Tibetan script
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The Tibetan script is a segmental writing system, or abugida, forming a part of the Brahmic scripts, and used to write certain Tibetic languages, including Tibetan, Dzongkha, Sikkimese, Ladakhi, Jirel and Balti. Its exact origins are a subject of research but is traditionally considered to be developed by Thonmi Sambhota for King Songtsen Gampo.
The printed form is called uchen script while the hand-written form used in everyday writing is called umê script. This writing system is especially used across the Himalayan Region.
History
Little is known about the exact origins of Tibetan script.[1] According to Tibetan historiography, it was developed during the reign of King Songtsen Gampo by his minister Thonmi Sambhota, who was sent to India along with other scholars to study Buddhism along with Sanskrit and other brahmi languages.[2][3] They developed the Tibetan script from the Gupta script[4] while at the Pabonka Hermitage.
This occurred Template:Circa, towards the beginning of Songtsen Gampo's reign. There were 21 Sutra texts held by the King which were translated afterwards. In the first half of the 7th century, the Tibetan script was used for the codification of these sacred Buddhist texts,[5][6] for written civil laws, and for a Tibetan Constitution.
Earliest sources on Tibet, such as the Old Tibetan Chronicle, do not mention any Thonmi Sambhota.[7] Scripts predating Songtsen Gampo might have existed but in any case do not appear to be widely used.[7] Researchers postulate that Tibetan kings sought to develop a system of writing as their territory expanded. The script resembling the version today was likely developed in the second half of the 11th century.[7][8] New research and writings also suggest that there were one or more Tibetan scripts in use prior to the introduction of the script by Songtsen Gampo and Thonmi Sambhota. The incomplete Dunhuang manuscripts are their key evidence for their hypothesis,[9] while the few discovered and recorded Old Tibetan Annals manuscripts date from 650 and therefore post-date the c. 620 date of development of the original Tibetan script.
Three orthographic standardisations were developed. The most important, an official orthography aimed to facilitate the translation of Buddhist scriptures emerged during the early 9th century. Standard orthography has not been altered since then, while the spoken language has changed by, for example, losing complex consonant clusters. As a result, in all modern Tibetan dialects and in particular in the Standard Tibetan of Lhasa, there is a great divergence between current spelling, which still reflects the 9th-century spoken Tibetan, and current pronunciation. This divergence is the basis of an argument in favour of spelling reform, to write Tibetan as it is pronounced; for example, writing Kagyu instead of Bka'-rgyud.[10]
The nomadic Amdo Tibetan and the western dialects of the Ladakhi language, as well as the Balti language, come close to the Old Tibetan spellings.[8] Despite that, the grammar of these dialectical varieties has considerably changed. To write the modern varieties according to the orthography and grammar of Classical Tibetan would be similar to writing Sanskrit orthography.[8] However, modern Buddhist practitioners in the Indian subcontinent state that the classical orthography should not be altered even when used for lay purposes. This became an obstacle for many modern Tibetic languages wishing to modernize or introduce a new spelling reform of Tibetan. [8]
Description
Basic alphabet
In the Tibetan script, the syllables are written from left to right. Syllables are separated by a tsek (་); since many Tibetan words are monosyllabic, this mark often functions almost as a space. Spaces are not used to divide words.[11]
The Tibetan alphabet has thirty letters, sometimes known as "radicals", for consonants.[12] As in other Indic scripts, each consonant letter assumes an inherent vowel; in the Tibetan script it is /a/. The letter Template:Bo-textonly is also the base for dependent vowel marks.
Although some Tibetan dialects are tonal, the language had no tone at the time of the script's invention, and there are no dedicated symbols for tone. However, since tones developed from segmental features, they can usually be correctly predicted by the archaic spelling of Tibetan words.
| Unaspirated high |
Aspirated medium |
Voiced low |
Nasal low | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Letter | IPA | Letter | IPA | Letter | IPA | Letter | IPA | |
| Guttural | Template:Bo-textonly | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Template:Bo-textonly | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Template:Bo-textonlyTemplate:Efn-lr | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Template:Bo-textonly | Script error: No such module "IPA". |
| Palatal | Template:Bo-textonly | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Template:Bo-textonly | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Template:Bo-textonlyTemplate:Efn-lr | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Template:Bo-textonly | Script error: No such module "IPA". |
| Dental | Template:Bo-textonly | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Template:Bo-textonly | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Template:Bo-textonlyTemplate:Efn-lr | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Template:Bo-textonly | Script error: No such module "IPA". |
| Labial | Template:Bo-textonly | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Template:Bo-textonly | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Template:Bo-textonlyTemplate:Efn-lr | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Template:Bo-textonly | Script error: No such module "IPA". |
| Dental | Template:Bo-textonly | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Template:Bo-textonly | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Template:Bo-textonlyTemplate:Efn-lr | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Template:Bo-textonly | Script error: No such module "IPA". |
| low | Template:Bo-textonlyTemplate:Efn-lr | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Template:Bo-textonlyTemplate:Efn-lr | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Template:Bo-textonly | Script error: No such module "IPA".[13] Template:Angle bracket | Template:Bo-textonly | Script error: No such module "IPA". |
| medium | Template:Bo-textonly | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Template:Bo-textonly | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Template:Bo-textonly | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Template:Bo-textonly | Script error: No such module "IPA". |
| high | Template:Bo-textonly | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Template:Bo-textonly | Script error: No such module "IPA". Template:Angle bracket | ||||
Consonant clusters
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One aspect of the Tibetan script is that the consonants can be written either as radicals or they can be written in other forms, such as subscript and superscript forming consonant clusters.
To understand how this works, one can look at the radical Template:Bo-textonly /ka/ and see what happens when it becomes Template:Bo-textonly /kra/ or Template:Bo-textonly /rka/ (pronounced /ka/). In both cases, the symbol for Template:Bo-textonly /ka/ is used, but when the Template:Bo-textonly /ra/ is in the middle of the consonant and vowel, it is added as a subscript. On the other hand, when the Template:Bo-textonly /ra/ comes before the consonant and vowel, it is added as a superscript.[12] Template:Bo-textonly /ra/ actually changes form when it is above most other consonants, thus Template:Bo-textonly rka. However, an exception to this is the cluster Template:Bo-textonly /ɲa/. Similarly, the consonants Template:Bo-textonly /ra/, and Template:Bo-textonly /ja/ change form when they are beneath other consonants, thus Template:Bo-textonly /ʈ ~ ʈʂa/; Template:Bo-textonly /ca/.
Besides being written as subscripts and superscripts, some consonants can also be placed in prescript, postscript, or post-postscript positions. For instance, the consonants Template:Bo-textonly /kʰa/, Template:Bo-textonly /tʰa/, Template:Bo-textonly /pʰa/, Template:Bo-textonly /ma/ and Template:Bo-textonly /a/ can be used in the prescript position to the left of other radicals, while the position after a radical (the postscript position), can be held by the ten consonants Template:Bo-textonly /kʰa/, Template:Bo-textonly /na/, Template:Bo-textonly /pʰa/, Template:Bo-textonly /tʰa/, Template:Bo-textonly /ma/, Template:Bo-textonly /a/, Template:Bo-textonly /ra/, Template:Bo-textonly /ŋa/, Template:Bo-textonly /sa/, and Template:Bo-textonly /la/. The third position, the post-postscript position is solely for the consonants Template:Bo-textonly /tʰa/ and Template:Bo-textonly /sa/.[12]
Head letters
The head (Template:Bo-textonly in Tibetan, Wylie: mgo) letter, or superscript, position above a radical is reserved for the consonants Template:Bo-textonly /ra/, Template:Bo-textonly /la/, and Template:Bo-textonly /sa/.
- When Template:Bo-textonly /ra/, Template:Bo-textonly /la/, and Template:Bo-textonly /sa/ are in superscript position with Template:Bo-textonly /ka/, Template:Bo-textonly /t͡ʃa/, Template:Bo-textonly /ta/, Template:Bo-textonly /pa/ and Template:Bo-textonly /t͡sa/, there are no changes to their sounds in Lhasa Tibetan, for example:
- Template:Bo-textonly /ka/, Template:Bo-textonly /ta/, Template:Bo-textonly /pa/, Template:Bo-textonly /t͡sa/
- Template:Bo-textonly /ka/, Template:Bo-textonly /t͡ʃa/, Template:Bo-textonly /ta/, Template:Bo-textonly /pa/,
- Template:Bo-textonly /ka/, Template:Bo-textonly /ta/, Template:Bo-textonly /pa/, Template:Bo-textonly /t͡sa/
- When Template:Bo-textonly /ra/, Template:Bo-textonly /la/, and Template:Bo-textonly /sa/ are in superscript position with Template:Bo-textonly /kʰa/, Template:Bo-textonly /t͡ʃʰa/, Template:Bo-textonly /tʰa/, Template:Bo-textonly /pʰa/ and Template:Bo-textonly /t͡sʰa/, they lose their aspiration and become voiced in Lhasa Tibetan, for example:
- Template:Bo-textonly /ga/, Template:Bo-textonly /d͡ʒa/, Template:Bo-textonly /da/, Template:Bo-textonly /ba/, Template:Bo-textonly /dza/
- Template:Bo-textonly /ga/, Template:Bo-textonly /d͡ʒa/, Template:Bo-textonly /da/, Template:Bo-textonly /ba/,
- Template:Bo-textonly /ga/, Template:Bo-textonly /da/, Template:Bo-textonly /ba/
- When Template:Bo-textonly /ra/, Template:Bo-textonly /la/, and Template:Bo-textonly /sa/ are in superscript position with the nasal consonants Template:Bo-textonly /ŋa/, Template:Bo-textonly /ɲya/, Template:Bo-textonly /na/ and Template:Bo-textonly /ma/, they receive a high tone in Lhasa Tibetan, for example:
- Template:Bo-textonly /ŋa/, Template:Bo-textonly /ɲa/, Template:Bo-textonly /na/, Template:Bo-textonly /ma/
- Template:Bo-textonly /ŋa/
- Template:Bo-textonly /ŋa/, Template:Bo-textonly /ɲa/, Template:Bo-textonly /na/, Template:Bo-textonly /ma/
- When Template:Bo-textonly /la/ is in superscript position with Template:Bo-textonly /ha/, it becomes a voiceless alveolar lateral approximant in Lhasa Tibetan:
- Template:Bo-textonly /l̥a/,
Sub-joined letters
The subscript position under a radical can only be occupied by the consonants Template:Bo-textonly /ja/, Template:Bo-textonly /ra/, Template:Bo-textonly /la/, and Template:Bo-textonly /wa/. In this position they are described as Template:Bo-textonly (Wylie: btags, IPA: /taʔ/), in Tibetan meaning "hung on/affixed/appended", for example Template:Bo-textonly (IPA: /pʰa.ja.taʔ.t͡ʃʰa/), except for Template:Bo-textonly, which is simply read as it usually is and has no effect on the pronunciation of the consonant to which it is subjoined, for example Template:Bo-textonly (IPA: /ka.wa.suː.ka/).
Vowel marks
The vowels used in the alphabet are Template:Bo-textonly /a/, Template:Bo-textonly /i/, Template:Bo-textonly /u/, Template:Bo-textonly /e/, and Template:Bo-textonly /o/. While the vowel /a/ is included in each consonant, the other vowels are indicated by marks; thus Template:Bo-textonly /ka/, Template:Bo-textonly /ki/, Template:Bo-textonly /ku/, Template:Bo-textonly /ke/, Template:Bo-textonly /ko/. The vowels Template:Bo-textonly /i/, Template:Bo-textonly /e/, and Template:Bo-textonly /o/ are placed above consonants as diacritics, while the vowel Template:Bo-textonly /u/ is placed underneath consonants.[12] Old Tibetan included a reversed form of the mark for /i/, the gigu 'verso', of uncertain meaning. There is no distinction between long and short vowels in written Tibetan, except in loanwords, especially transcribed from the Sanskrit.
| Vowel mark | IPA | Vowel mark | IPA | Vowel mark | IPA | Vowel mark | IPA |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Template:Bo-textonly | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Template:Bo-textonly | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Template:Bo-textonly | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Template:Bo-textonly | Script error: No such module "IPA". |
Numerical digits
Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".
| Tibetan numerals | Template:Bo-textonly | Template:Bo-textonly | Template:Bo-textonly | Template:Bo-textonly | Template:Bo-textonly | Template:Bo-textonly | Template:Bo-textonly | Template:Bo-textonly | Template:Bo-textonly | Template:Bo-textonly |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Devanagari numerals | ० | १ | २ | ३ | ४ | ५ | ६ | ७ | ८ | ९ |
| Arabic numerals | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 |
| Tibetan fractions | Template:Bo-textonly | Template:Bo-textonly | Template:Bo-textonly | Template:Bo-textonly | Template:Bo-textonly | Template:Bo-textonly | Template:Bo-textonly | Template:Bo-textonly | Template:Bo-textonly | Template:Bo-textonly |
| Arabic fractions | -0.5 | 0.5 | 1.5 | 2.5 | 3.5 | 4.5 | 5.5 | 6.5 | 7.5 | 8.5 |
Punctuation marks
| Symbol/ Graphemes |
Name | Function |
|---|---|---|
| Template:Bo-textonly | Template:Bo-textonly yig mgo |
marks beginning of a text, before a headline, front page of a pecha |
| Template:Bo-textonly | Template:Bo-textonly gter yig mgo |
used in place of the yig mgo in terma texts |
| Template:Bo-textonly | Template:Bo-textonly yig mgo a phyed |
used in place of the yig mgo in terma texts |
| Template:Bo-textonly | Template:Bo-textonly dpe rnying yig mgo |
a variant of the yig mgo found in very old Tibetan texts |
| Template:Bo-textonly | Template:Bo-textonly bskur yig mgo |
list enumerator (Dzongka) |
| Template:Bo-textonly | Template:Bo-textonly tseg |
syllable delimiter, also used as a spacer to justify text in pechas |
| Template:Bo-textonly | Template:Bo-textonly shad |
full stop, comma, or semicolon (marks end of a sentence or clause, and originates from the danda of Indic scripts) |
| Template:Bo-textonly | Template:Bo-textonly nyis shad |
marks end of a paragraph or topic (cp. pilcrow) |
| Template:Bo-textonly | Template:Bo-textonly bzhi shad |
marks end of a chapter or entire section |
| Template:Bo-textonly | Template:Bo-textonly gsum shad |
same as bzhi shad, but used when the preceding character is ཀ or ག |
| Template:Bo-textonly | Template:Bo-textonly rin chen spungs shad |
replaces shad after single, orphaned syllables, indicating to the reader that the preceding syllable continues from text on the previous line |
| Template:Bo-textonly | Template:Bo-textonly tsheg shad |
variant of rin chen spungs shad |
| Template:Bo-textonly | Template:Bo-textonly nyis tsheg shad |
variant of rin chen spungs shad |
| Template:Bo-textonly | Template:Bo-textonly sbrul shad |
marks the start of a new text, often in a collection of texts, separates chapters, and surrounds inserted text |
| Template:Bo-textonly | Template:Bo-textonly gter shad |
replaces shad and variants thereof in terma texts |
| Template:Bo-textonly | Template:Bo-textonly rgya gram shad |
sometimes used in place of the yig mgo in terma texts |
| Template:Bo-textonly | Template:Bo-textonly che mgo |
literally, "big head"—used preceding a reference to the Dalai Lama or the name of another important lama or tulku that demands great respect |
| Template:Bo-textonly | Template:Bo-textonly bsdus rtags |
repetition |
| Template:Bo-textonly | Template:Bo-textonly 'dzud rtags me long can |
caret (indicates text insertion) |
| Template:Bo-textonly | Template:Bo-textonly ang khang g.yon 'khor |
left roof bracket |
| Template:Bo-textonly | Template:Bo-textonly ang khang g.yas 'khor |
right roof bracket |
| Template:Bo-textonly | Template:Bo-textonly gug rtags g.yon |
left bracket |
| Template:Bo-textonly | Template:Bo-textonly gug rtags g.yas |
right bracket |
Extended use
The Tibetan alphabet, when used to write other languages such as Balti, Chinese and Sanskrit, often has additional and/or modified graphemes taken from the basic Tibetan alphabet to represent different sounds.
Extended alphabet
| Letter | Used in | Romanization & IPA |
|---|---|---|
| Template:Bo-textonly | Balti | qa Script error: No such module "IPA". (/q/) |
| Template:Bo-textonly | Balti | ɽa Script error: No such module "IPA". (/ɽ/) |
| Template:Bo-textonly | Balti | xa Script error: No such module "IPA". (/χ/) |
| Template:Bo-textonly | Balti | ɣa Script error: No such module "IPA". (/ʁ/) |
| Template:Bo-textonly | Chinese | fa Script error: No such module "IPA". (/f/) |
| Template:Bo-textonly | Chinese | va Script error: No such module "IPA". (/v/) |
| Template:Bo-textonly | Sanskrit | gha Script error: No such module "IPA". |
| Template:Bo-textonly | Sanskrit | jha Script error: No such module "IPA". |
| Template:Bo-textonly | Sanskrit | ṭa Script error: No such module "IPA". |
| Template:Bo-textonly | Sanskrit | ṭha Script error: No such module "IPA". |
| Template:Bo-textonly | Sanskrit | ḍa Script error: No such module "IPA". |
| Template:Bo-textonly | Sanskrit | ḍha Script error: No such module "IPA". |
| Template:Bo-textonly | Sanskrit | ṇa Script error: No such module "IPA". |
| Template:Bo-textonly | Sanskrit | dha Script error: No such module "IPA". |
| Template:Bo-textonly | Sanskrit | bha Script error: No such module "IPA". |
| Template:Bo-textonly | Sanskrit | ṣa Script error: No such module "IPA". |
| Template:Bo-textonly | Sanskrit | kṣa Script error: No such module "IPA". |
- In Balti, consonants ka, ra are represented by reversing the letters Template:Bo-textonly (ka, ra) to give Template:Bo-textonly (qa, ɽa).
- The Sanskrit retroflex consonants ṭa, ṭha, ḍa, ṇa, ṣa are represented in Tibetan by the letters Template:Bo-textonly (ta, tha, da, na, sha)
- It is a classical rule to transliterate Sanskrit ca, cha, ja, jha, to Tibetan Template:Bo-textonly (tsa, tsha, dza, dzha), respectively. Nowadays, Template:Bo-textonly (ca, cha, ja, jha) can also be used.
Extended vowel marks and modifiers
| Vowel Mark | Used in | Romanization & IPA |
|---|---|---|
| Template:Bo-textonly | Sanskrit | ā Script error: No such module "IPA". |
| Template:Bo-textonly | Sanskrit | ī Script error: No such module "IPA". |
| Template:Bo-textonly | Sanskrit | ū Script error: No such module "IPA". |
| Template:Bo-textonly | Sanskrit | ai Script error: No such module "IPA". |
| Template:Bo-textonly | Sanskrit | au Script error: No such module "IPA". |
| Template:Bo-textonly | Sanskrit | ṛ /r̩/ |
| Template:Bo-textonly | Sanskrit | ṝ Script error: No such module "IPA". |
| Template:Bo-textonly | Sanskrit | ḷ Script error: No such module "IPA". |
| Template:Bo-textonly | Sanskrit | ḹ Script error: No such module "IPA". |
| Template:Bo-textonly | Sanskrit | aṃ Script error: No such module "IPA". |
| Template:Bo-textonly | Sanskrit | aṃ Script error: No such module "IPA". |
| Template:Bo-textonly | Sanskrit | aḥ Script error: No such module "IPA". |
| Symbol/ Graphemes |
Name | Used in | Function |
|---|---|---|---|
| Template:Bo-textonly | srog med | Sanskrit | suppresses the inherent vowel sound |
| Template:Bo-textonly | paluta | Sanskrit | used for prolonging vowel sounds |
Consonant clusters
In addition to the use of supplementary graphemes, the rules for constructing consonant clusters are amended, allowing any character to occupy the superscript or subscript position, negating the need for the prescript and postscript positions.
Romanization and transliteration
Romanization and transliteration of the Tibetan script is the representation of the Tibetan script in the Latin script. Multiple Romanization and transliteration systems have been created in recent years, but do not fully represent the true phonetic sound.Template:NoteTag While the Wylie transliteration system is widely used to Romanize Standard Tibetan, others include the Library of Congress system and the IPA-based transliteration (Jacques 2012).
Below is a table with Tibetan letters and different Romanization and transliteration system for each letter, listed below systems are: Wylie transliteration (W), Tibetan pinyin (TP), Dzongkha phonetic (DP), ALA-LC Romanization (A)[14] and THL Simplified Phonetic Transcription (THL).
| Letter | W | TP | DP | A | THL | Letter | W | TP | DP | A | THL | Letter | W | TP | DP | A | THL | Letter | W | TP | DP | A | THL |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Template:Bo-textonly | ka | g | ka | ka | ka | Template:Bo-textonly | kha | k | kha | kha | kha | Template:Bo-textonly | ga* | k* | kha* | ga* | ga* | Template:Bo-textonly | nga | ng | nga | nga | nga |
| Template:Bo-textonly | ca | j | ca | ca | cha | Template:Bo-textonly | cha | q | cha | cha | cha | Template:Bo-textonly | ja* | q* | cha* | ja* | ja* | Template:Bo-textonly | nya | ny | nya | nya | nya |
| Template:Bo-textonly | ta | d | ta | ta | ta | Template:Bo-textonly | tha | t | tha | tha | ta | Template:Bo-textonly | da* | t* | tha* | da* | da* | Template:Bo-textonly | na | n | na | na | na |
| Template:Bo-textonly | pa | b | pa | pa | pa | Template:Bo-textonly | pha | p | pha | pha | pa | Template:Bo-textonly | ba* | p* | pha* | ba* | ba* | Template:Bo-textonly | ma | m | ma | ma | ma |
| Template:Bo-textonly | tsa | z | tsa | tsa | tsa | Template:Bo-textonly | tsha | c | tsha | tsha | tsa | Template:Bo-textonly | dza* | c* | tsha* | dza* | dza* | Template:Bo-textonly | wa | w | wa | wa | wa |
| Template:Bo-textonly | zha* | x* | sha* | zha* | zha* | Template:Bo-textonly | za* | s* | sa* | za* | za* | Template:Bo-textonly | 'a | - | a | 'a | a | Template:Bo-textonly | ya | y | ya | ya | ya |
| Template:Bo-textonly | ra | r | ra | ra | ra | Template:Bo-textonly | la | l | la | la | la | Template:Bo-textonly | sha | x | sha | sha | sha | Template:Bo-textonly | sa | s | sa | sa | sa |
| Template:Bo-textonly | ha | h | ha | ha | ha | Template:Bo-textonly | a | a | a | a | a | ||||||||||||
| * – Only in loanwords | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Input method and keyboard layout
Tibetan
The first version of Microsoft Windows to support the Tibetan keyboard layout is MS Windows Vista. The layout has been available in Linux since September 2007. In Ubuntu 12.04, one can install Tibetan language support through Dash / Language Support / Install/Remove Languages, the input method can be turned on from Dash / Keyboard Layout, adding Tibetan keyboard layout. The layout applies the similar layout as in Microsoft Windows.
Mac OS-X introduced Tibetan Unicode support with OS-X version 10.5 and later, now with three different keyboard layouts available: Tibetan-Wylie, Tibetan QWERTY and Tibetan-Otani.
Dzongkha
Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". The Dzongkha keyboard layout scheme is designed as a simple means for inputting Dzongkha text on computers. This keyboard layout was standardized by the Dzongkha Development Commission (DDC) and the Department of Information Technology (DIT) of the Royal Government of Bhutan in 2000.
It was updated in 2009 to accommodate additional characters added to the Unicode & ISO 10646 standards since the initial version. Since the arrangement of keys essentially follows the usual order of the Dzongka and Tibetan alphabet, the layout can be quickly learned by anyone familiar with this alphabet. Subjoined (combining) consonants are entered using the Shift key.
The Dzongka keyboard layout is included in Microsoft Windows, Android, and most distributions of Linux as part of XFree86.
Unicode
Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".
Tibetan was originally one of the scripts in the first version of the Unicode Standard in 1991, in the Unicode block U+1000–U+104F. However, in 1993, in version 1.1, it was removed (the code points it took up would later be used for the Burmese script in version 3.0). The Tibetan script was re-added in July, 1996 with the release of version 2.0.
The Unicode block for Tibetan is U+0F00–U+0FFF. It includes letters, digits and various punctuation marks and special symbols used in religious texts:
| Tibetan<templatestyles src="Citation/styles.css"/>[1]<templatestyles src="Citation/styles.css"/>[2]<templatestyles src="Citation/styles.css"/>[3] Official Unicode Consortium code chart (PDF) | ||||||||||||||||
| 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | A | B | C | D | E | F | |
| U+0F0x | ༀ | ༁ | ༂ | ༃ | ༄ | ༅ | ༆ | ༇ | ༈ | ༉ | ༊ | ་ | ༌ Template:Resize |
། | ༎ | ༏ |
| U+0F1x | ༐ | ༑ | ༒ | ༓ | ༔ | ༕ | ༖ | ༗ | ༘ | ༙ | ༚ | ༛ | ༜ | ༝ | ༞ | ༟ |
| U+0F2x | ༠ | ༡ | ༢ | ༣ | ༤ | ༥ | ༦ | ༧ | ༨ | ༩ | ༪ | ༫ | ༬ | ༭ | ༮ | ༯ |
| U+0F3x | ༰ | ༱ | ༲ | ༳ | ༴ | ༵ | ༶ | ༷ | ༸ | ༹ | ༺ | ༻ | ༼ | ༽ | ༾ | ༿ |
| U+0F4x | ཀ | ཁ | ག | གྷ | ང | ཅ | ཆ | ཇ | ཉ | ཊ | ཋ | ཌ | ཌྷ | ཎ | ཏ | |
| U+0F5x | ཐ | ད | དྷ | ན | པ | ཕ | བ | བྷ | མ | ཙ | ཚ | ཛ | ཛྷ | ཝ | ཞ | ཟ |
| U+0F6x | འ | ཡ | ར | ལ | ཤ | ཥ | ས | ཧ | ཨ | ཀྵ | ཪ | ཫ | ཬ | |||
| U+0F7x | ཱ | ི | ཱི | ུ | ཱུ | ྲྀ | ཷ | ླྀ | ཹ | ེ | ཻ | ོ | ཽ | ཾ | ཿ | |
| U+0F8x | ྀ | ཱྀ | ྂ | ྃ | ྄ | ྅ | ྆ | ྇ | ྈ | ྉ | ྊ | ྋ | ྌ | ྍ | ྎ | ྏ |
| U+0F9x | ྐ | ྑ | ྒ | ྒྷ | ྔ | ྕ | ྖ | ྗ | ྙ | ྚ | ྛ | ྜ | ྜྷ | ྞ | ྟ | |
| U+0FAx | ྠ | ྡ | ྡྷ | ྣ | ྤ | ྥ | ྦ | ྦྷ | ྨ | ྩ | ྪ | ྫ | ྫྷ | ྭ | ྮ | ྯ |
| U+0FBx | ྰ | ྱ | ྲ | ླ | ྴ | ྵ | ྶ | ྷ | ྸ | ྐྵ | ྺ | ྻ | ྼ | ྾ | ྿ | |
| U+0FCx | ࿀ | ࿁ | ࿂ | ࿃ | ࿄ | ࿅ | ࿆ | ࿇ | ࿈ | ࿉ | ࿊ | ࿋ | ࿌ | ࿎ | ࿏ | |
| U+0FDx | ࿐ | ࿑ | ࿒ | ࿓ | ࿔ | ࿕ | ࿖ | ࿗ | ࿘ | ࿙ | ࿚ | |||||
| U+0FEx | ||||||||||||||||
| U+0FFx | ||||||||||||||||
Notes
| ||||||||||||||||
See also
- Tibetan calligraphy
- Tibetan Braille
- Dzongkha Braille
- Tibetan typefaces
- Wylie transliteration
- Tibetan pinyin
- Roman Dzongkha
- THDL Simplified Phonetic Transcription
- Tise, input method for Tibetan script
- Limbu script
Notes
References
Citations
Sources
- Asher, R. E. ed. The Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics. Tarrytown, NY: Pergamon Press, 1994. 10 vol.
- Beyer, Stephan V. (1993). The Classical Tibetan Language. Reprinted by Delhi: Sri Satguru.
- Chamberlain, Bradford Lynn. 2008. Script Selection for Tibetan-related Languages in Multiscriptal Environments. International Journal of the Sociology of Language 192:117–132.
- Csoma de Kőrös, Alexander. (1983). A Grammar of the Tibetan Language. Reprinted by Delhi: Sri Satguru.
- Csoma de Kőrös, Alexander (1980–1982). Sanskrit-Tibetan-English Vocabulary. 2 vols. Reprinted by Delhi: Sri Satguru.
- Daniels, Peter T. and William Bright. The World's Writing Systems. New York: Oxford University Press, 1996.
- Das, Sarat Chandra: "The Sacred and Ornamental Characters of Tibet". Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, vol. 57 (1888), pp. 41–48 and 9 plates.
- Das, Sarat Chandra. (1996). An Introduction to the Grammar of the Tibetan Language. Reprinted by Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass.
- Jacques, Guillaume 2012. A new transcription system for Old and Classical Tibetan Template:Webarchive, Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area, 35.3:89-96.
- Jäschke, Heinrich August. (1989). Tibetan Grammar. Corrected by Sunil Gupta. Reprinted by Delhi: Sri Satguru.
External links
- Tibetan Calligraphy Template:Webarchive—Online guide for writing Tibetan script.
- Elements of the Tibetan writing system.
- Unicode area U0F00-U0FFF, Tibetan script (162KB)
- Encoding Model of the Tibetan Script in the UCS
- Digital Tibetan Template:Webarchive—Online resource for the digitalization of Tibetan.
- Tibetan Scripts, Fonts & Related Issues—THDL articles on Unicode font issues; free cross-platform OpenType fonts—Unicode compatible.
- Free Tibetan Fonts Project
- Ancient Scripts: Tibetan
Template:Tibetan language Template:List of writing systems
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Tibet: A Political History, p. 12. 1967. Tsepon W. D. Shakabpa. Yale University Press, New Haven and London.
- ↑ The White Annals, pp. 70–73. Gedun Choephel, translated by Samten Norboo. 1978. Tibetan Library and Archives, Dharamsala, H.P., India.
- ↑ Claude Arpi, Glimpses on the Tibet History, Dharamsala: Tibet Museum, 2016.
- ↑ William Woodville Rockhill, Template:Google books, United States National Museum, page 671
- ↑ Berzin, Alexander. A Survey of Tibetan History - Reading Notes Taken by Alexander Berzin from Tsepon, W. D. Shakabpa, Tibet: A Political History. New Haven, Yale University Press, 1967: http://studybuddhism.com/web/en/archives/e-books/unpublished_manuscripts/survey_tibetan_history/chapter_1.html Template:Webarchive.
- ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
- ↑ a b c d Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ a b c d Daniels, Peter T. and William Bright. The World's Writing Systems. New York: Oxford University Press, 1996,
- ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".; Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".