Amdo Tibetan

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Template:Short description Script error: No such module "Infobox".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".<templatestyles src="Template:Infobox/styles-images.css" />Script error: No such module "Check for conflicting parameters". Amdo Tibetan (Tibetan script: Template:Bo-textonly, Wylie: A-mdo’i skad, Lhasa dialect: Script error: No such module "IPA".; also called Am kä) is the Tibetic language spoken in Amdo (now mostly in Qinghai, some in Ngawa and Gannan). It has two varieties, the farmer dialects and the nomad dialects.[1]

Amdo is one of the three branches of traditional classification of Tibetic languages (the other two being Khams Tibetan and Ü-Tsang).[2] In terms of mutual intelligibility, Amdo speakers cannot communicate even at a basic level with the Ü-Tsang branch (including Lhasa Tibetan).[2]

Amdo Tibetan has 70% lexical similarity with Central Tibetan and Khams Tibetan.[3]

The nomad dialect of Amdo Tibetan is closer to classical written Tibetan as it preserves the word-initial consonant clusters and it is non-tonal, both now elided in the Ü-Tsang branch (including Lhasa Tibetan). Hence, its conservatism in phonology has become a source of pride among Amdo Tibetans.[4][1]

Amdo is one of the Tibetic languages that have undergone a spelling reform to make the written form closer to the spoken language: Guŋthaŋpa Dkonmchog Bstanpa˛i Sgronme (1762–1823) wrote "the Profound Dharma given in the vernacular so as to be well understood by all people of weak intellect" in the early 19th century using the vernacular of the time.[5] Modern Amdo works have continued the use of vernacular-based orthography: the 2007 novel Joys and Sorrows of the Nagtsang Boy, originally "written in kha skad", was translated to literary Tibetan and published in India in 2008.[6]

Dialects

Dialects are:[7]

  • North Kokonor (Kangtsa, Themchen, Arik, etc.)
  • West Kokonor (Dulan, Na'gormo, etc.),
  • Southeast Kokonor (Jainca, Thrika, Hualong, etc.)
  • Labrang (Labrang, Luchu)
  • Golok (Machen, Matö, Gabde)
  • Ngapa (Ngapa, Dzorge, Dzamthang)
  • Kandze

Bradley (1997)[8] includes Thewo and Choni as close to Amdo if not actually Amdo dialects.

Mabzhi is a dialect belonging to the Kokonor group of Amdo Tibetan (Tsering Samdrup and Suzuki 2017).[9][10]

mDungnag, a divergent Tibetan language spoken in Gansu, is not mutually intelligible with any of the Amdo dialects.[11]

Hua (2001)[12] contains word lists of the Xiahe County 夏河, Tongren County 同仁, Xunhua County 循化, Hualong County 化隆, Hongyuan County 红原, and Tianjun County 天峻 dialects of Amdo Tibetan in Gansu and Qinghai provinces.

Phonology

Consonants

Labial Alveolar Retroflex (Alveolo-)
palatal 		Velar Uvular/
Glottal
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Nasal Template:IPAlink Template:IPAlink Template:IPAlink Template:IPAlink
Plosive/
Affricate 		plainScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Template:IPAlink Template:IPAlink Template:IPAlink Template:IPAlink Template:IPAlink Template:IPAlink
aspiratedScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link
voicedScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Template:IPAlink Template:IPAlink Template:IPAlink Template:IPAlink Template:IPAlink Template:IPAlink
Fricative plainScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Template:IPAlink Template:IPAlink Template:IPAlink Template:IPAlink Template:IPAlink Template:IPA link
voicedScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Template:IPAlink Template:IPAlink Template:IPAlink Template:IPAlink Template:IPA link
aspiratedScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Template:IPA link
Semivowel Template:IPAlink Template:IPAlink
Lateral voicelessScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Template:IPAlink
voicedScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Template:IPAlink
  • Retroflex stop sounds Script error: No such module "IPA". may also be pronounced as affricate sounds Script error: No such module "IPA". in free variation.[13]
  • Voiced consonants are often heard as pre-breathy-voiced (i.e. Script error: No such module "IPA". Script error: No such module "IPA".) among different dialects.
  • Script error: No such module "IPA"., typically written phonemically as Script error: No such module "IPA"., can be heard as an alveolar flap Template:IPAblink in word-medial positions.
  • Script error: No such module "IPA". may also be heard as a palatal Template:IPAblink in free variation.
  • Labio-dental fricatives Script error: No such module "IPA". and Script error: No such module "IPA". may also occur in words of foreign origin.

Vowels

Front Central Back
Close Template:IPAlink Template:IPAlink Template:IPAlink
Mid Template:IPAlink Template:IPAlink Template:IPAlink
Open Template:IPAlink
  • Amdo Tibetan typically has a four-vowel system as Script error: No such module "IPA"., as all close vowels Script error: No such module "IPA". have merged to one vowel Script error: No such module "IPA".. However, when there is a consonant sound within the coda position, the pronunciation of Script error: No such module "IPA". is changed, thus realizing one of the three close sounds Script error: No such module "IPA"., depending on the consonant in place.
  • Script error: No such module "IPA". may typically be heard as more fronted before a mid vowel Script error: No such module "IPA"., and may also be realized as an open-mid Script error: No such module "IPA". in some environments.[14]

Media

Inside China
Diaspora
  • Radio Free Asia broadcasts in three Tibetan languages: Standard Tibetan, Khams language and Amdolese language.[16]

See also

References

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  1. ↑ a b Template:Cite thesis
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  5. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  6. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  7. ↑ N. Tournadre (2005) "L'aire linguistique tibétaine et ses divers dialectes." Lalies, 2005, n°25, p. 7–56 [1]
  8. ↑ Bradley (1997) Template:Webarchive
  9. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  10. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  11. ↑ Shao, Mingyuan 邵明园 (2018). Hexi Zoulang binwei Zangyu Dongnahua yanjiu 河西走廊濒危藏语东纳话研究 [Study on the mDungnag dialect, an endangered Tibetan language in Hexi Corridor]. Guangzhou: Zhongshan University Publishing House 中山大学出版社.
  12. ↑ Hua Kan 华侃主编 (ed). 2001. Vocabulary of Amdo Tibetan dialects [藏语安多方言词汇]. Lanzhou: Gansu People's Press [甘肃民族出版社].
  13. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  14. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  15. ↑ 青海藏语广播网 མཚོ་སྔོན་བོད་སྐད་རླུང་འཕྲིན། - 青海藏语广播网 མཚོ་སྔོན་བོད་སྐད་རླུང་འཕྲིན།
  16. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

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Bibliography

External links

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