuussuaq Peninsula, Greenland. This fossil is 83 Ma old, the Upper Santonian or Lower Campanian stage.[6] Paleontologists suggest that the giant size of some species was an adaptation for life in the murky bottom waters, with a correspondingly large gill area that would have allowed the animal to survive in oxygen-deficient waters.[5]

Selected species

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  • †I. aequicostatus Voronetz, 1937Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • †I. albertensis McLearn, 1926Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • †I. altifluminis McLearn, 1943Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • †I. americanus Walaszczyk & Cobban, 2006Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • †I. andinus Wilckens, 1907Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • †I. anglicus Woods, 1911Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • †I. anilis Pcelinceva, 1962Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • †I. anomalus Heine, 1929Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • †I. anomiaeformis Feruglio, 1936Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • †I. apicalis Woods, 1912Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • †I. arvanus Stephenson, 1953Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • †I. bellvuensis
  • †I. biformis Tuomey, 1854Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • †I. brownei Marwick, 1953Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • †I. carsoni McCoy, 1865Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • †I. comancheanus
  • †I. confertim Roemer, 1849Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[7]
  • †I. constellatus Woods, 1904Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • †I. corpulentus McLearn, 1926Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • †I. coulthardi McLearn, 1926Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • †I. cuvieri Sowerby, 1814Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • †I. dakotensis
  • †I. dominguesi Maury, 1930Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • †I. dowlingi McLearn, 1931Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • †I. dunveganensis McLearn, 1926Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • †I. elburzensis Fantini, 1966Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • †I. everesti Oppel, 1862Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • †I. fibrosus Meek & Hayden, 1857Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • †I. formosulus Voronetz, 1937Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • †I. fragilis Haal & Meek, 1856Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • †I. frechi Flegel, 1905Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • †I. galoi Boehm, 1907Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • †I. gibbosus Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • †I. ginterensis Pergament, 1966Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • †I. glacierensis Walaszczyk & Cobban, 2006Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • †I. haast Hochstetter, 1863Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • †I. howelli White, 1876Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • †I. incelebratus Pergament, 1966Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • †I. inconditus Marwick, 1953Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • †I. kystatymensis Koschelkina, 1960Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • †I. lamarcki Parkinson, 1819Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • †I. lateris Rossi de Gargia & Camacho, 1965Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • †I. mesabiensis Bergquist, 1944Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • †I. morii Hayami, 1959Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • †I. multiformis Pergament, 1971Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • †I. mytiliformis Fantini, 1966Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • †I. nipponicus Nagao & Matsumoto, 1939Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • †I. perplexus
  • †I. pictus
  • †I. pontoni McLearn, 1926Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • †I. porrectus Voronetz, 1937Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • †I. prefragilis Stephenson, 1952Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • †I. proximus'' Tuomey, 1854Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • †I. pseudolucifer Afitsky, 1967Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • †I. quenstedti Pcelinceva, 1933Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • †I. robertsoni Walaszczyk & Cobban, 2006Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • †I. saskatchewanensis Warren, 1934Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • †I. selwyni McLearn, 1926Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • †I. sokolovi Walaszczyk & Cobban, 2006Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • †I. steenstrupi de Loriol, 1883Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • †I. steinmanni Wilckens, 1907Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • †I. subdepressus Meek & Hayden, 1861Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • †I. tenuirostratus Meek & Hayden, 1862Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • †I. triangularis'' Tuomey, 1854Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • †I. undabundus Meek & Hayden, 1862Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • †I. undulato Roemer, 1849Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • †I. ussuriensis Voronetz, 1937Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".

Distribution

File:Map of North America with the Western Interior Seaway during the Campanian (Upper Cretaceous).png
The Western Interior Seaway that covered North America during the Cretaceous

Species of Inoceramus had a worldwide distribution during the Cretaceous and Jurassic periods (from 189.6 to 66.043 Ma).[1] Many examples are found in the Pierre Shale of the Western Interior Seaway in North America. Inoceramus can also be found abundantly in the Cretaceous Gault Clay that underlies London. Other locations for this fossil include Vancouver Island,[5] British Columbia, Colombia (Hiló Formation, Tolima and La Frontera Formation, Boyacá, Cundinamarca and Huila).[8]

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Gallery

References

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  1. ↑ a b Inoceramus at Fossilworks.org
  2. ↑ Ward et al., "Ammonite and inoceramid bivalve extinction patterns in Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary sections of the Biscay region (southwestern France, northern Spain)", Geology, 1991
  3. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  4. ↑ "Inoceramids" Oceans of Kansas website: http://oceansofkansas.com/Inoceramids.html
  5. ↑ a b c d Ludvigsen & Beard, 1997, pp. 102–103
  6. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  7. ↑ Roemer, F. (1849). Texas : mit besonderer Rücksicht auf deutsche Auswanderung und die physischen Verhältnisse des Landes nach eigener Beobachtung. A. Marcus.
  8. ↑ Acosta & Ulloa, 2001, p. 41

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Bibliography

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Further reading

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External links

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