Muay Thai

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Template:Short description Template:Use dmy dates Template:Stack begin Template:Infobox martial art Template:Infobox sport Template:Stack end

Muay Thai or Muaythai (Template:Langx, Template:RTGS, Script error: No such module "IPA".), sometimes referred to as Thai boxing, the Art of Eight Limbs[1] or the Science of Eight Limbs,[2] is a Thai martial art and full-contact combat sport that uses stand-up striking, sweeps, and various clinching techniques.[3] The name “Art of Eight Limbs” refers to the combined use of fists, elbows, knees and shins.[4] Muay Thai became widespread internationally in the late 20th to 21st century, when Westernised practitioners from Thailand began competing in kickboxing and mixed-rules matches as well as matches under Muay Thai rules around the world. The professional league is governed by the Professional Boxing Association of Thailand, sanctioned by the Sports Authority of Thailand.

Muay Thai is related to other martial art styles of the Indian cultural sphere such as Musti-yuddha,[5][6] Muay Chaiya, Muay Boran, Muay Lao, Lethwei, Kun Khmer, Benjang[7] and Tomoi.[8] A practitioner of Muay Thai is known as a Nak Muay. Western practitioners in Thailand are sometimes called Nak Muay Farang, meaning "foreign boxer".[9]

Etymology

The term Muay Thai is a Thai term[10] that is a compound word made up of two basic words; muay and Thai.

  • The term muay is derived from the Sanskrit root word[11] mavya,[12] which means "to pull together," "to form into a single group or unit," or "unity."[12] It is defined as "to tie"[13] and "sport boxing"[14] in Thai. The alternative form of the Sanskrit word mavya is mavy (mavyati), (Template:Langx) from its root term mav.[15][16] (Template:Langx)
  • The term Thai comes from the word Tai,[11] means "free"[17] and "Tai-Kadai speakers."Template:Refn

The term Muay Thai is successor of the term Ram Mut Ram Muay[18] (Template:Langx) since the reign of King Rama II (1809–1824), and has thus entered into the global vocabulary.[19]

The oldest text of the term Muay ever recorded is found in the palm-leaf manuscripts in Northern Thai language called Mungrai Law 1839 BE, enacted 1296 AD.[20]Template:Rp The pronunciation of the word Muay existed in Thai people since prior Nanzhao period[20]Template:Rp (738–902 AD) said in The History of Muay Thai by The Institute of the Art of Muay Thai, Department of Physical Education National Stadium of Thailand (DPE).

The historical term Tha Nai Lueak (Template:Langx, Script error: No such module "IPA".), meaning "Nak Muay for the King's guard, the name of division to be in charge of Nak Muay."[21] The term was adopted in the Law of the Military and Provincial Hierarchy 1998 BE since 1455, during the reign of King Borommatrailokkanat, and repealed during the reign (1851–1868) of King Mongkut.

Variant names

The term Muay Thai is also written in various languages, including Template:Langx,[22] Template:Langx,[23] Template:Langx,[24][25] Template:Langx,[26] Template:Langx,[27] Template:Langx,[28] and Template:Langx.[29]

History

7th century

File:Hermit-sakkatanta-wat-khao-samo-khon-lopburi-thailand.jpg
Statue of hermit Sukatanata, the Muay Thai martial art's progenitor, located at Khao Samo Khon hermitage, Lopburi province, Thailand, as recorded in the Yonok Chronicle[30]

The earliest origin of Muay Thai dates back to the 657 AD Haripuñjaya period[20]Template:Rp of a hermit named Sukatanata who established his school of liberal and martial arts consisting of Muay Thai, which will be mentioned in order of history compiled officially by The Institute of the Art of Muay Thai, Department of Physical Education National Stadium of Thailand (DPE).

From 738 AD in the Nanzhao period. Muay Thai had been trained from variant movements of dance; Fon jerng[20]Template:Rp or jerng means "tactics" or "finesse",[31] (Template:Langx) included weapons and bare hands, showing the art of men's fighting, which is similar to Lei tai due to the war engagement with China for a long time. It is said to be the earliest stage of Thai people forming, and Muay Thai had been training for generations along the Fon jerng dance. The Fon jerng also became one of the recreational Thai classical dances in Northern Thailand, existing nowadays.[20]Template:Rp

10th century

File:Inside the Ubosot, Wat Ming Mueang ภายในอุโบสถวัดมิ่งเมือง - Lavachakkaraj.jpg
A painting of King Lavachakkaraj inside the ubosot of Wat Ming Mueang, Chiang Rai province, Thailand.

After the Northern Tai people, led by King Lavachakkaraj,[20]Template:Rp who ruled the town of Fang (Template:Langx) (now Uttaradit province, Thailand), founded the Singhanavati Kingdom, known as Yonoknakhon (757–1188), they continued to expand their territory by seizing and establishing kingdoms, such as the Lan Na Kingdom, Phayao Kingdom, Haripuñjaya, and Lampang.

From 947 AD onward, they conquered various ethnic groups, including the Khom ethnic groups, aboriginal Siamese (known as Siam-asli, Saimi-mandala,[32] Siamese Lavo, Xiān, or Siam at that time), and Mon-Khmer in the upper part of the Chao Phraya River basin, using their martial arts skills (Muay). The Tai people then moved down northwest and successfully established the Sukhothai Kingdom[20]Template:Rp (1238–1438) under the rule of King Si Inthrathit, who was a descendant of King Phrom, a descendant of the Singhanavati Dynasty (King Lavachakkaraj). This is mentioned in the folklore, the Legend of Singhanavati.

The Mungrai Customary Law 1296 CE (Mungraiyashastra), one of the oldest palm-leaf manuscripts written in the Northern Thai language during the reign of King Mangrai, who established the town of Chiang Mai (1292–1311),[20]Template:Rp also mentioned the Tai martial arts (Muay) in section 7, under the article of 18 types of quarrels,[33] for the first time in the Lan Na Kingdom. In the folklore, the Legend of the Phayao Kingdom (1094–1338), the version by Wat Sriboonrueng mentioned the Tai martial arts (Muay) known as jerng tiw khui[34] during the reign of King Chueang Maharat (1115–1162).

13th century

During the Pre-Ayutthaya era (Ayodhya period) before 1351, the Royal Chronicle of the North documented King Uthong'sTemplate:Refn importation of Muay boxers from the city of Sri Phalo (now Chonburi province, Thailand) to the city-state of Ayodhya. This occurred during his reign from 1253 to 1289,[35] and a Muay boxing match between a Siamese boxer and a Chinese boxer also took place during the late reign of King Suwanracha, who ruled Ayodhya from 1301 to 1310.[35] Furthermore, the Siam-Thai of Ayutthaya (known as Gywan and Siam-Asli) launched an attack on the Thaton kingdom in 1056 CE. They expanded their territory southward and used their martial arts skills (Muay) to penetrate deep into the Malay Peninsula before 1160 CE. These events are recorded in various historical sources, including the Burmese chronicle, Hmannan Yazawin, the Malay annals (Sulalatus Salatin), and the History of the Malay Kingdom of Patani (Sejarah Kerajaan Melayu Patani).[36]

During the Sukhothai Kingdom from 1238 to 1268, Muay Thai was highly regarded as an art form and was even included in the curriculum for members of the royal family. It was seen as a way to train brave warriors with exceptional physical fitness, as well as prepare them for leadership and warfare against neighboring kingdoms.[20]Template:Rp King Si Inthrathit sent his second son, aged 13, Prince Ram Khamhaeng, to study Dharma, liberal arts, and martial arts (Muay) at the Samo Khon School in Lawapura town (now Lopburi province, Thailand), Lavo Kingdom. It was here that Prince Ram Khamhaeng formed a close bond with Prince Ngam Mueang, who would later become the King of Phayao Kingdom in 1258,[20]Template:Rp as mentioned in the Yonok Chronicles:

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The Samo Khon school was founded in 657 AD during the Haripuñjaya period[20]Template:Rp by a hermit named Sukatanata (Template:Langx). He taught a variety of subjects, collectively known as Maiya Shastra (ಮೈಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ), which included martial arts (Muay), sword fighting, archery, and elephant and horse control. One of the most notable alumni of the school was King Mangrai. The Hermitage of Sukatanata still exists today and can be accessed at Wat Khao Samo Khon in Lopburi province, Thailand.[20]Template:Rp

King Ram Khamhaeng also composed a war strategy manual during his reign that also mentioned Muay Thai.[20]Template:Rp Later, King Maha Thammaracha I was trained in essential subjects as well as practical skills, including martial arts (Muay) for self-defense with bare hands and the use of weapons. Muay Thai was also taught at temples, which served as learning centers for the Tai peoples, following the guidelines of King Ram Khamhaeng's war strategy manual.[20]Template:Rp

15th century

In 1431 AD,[37] King Borommarachathirat II, the King of Ayutthaya Kingdom, led Siamese forces and included groups of Siamese boxers to assault the Khmers plundering Angkor Thom, also known as the Fall of Angkor in 1431. King Borommarachathirat II built an inscription of Khun Sri Chaiya Raj Mongkol Thep for the victory monument and Siamese warriors' commemoration, which inscribed a list of Siamese warriors and assault record in the inscription after the Angkor had already been captured, as well as written in A Lost Chronicle of Ayutthaya by Michael Vickery, stanzas 9–11.[38]

The inscription of Khun Sri Chaiya Raj Mongkol Thep (N.M. 78, Face 2) 1431 AD reads:

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From 1455 AD in the Ayutthaya period, Muay Thai was officially integrated with Siamese royal courts of Ayutthaya[39] called The King's Guard Department (Template:Langx)[40] since the reign of King Borommatrailokkanat enacted the Law of the Military and Provincial Hierarchy 1998 BE (1455 AD),[41] which consisted of two director generals with noble titles, Khun Phakdeeasa (Template:Langx) and Khun Yothaphakdee (Template:Langx) in the hierarchy. There were countless skilled Siamese boxers in The King's Unarmed Guard Division (Template:Langx),[42] a sub-division of The King's Guard Department, picked from competition by the king to be his private guards and patrol the royal palace as major missions.[43] The boxing competitions occur in peace situations as well as to safeguard the king at war.

There was also the law mentioned of Muay in the reign of King Ekathotsarot (1590–1605), called Miscellaneous Laws (Phra Aiyakan Betset),[20]Template:Rp which states:

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The well-known Siamese boxers during the Ayutthaya period include King Naresuan, King Suriyenthrathibodi, and Nai Khanom Tom.

16th century

According to history, Muay Thai had been developed by the Siamese army as a form of self-defense and to date back at least to the 13th century, according to King Ram Khamhaeng's war strategics manual. In Ayutthaya Kingdom, the war strategics manual was recomposed in 1518[44] by King Ramathibodi II called Tamra Phichaisongkram (Template:Langx).

File:Wat Suwan Dararam wihan - inside - 2017-02-13 (076).jpg
The mural paintings of the martial play of Naresuan, the crown prince of Ayutthaya, with Mingyi Swa, the crown prince of Taungoo, in 1565 CE

King Naresuan practiced martial arts and rearranged his soldiers for 15 years at peacetime.[45] He had learned warrior fighting techniques from Burmese royal courts after he was raised on his age 9 by King Bayinnaung for 6 years in Burma after the invasion by Bayinnaung's army to Ayutthaya Kingdom in the Burmese–Siamese War (1563–1564).[45] King Naresuan also improved the war strategics manual version of King Ramathibodi II to the version of King Naresuan after he was backed to Ayutthaya Kingdom[45] to be capable of self-defense in war engagements during his reign.

In 1687, Simon de la Loubère, a French diplomat to Siam of King Louis XIV, handwrote that Muay Thai was one of the occupations of Siamese people in his famous book, Du Royaume de Siam, during the reign of King Narai, which reads:

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(Translation): Hot weather weakened the Siamese people to be tired. Wrestling and fighting with fists or elbows (Muay Thai) were just their occupations. Thence, paddling courses were only their exercises.

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In 1698, according to the second French mission to Siam by King Louis XIV, who after appointed Guy Tachard to be in charge of the French ambassador to Siam. Muay Thai was being trained to prepare for an engagement with a French expeditionary force after the Dutch captain informed the Siamese Royal Court of the news about French battleships to siege Puducherry and Myeik seaports of the Kingdom of Ayutthaya in the reign of King Phetracha after the Siamese revolution of 1688.[47]

Monsieur Braud's letter to Directors of the International Affairs Kingdom of Ayutthaya (June 9, 1699) reads:

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18th century

In the 1702 reign of King Suriyenthrathibodi. The king questioned his vassals about the Siamese people festival held outside the boundary of Ayutthaya Royal Palace. The government official responded to the king that the temple fair will be held at Khwaeng Wiset Chai Chan[48]Template:Rp (now Ang Thong province, Thailand). Tomorrow, there are Buddhist monastery celebrations, grand competitions, and amusements. King Suriyenthrathibodi then responded back that he had not punched Muay boxing for a long time since enthroned, and he decided to join Muay boxing competitions tomorrow.[48]Template:Rp

On the next festival day, King Suriyenthrathibodi disguised himself as the general public with a few royal police and went to the festival by boat to join the Muay boxing competitions, and he won both the first and second matches during the competition, as the Royal Chronicle of the Kingdom of Ayutthaya reads:

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The Royal Chronicle of the Kingdom of Rattanakosin: First Reign, documents the arrival of two French boxing brothers in Bangkok in 1788.[49] They had come to compete in a boxing match for a monetary prize. Seeking to compete with a Siamese boxer, they enlisted the help of an interpreter to convey their request to a Siamese nobleman, Chaophraya Phra Khlang (Hon). This nobleman then brought the matter to the attention of King Rama I. The King, in turn, consulted with his younger brother, Prince Maha Sura Singhanat of the Front Palace, and made a plea:[50][51]

Since the foreigners have made a challenge, it would be considered an insult if we did not come up with Thai boxers to compete against them. It would be said that no Thais in all the capital could fight. Our reputation would suffer. The dishonor would spread abroad. I beg you to find a Thai boxer skillful enough to inflict a resounding defeat.[51][52]

File:Chintawannakhadi (p 531).jpg
A painting by Hem Vejakorn depicts a Frenchman challenging a Siamese man, Muean Phlan, to a boxing match in 1788

King Rama I accepted his brother's advice and asked a nobleman to inform the Frenchmen that a match would be arranged with a purse of fifty Chang (equivalent to 4,000 baht at the time).[53] Prince Maha Sura Singhanat personally supervised the construction of a suitable arena and prepared the Siamese boxer.[50][51]

On the day of the boxing competition, King Rama I, his younger brother, and many members of the Siamese royal court were present as spectators near the western theater of Wat Phra Kaew. Prince Maha Sura Singhanat arranged for a Siamese boxer from the Front Palace King's Guard Department named Muean Phlan[51] to compete against the younger of the French brothers. During the match, Muean Phlan constantly evaded his opponent, making it difficult for the younger French brother to get a hold of him. As the elder French brother rushed to assist his younger sibling, Prince Maha Sura Singhanat also joined the fight and knocked the elder brother down. All the umpires rushed to help the Siamese boxer, and the Frenchmen were treated harshly. After Rama I had the two French brothers receive physical therapy, they soon departed.[50][51]

Folklore of Nai Khanom Tom

According to the popular folklore story, in 1767, after the second fall of Ayutthaya Kingdom from the Burmese–Siamese War (1765–1767), the invading Burmese troops rounded up thousands of Siamese citizens and brought to Burma. They then organized a seven-day, seven-night religious festival in honor of Buddha's relics. The festivities included many forms of entertainment, such as costume plays, comedies, and sword-fighting matches. King Hsinbyushin wanted to see how Thai fighters would compare to his fighters. Nai Khanom Tom was selected to fight against the King's chosen champion, and the boxing ring was set up in front of the throne. When the fight began, Nai Khanom Tom charged out, using punches, kicks, elbows, and knees to pummel his opponent until he collapsed.The King supposedly asked if Nai Khanom Tom would fight nine other Burmese champions to prove himself. He agreed and fought one after the other with no rest periods. His last opponent was a great kickboxing teacher from Rakhine State whom Nai Khanom Tom defeated with kicks.[48]Template:Rp[54]

It had been said that King Hsinbyushin was allegedly so impressed that he remarked in The Royal Chronicle of the Kingdom of Ayutthaya:[48]Template:Rp

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While King Hsinbyushin of Burma was residing at Yangon to raise an umbrella crown of the Shwedagon Pagoda for celebration, a Burmese nobleman informed him of a Siamese-skilled muay thai man. The King then stated a royal order to arrange for a Siamese man named Nai Khanom Tom, a famous fighter from Ayutthaya, to confront a Burmese boxer in front of the throne. The first round, the latter collapsed by Nai Khanom Tom, and the other round he confronted nine and ten other Burmese boxers. King Hsinbyushin was applauding him and said that Siamese was in a dangerous situation, but he could confront opponents up to nine and ten while unarmed. Because of King of Ayutthaya's negligent behavior that caused the aftermath of Ayutthaya Kingdom, the kingdom could stay if he's good. King Hsinbyushin then royally rewarded Nai Khanom Tom as should.[55][48]Template:RpTemplate:Refn

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This historiography was largely extrapolated from brief mentions in written records, including four episodes in the royal chronicles of the 18th century: one where King Sanphet VIII fought an incognito match at a temple fair, Khwaeng Mueang Wiset Chai Chan in 1702;[48]Template:Rp one where Nai Khanom Tom,[48]Template:Rp as a war captive following the fall of Ayutthaya, fought in front of the Burmese king and defeated ten Burmese fighters; one of the military commander Phraya Phichai Dap Hak, who in his youth was a Muay Thai fighter; and one of Muen Phlan, who was chosen by King Rama I to fight against two French challengers in 1788.[57][50]

To commemorate the story of Nai Khanom Tom, the Muay Thai Festival and Wai Khru Muay Thai Ceremony are staged annually every year on March 17 as "Muay Thai Day" in Thailand.[58][59][60]

File:งานรำลึกนายขนมต้ม 2560.jpg
Every year on March 17, Thailand celebrates Nai Khanom Tom day.

The popular folklore story of Nai Khanom Tom is widely celebrated in Thailand and around the world and the character is referred as the "father of Muay Thai." Several scholars have critically examined the legend of Nai Khanom Tom, suggesting it is mythological rather than historical.[57] Scholars suggest that the story of Nai Khanom Tom probably emerged in the 20th century, coinciding with efforts by Thai cultural institutions to construct a cohesive national identity. During the post-World War II era, figures like Luang Wichitwathakan played pivotal roles in promoting Thai nationalism, often through the creation and dissemination of cultural myths. The legend of Nai Khanom Tom serves as a case study in the invention of tradition, where folklore is utilized to foster national unity and cultural continuity.[61][62]

In his book Muay Thai: Inventing Tradition for a National Symbol, Peter Vail argues that the story has been used to construct Thai national identity and serves more as a cultural symbol than a verifiable historical account.[63] Similarly, historian Craig J. Reynolds, in his 1991 book National Identity and Its Defenders: Thailand, 1939–1989, discusses how Thai historical narratives were shaped in the post-World War II era to promote national unity, including the elevation of figures like Nai Khanom Tom without historical documentation.[61] Scholars emphasize the lack of contemporary sources and suggest the legend likely emerged or was amplified during Thailand’s modern nation-building period.

19th century

File:Muay Thai match in Siam 1865 John Thomson.jpg
Muay Thai match in Siam 1865 by John Thomson

The ascension of King Chulalongkorn (Rama V) to the throne in 1868 ushered in a golden age not only for Muay but for the whole country of Thailand. Muay progressed greatly during the reign of Rama V as a direct result of the king's personal interest in the sport. The country was at peace and Muay functioned as a means of physical exercise, self-defense, attacking, recreation and personal advancement.[64]

To increase interest in Muay Thai, King Chulalongkorn implemented nationwide tournaments and established a Royal Boxing Center, known as Muay Luang or Royal Boxers, similar to the Muay Fighters Regiment during the Ayutthaya Period, to administer the training of both Muay Thai and Krabi–krabong. He also bestowed the title of Muen, a Thai nobility rank, to the victor of each match. In 1887, the Department of Education (now the Department of Physical Education, Ministry of Tourism and Sports (Thailand)) was established by King Chulalongkorn, with Muay Thai being included as a subject in the national curriculum for both physical education teacher training schools and the Chulachomklao Royal Military Academy (CRMA).[65]

20th century

File:Muay Thai at Sanphet Maha Prasat Throne Hall in Ayutthaya 1907.jpg
Muen Muay Mee Chue (Plong Jamnongthong) of Chaiya performed Muay Boran in front of the Sanphet Maha Prasat Throne Hall in 1907 during the reign of King Chulalongkorn.
File:USMC-110215-M-2739S-005.jpg
Local school children in Thailand demonstrate Muay Thai.

Modern Muay Thai arose from the local form of bare-hand fighting historically known simply as muay, and became recognized as a distinct martial art form in the early 20th century, when the term Muay Thai ('Siamese boxing' in English) was introduced in physical education curricular documents to distinguish it from international boxing (muay sakon in Thai).[66]

The officially recognized history of Muay Thai was largely codified in the late 20th century, when the sport gained widespread popularity and became recognized as a national sport and cultural heritage. The term Muay Boran was coined to describe the pre-modern historical martial art form of Muay Thai, and they came to symbolize a warrior spirit seen as a core component of Thainess.[66]

In 1910, the King requested muay fighters from outlying provinces to fight matches at the funeral of his son Prince Urubongse Rajasombhoj, and granted the noble rank of Muen to the three best fighters, who were from Lopburi, Khorat and Chaiya. These would later become codified as regional styles of Muay Boran.[66]

1913: British boxing was introduced into the curriculum of the Suan Kulap College. The first descriptive use of the term "Muay Thai".

From 1914 to 1918 during World War I, Thailand sent troops to fight with its allies in France. They taught people there Muay Thai, and later Thai boxing spread to others and became known internationally, so the word of Muay Thai had reached Europe by this time.[67] A French magazine, Le Sport Orient, published in Mainz, observed:

Thai boxing is astounding but hard to get to see. The boxers are agile, strong, and tough. This sport is not just a thrilling, strange, and extraordinary form of entertainment. Once again, it makes the French feel that Siam is one of the truly remarkable nations of Asia.[68][69]

1919: British boxing and Muay Thai were taught as one sport in the curriculum of the Suan Kulap College. Judo was also offered.

1921: First permanent ring in Siam at Suan Kulap College. Used for both muay and British boxing.

1923: Suan Sanuk Stadium. First international style three-rope ring with red and blue padded corners, near Lumpinee Park. Muay and British boxing.[70]

King Rama VII (r. 1925–1935) pushed for codified rules for Muay and they were put into place. Thailand's first boxing ring was built in 1921 at Suan Kulap. Referees were introduced and rounds were now timed by kick. Fighters at the Lumpinee Boxing Stadium began wearing modern gloves, as well as hard groin protectors, during training and in boxing matches against foreigners. Traditional rope-binding (Khat Chueak) made the hands a hardened, dangerous striking tool. The use of knots in the rope over the knuckles made the strikes more abrasive and damaging for the opponent while protecting the hands of the fighter.[71] This rope-binding was still used in fights between Thais but after a death in the ring, it was decided that fighters should wear gloves and cotton coverlets over the feet and ankles. It was also around this time that the term "Muay Thai" became commonly used, while the older form of the style came to be known as "Muay Boran", which is now performed primarily as an exhibition art form.

On October 29, 1970. King Bhumibol Adulyadej gave his speech to the Muay Thai Fund Raising Organizing Committee in support of Thai boxers on behalf of the Anandamahidol Foundation states:

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File:Bangkok Lumpinee Boxing Stadium 2.jpg
A Muay Boran demonstration, Lumpinee Boxing Stadium, Bangkok

Muay Thai was at the height of its popularity in the 1980s and 1990s. Top fighters commanded purses of up to 200,000 Baht and the stadia where gambling was legal drew big gates and big advertising revenues. In 2016, a payout to a superstar fighter was about 100,000 Baht per fight,[72] but can range as high as 540,000 Baht for a bout.[73]

In 1993, the International Federation of Muay Thai Amateur, or IFMA was inaugurated. It became the governing body of amateur Muay Thai consisting of 128 member countries worldwide and is recognised by the Olympic Council of Asia.

In 1995, the World Muaythai Council, the oldest and largest professional sanctioning organisations of muay Thai, was established by the Thai government and sanctioned by the Sports Authority of Thailand.

In 1995, the World Muay Thai Federation was founded by the merger of two existing organisations, and established in Bangkok, becoming the federation governing international Muay Thai. In August 2012, it had over 70 member countries. Its president is elected at the World Muay Thai Congress.

21st century

In 2006, Muay Thai was included in SportAccord with IFMA. One of the requirements of SportAccord was that no sport can have a name of a country in its name. As a result, an amendment was made in the IFMA constitution to change the name of the sport from "Muay Thai" to "Muaythai" – written as one word in accordance with Olympic requirements.

File:THAI FIGHT 2.jpg
Thai Fight in 2012

In 2014, Muay Thai was included in the International World Games Association (IWGA) and was represented in the official programme of The World Games 2017 in Wrocław, Poland.

In January 2015, Muay Thai was granted the patronage of the International University Sports Federation (FISU) and, from 16 to 23 March 2015, the first University World Muaythai Cup was held in Bangkok.

In 2020, there are more than 3,800 Thai boxing gyms overseas.[74]

Rules

According to IFMA rules, Muay Thai is a full contact martial art that uses the fists, elbows, knees and feet to strike an opponent. For a strike to count as a point score, it has to connect without being blocked by your opponent. Strikes do not score if they connect with your opponent's glove, forearm, shin or foot. Strikes to the groin were allowed in Muay Thai boxing until the late 1980s, and are still permitted in Thailand itself, and in club or competition events that abide to the traditional rules. While competitors do wear groin protection, such as cups, the rules for club level sparring and competition events may vary regarding the protective gear that may or may not be worn. Mixed-sex fights are not practiced at international level, but do occur in club and inter-club sparring and competition events. If the fight goes the distance and both fighters finish with the same score, then the winner is determined by which fighter landed the most full contact blows.[75]

Olympics

Timeline of International Federation of Muaythai Associations (IFMA) from founding to International Olympic Committee (IOC) recognition:[76]

  • 1992: National Federation of Muaythai Associations founded.
  • 1995: International Amateur Muay Thai Federation (IAMTF) founded.
  • 2012: Official request for International Olympic Committee (IOC) recognition launched.
  • 2016: First endorsement received.
  • 2017: Muaythai is included in the World Games.
  • 2021: On June 10, the IOC Board of Directors agreed on the full endorsement of IFMA at the 138th IOC General Assembly in Tokyo.
  • 2021: On July 20, the IOC General Assembly granted full recognition to the International Federation of Muaythai Associations (IFMA) and Muaythai.
  • 2023: On January 11, USA MuayThai has been officially approved by The United States Olympic and Paralympic Committee (USOPC) and was recognized by the organization's committee as the newest member with a chance to build on the 2028 Olympic in the United States.
  • 2023: The European Olympic Committees (EOC) had officially announced the inclusion of Muay Thai, or Thai-style boxing, at the 2023 European Games to be held in Krakow, Poland.
  • 2024: The International Federation of Muay Thai Associations (IFMA) granted Muay Thai to feature as a demonstration sport to be held in the Olympic Games Paris 2024.[77]

Traditional wear

File:Wat Thai Village DC 2013 (9343057612).jpg
Fighters wearing mongkhon and pra jiad

The mongkhon, or mongkol (headband), and pra jiad (armbands) are often worn into the ring before the match begins. They originated when Siam was in a constant state of war. Young men would tear off pieces of a loved one's clothing (often a mother's sarong) and wear it in battle for good luck as well as to ward off harmful spirits. In modern times, the mongkol (lit. "holy spirit", "luck", "protection") is worn as a tribute to the fighter's gym. The mongkol is traditionally presented by a trainer to the fighter when he judges that the fighter is ready to represent the gym in the ring. Often, after the fighter has finished the wai kru, the trainer will take the mongkol off his head and place it in his corner of the ring for luck. They were also used for protection. Whether the fighter is a Buddhist or not, it is common for them to bring the mongkol to a Buddhist monk who blesses it for good luck prior to stepping into the ring.

Techniques

Formal Muay Thai techniques are divided into two groups: mae mai (แม่ไม้), or "major techniques", and luk mai (ลูกไม้), or "minor techniques". Muay Thai is often a fighting art of attrition, where opponents exchange blows with one another.[78] This is certainly the case with traditional stylists in Thailand, but is a less popular form of fighting in the contemporary world fighting circuit where the Thai style of exchanging blow for blow is no longer favorable. Almost all techniques in Muay Thai use the entire body movement, rotating the hip with each kick, punch, elbow and block.

Punching (Muay Mat)

File:Muay Thai match in Bangkok, Thailand.jpg
Muay Thai match, Bangkok
English Thai Romanization IPA
Jab หมัดหน้า/หมัดแย็บ Mat na/Mat yaep Script error: No such module "IPA".
Cross/straight หมัดตรง Mat trong Script error: No such module "IPA".
Hook/swing หมัดเหวี่ยงสั้น Mat tawad/mat wiang san Script error: No such module "IPA".
Overhand/haymaker หมัดเหวี่ยงยาว Mat khork/mat wiang yao Script error: No such module "IPA".
Backfist/spinning backfist หมัดเหวี่ยงกลับ Mat wiang klap/Mat clap lang/Kwang jag narai Script error: No such module "IPA".
Uppercut หมัดเสย/หมัดสอยดาว Mat soei/Mat ngat Script error: No such module "IPA"., Script error: No such module "IPA".
Superman punch/cobra punch กระโดดชก Kradot chok Script error: No such module "IPA".

The punch techniques in Muay Thai were originally quite limited, being crosses and a long (or lazy) circular strike made with a straight (but not locked) arm and landing with the heel of the palm. Cross-fertilisation with Western boxing and Western martial arts mean the full range of western boxing punches are now used: lead jab, straight/cross, hook, uppercut, shovel and corkscrew punches and overhands, as well as hammer fists and back fists.

As a tactic, body punching is used less in Muay Thai than most other striking combat sports to avoid exposing the attacker's head to counter strikes from knees or elbows. To utilize the range of targeting points, in keeping with the centre line theory, the fighter can use either the Western or Thai stance which allows for either long range or short range attacks to be undertaken effectively without compromising guard.

Elbow (sok)

File:Muay.Thai.Training 2.jpg
Elbow (sok) training

The elbow can be used in several ways as a striking weapon: horizontal, diagonal-upwards, diagonal-downwards, uppercut, downward, backward-spinning, and flying. From the side, it can be used as either a finishing move or as a way to cut the opponent's eyebrow so that blood might block his vision. The diagonal elbows are faster than the other forms but are less powerful. The elbow strike is considered the most dangerous form of attack in the sport.

English Thai Romanization IPA
Elbow slash ศอกตี (ศอกสับ) Sok ti Script error: No such module "IPA".
Horizontal elbow ศอกตัด Sok tat Script error: No such module "IPA".
Uppercut elbow ศอกงัด Sok ngat Script error: No such module "IPA".
Forward elbow thrust ศอกพุ่ง Sok phung Script error: No such module "IPA".
Reverse horizontal elbow ศอกเหวี่ยงกลับ (ศอกกระทุ้ง) Sok wiang klap Script error: No such module "IPA".
Spinning elbow ศอกกลับ Sok klap Script error: No such module "IPA".
Double elbow chop ศอกกลับคู่ Sok klap khu Script error: No such module "IPA".
Mid-air elbow strike/jump elbow chop กระโดดศอก Kradot sok Script error: No such module "IPA".
File:ThaÏ Boxing.jpg
Horizontal elbow (sok tat)

There is a distinct difference between a single elbow and a follow-up elbow. The single elbow is a move independent from any other, whereas a follow-up elbow is the second strike from the same arm, being a hook or straight punch first with an elbow follow-up. Such elbows, and most other elbow strikes, are used when the distance between fighters becomes too small and there is too little space to throw a hook at the opponent's head.

Elbows can be used to great effect as blocks or defences against, for example, spring knees, side body knees, body kicks or punches. When well connected, an elbow strike can cause serious damage to the opponent, including cuts or even a knockout.

Kicking (te)

English Thai Romanization IPA
Straight kick เตะตรง Te trong Script error: No such module "IPA".
Roundhouse kick เตะตัด Te tat Script error: No such module "IPA".
Diagonal kick เตะเฉียง Te chiang Script error: No such module "IPA".
Half-shin, half-knee kick เตะครึ่งแข้งครึ่งเข่า Te khrueng khaeng khrueng khao Script error: No such module "IPA".
Reverse roundhouse kick เตะกลับหลัง Te klap lang/Jorakhe faad hang Script error: No such module "IPA".
Down roundhouse kick เตะกด Te kot Script error: No such module "IPA".
Axe heel kick เตะเข่า Te khao Script error: No such module "IPA".
Jump kick กระโดดเตะ Kradot te Script error: No such module "IPA".
Step-up kick เขยิบเตะ Khayoep te/yiep te Script error: No such module "IPA".
File:Women muay thai.jpg
Kicking (te)

The two most common kicks[79] in Muay Thai are known as the thip (literally "foot jab") and the te chiang (kicking upwards in the shape of a triangle cutting under the arm and ribs), or roundhouse kick. The Thai roundhouse kick uses a rotational movement of the entire body and has been widely adopted by practitioners of other combat sports. It is done from a circular stance with the back leg just a little ways back (roughly shoulder width apart) in comparison to instinctive upper body fighting (boxing) where the legs must create a wider base. The roundhouse kick draws its power almost entirely from the rotational movement of the hips, counter-rotation of the shoulders and arms are also often used to add torque to the lower body and increase the power of the kick as well.[80]

If a roundhouse kick is attempted by the opponent, the Thai boxer will normally check the kick, that is, he will block the kick with the outside of his lower leg. Thai boxers are trained to always connect with the shin. The foot contains many fine bones and is much weaker. A fighter may end up hurting himself if he tries to strike with his foot or instep. Shins are trained by repeatedly striking firm objects, such as pads or heavy bags.

Knee (ti khao)

Source:[81]

English Thai Romanization IPA
Straight knee strike เข่าตรง Khao trong Script error: No such module "IPA".
Diagonal knee strike เข่าเฉียง Khao chiang Script error: No such module "IPA".
Curving knee strike เข่าโค้ง Khao khong Script error: No such module "IPA".
Horizontal knee strike เข่าตัด Khao tat Script error: No such module "IPA".
Knee slap เข่าตบ Khao ti/khao top Script error: No such module "IPA".
Knee bomb เข่ายาว Khao yao Script error: No such module "IPA".
Flying knee เข่าลอย Khao loi Script error: No such module "IPA".
Step-up knee strike เข่าเหยียบ Khao yiap Script error: No such module "IPA".
  • Khao dot Script error: No such module "IPA". (Jumping knee strike) – the boxer jumps up on one leg and strikes with that leg's knee.
  • Khao loi (flying knee strike) – the boxer takes a step(s), jumps forward and off one leg and strikes with that leg's knee.
  • Khao thon Script error: No such module "IPA". (Straight knee strike) – the boxer simply thrusts it forward but not upwards, unless he is holding an opponent's head down in a clinch and intend to knee upwards into the face. According to one written source, this technique is somewhat more recent than khao dot or khao loi.Script error: No such module "Unsubst". Supposedly, when the Thai boxers fought with rope-bound hands rather than the modern boxing gloves, this particular technique was subject to potentially vicious cutting, slicing and sawing by an alert opponent who would block it or deflect it with the sharp "rope-glove" edges which are sometimes dipped in water to make the rope much stronger. This explanation also holds true for some of the following knee strikes below as well.

Foot-thrust (teep)

File:Womens Muay Thai teep.jpg
One fighter executes a Muay Thai foot-thrust (thip) kick against her opponent in a women's amateur muay Thai match.

The foot-thrust, or literally, "foot jab", is one of the techniques in Muay Thai. It is mainly used as a defensive technique to control distance or block attacks. Foot-thrusts should be thrown quickly but with enough force to knock an opponent off balance.

English Thai Romanization IPA
Straight foot-thrust ถีบตรง Thip trong Script error: No such module "IPA".
Sideways foot-thrust ถีบข้าง Thip khang Script error: No such module "IPA".
Reverse foot-thrust ถีบกลับหลัง Thip klap lang Script error: No such module "IPA".
Slapping foot-thrust ถีบตบ Thip top Script error: No such module "IPA".
Jumping foot-thrust กระโดดถีบ Kradot thip Script error: No such module "IPA".

Clinch and neck wrestling (chap kho)

File:Manachai yokkao.jpg
Ram Muay, rituals before the match

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". In Western boxing, the two fighters are separated when they clinch; in muay Thai, however, they are not. It is often in the clinch that knee and elbow techniques are used. To strike and bind the opponent for both offensive and defensive purposes, small amounts of stand-up grappling are used in the clinch. The front clinch should be performed with the palm of one hand on the back of the other. There are three reasons why the fingers must not be intertwined. 1) In the ring fighters are wearing boxing gloves and cannot intertwine their fingers. 2) The Thai front clinch involves pressing the head of the opponent downwards, which is easier if the hands are locked behind the back of the head instead of behind the neck. Furthermore, the arms should be putting as much pressure on the neck as possible. 3) A fighter may incur an injury to one or more fingers if they are intertwined, and it becomes more difficult to release the grip in order to quickly elbow the opponent's head.

A correct clinch also involves the fighter's forearms pressing against the opponent's collar bone while the hands are around the opponent's head rather than the opponent's neck. The general way to get out of a clinch is to push the opponent's head backward or elbow them, as the clinch requires both participants to be very close to one another. Additionally, the non-dominant clincher can try to "swim" their arm underneath and inside the opponent's clinch, establishing the previously non-dominant clincher as the dominant clincher.

Muay Thai has several other variants of the clinch or chap kho Script error: No such module "IPA"., including:

  • Arm clinch: One or both hands controls the inside of the defender's arm(s) and where the second hand if free is in the front clinch position. This clinch is used to briefly control the opponent before applying a knee strike or throw.
  • Side clinch: One arm passes around the front of the defender with the attacker's shoulder pressed into the defender's arm pit and the other arm passing round the back which allows the attacker to apply knee strikes to the defender's back or to throw the defender readily.
  • Low clinch: Both controlling arms pass under the defender's arms, which is generally used by the shorter of two opponents.
  • Swan-neck: One hand around the rear of the neck is used to briefly clinch an opponent before a strike.

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Defence against attacks

File:Muay Thai boxer.jpg
Praying before the match

Defences in muay Thai are categorised in six groups:

  • Blocking – defender's hard blocks to stop a strike in its path so preventing it reaching its target (e.g., the shin block described in more detail below)
  • Parry/block – Parrying or blocking uses the kickboxer's hands as defensive tools to deflect incoming attacks. As the opponent's punch arrives, the boxer delivers a sharp, lateral, open-handed blow to the opponent's wrist or forearm, redirecting the punch.
  • Avoidance – moving a body part out of the way or range of a strike so the defender remains in range for a counter-strike. For example, the defender moves their front leg backward to avoid the attacker's low kick, then immediately counters with a roundhouse kick. Or the defender might lay their head back from the attacker's high roundhouse kick then counter-attack with a side kick.
  • Evasion – moving the body out of the way or range of a strike so the defender has to move close again to counter-attack, e.g. defender jumping laterally or back from attacker's kicks
  • Disruption – Pre-empting an attack e.g. with defender using disruptive techniques like jab, foot-thrust or low roundhouse kick, generally called a "leg kick" (to the outside or inside of the attacker's front leg, just above the knee) as the attacker attempts to close distance
  • Anticipation – Defender catching a strike (e.g., catching a roundhouse kick to the body) or countering it before it lands (e.g., defender's low kick to the supporting leg below as the attacker initiates a high roundhouse kick).

Defences in practice

Defensively, the concept of "wall of defence" is used, in which shoulders, arms and legs are used to hinder the attacker from successfully executing techniques. Blocking is a critical element in muay Thai and compounds the level of conditioning a successful practitioner must possess. Low and mid body roundhouse kicks are normally blocked with the upper portion of a raised shin (this block is known as a "check"). High body strikes are blocked ideally with the forearms and shoulder together, or if enough time is allowed for a parry, the glove (elusively), elbow, or shin will be used. Midsection roundhouse kicks can also be caught/trapped, allowing for a sweep or counter-attack to the remaining leg of the opponent. Punches are blocked with an ordinary boxing guard and techniques similar, if not identical, to basic boxing technique. A common means of blocking a punch is using the hand on the same side as the oncoming punch. For example, if an orthodox fighter throws a jab (being the left hand), the defender will make a slight tap to redirect the punch's angle with the right hand. The deflection is always as small and precise as possible to avoid unnecessary energy expenditure and return the hand to the guard as quickly as possible. Hooks are often blocked with a motion sometimes described as "combing the hair", that is, raising the elbow forward and effectively shielding the head with the forearm, flexed biceps and shoulder. More advanced muay Thai blocks are usually in the form of counter-strikes, using the opponent's weight (as they strike) to amplify the damage that the countering opponent can deliver. This requires impeccable timing and thus can generally only be learned by many repetitions.

Child boxers

File:Children Muay Thai.jpg
In Thailand, children often start practicing Muay Thai and perform in the ring from the age of 5.

In 2016, 9,998 children under the age of 15 were registered with Board of Boxing under the Sport Authority of Thailand, according to the Child Safety Promotion and Injury Prevention Research Centre (CSIP).[82] Some estimates put the number of child boxers nationwide at between 200,000 and 300,000, some as young as four years old.[83]

The Advanced Diagnostic Imaging Centre (AIMC) at Ramathibodi Hospital studied 300 child boxers aged under 15 with two to more than five years of experience, as well as 200 children who do not box. The findings show that child boxers not only sustain brain injuries, they also have a lower IQ, about 10 points lower than average levels. Moreover, IQ levels correlate with the length of their training.[83][84] Beyond brain damage, the death of young fighters in the ring sometimes occurs.[85]

File:Thai Boxer.jpg
Child boxer

Adisak Plitapolkarnpim, director of CSIP,[86] was indirectly quoted (in 2016) as having said that muay Thai practitioners "younger than 15 years old are being urged to avoid 'head contact' to reduce the risk of brain injuries, while children aged under nine should be banned from the combat fight"; furthermore, the Boxing Act's minimum age to compete professionally was largely being flouted; furthermore, quoted indirectly, "Boxers aged between 13 and 15" should still be permitted to compete, but "with light contact to the head and face".[82] He said that "spectators and a change in the boxing rules can play a vital role in preventing child boxers from suffering brain injuries, abnormality in brain structure, Parkinson's disease and early-onset Alzheimer's later in life...Children aged between nine and 15 can take part in [Thai] boxing, but direct head contact must not be allowed". Referring to Findings [of 2014] on the Worst Forms of Child Labour as published by the US Department of Labor's Bureau of International Labor Affairs, he said, "We know Muay Thai paid fighters have been exploited in the past like child labourers and the matter still remains a serious concern."[82]

At the 13th World Conference on Injury Prevention and Safety Promotion in 2018, it was revealed that up to three percent of the upcoming generation will grow up with learning disabilities unless an amendment is ratified that bans children under 12 from participating in boxing matches. International pediatricians have called on lawmakers in Thailand to help.[87]

Injuries

Muay Thai is a combat sport that utilises eight different parts of the body (fists, elbows, knees and shins) so injuries are quite common in all levels of muay Thai. An injury is considered reportable if it requires the athlete to rest for more than one day. Many injuries in the sport go unreported as the fighters may not notice the injuries at first, refuse to admit that they need treatment, have a heightened pain threshold, fear that their instructor will perceive the injury negatively, or have confusion as to what is an injury.[88] Similar to most sports, injury rates tend to be higher in beginners than amateurs and professionals. Soft tissue injuries are the most common form of injury in muay Thai, comprising between 80 and 90% of all injuries. These injuries are caused by repeated trauma to soft parts of the body. During matches there is little to no padding, leaving soft tissue vulnerable to strikes. The second most common injuries among beginners and amateurs are sprains and strains. It appears that these injuries can be easily avoided or reduced. Many participants of a study admitted to inadequate warm up before the event of the injury.[88] The third most common injuries are fractures. Fractures are more commonly seen with amateur and professional fighters, because they are allowed full contact, while beginners are not. The most common sites for fractures are the nose, carpal bones, metacarpals, digits and ribs. The distribution of injuries differs significantly for beginners, amateurs and professionals, because as a fighter progresses through the different levels, the forces involved grow progressively higher, less padding and protective equipment is used, and athletes are likely to train harder, resulting in more serious injuries among experienced fighters.

Gambling

File:Koh Samui Lamai Thai Box SW 11.jpg
Thai boxer during a fight on Koh Samui

According to a Bangkok Post columnist, "...Thai professional boxing is all about gambling and big money. Gambling on muay Thai boxing is estimated to worth about 40 billion baht a year....all the talk about the promotion of Thai martial arts is just baloney."[74] Rob Cox, the manager of a boxing camp just east of Bangkok claims that "Without the gamblers, the sport would pretty much be dead. They're killing it off, but they're also keeping it alive".[72]

The practice of fixing fights is not unknown. Boxers can earn from 60,000 to 150,000 baht for purposefully losing a fight. A fighter, later arrested, who threw a fight at Rajadamnern Stadium in December 2019, is an example.[89] An infamous alleged case of match-fixing was the bout on 12 October 2014 in Pattaya between top Thai boxer Buakaw Banchamek and his challenger, Enriko Kehl, at the K-1 World Max Final event.[74]

Conditioning

Like most full contact fighting sports, muay Thai has a heavy focus on body conditioning.[90] This can create a steep learning curve for newcomers to muay Thai but allows for rapid increases in fitness and stamina provided one avoids overtraining.[91] Training regimens include many staples of combat sport conditioning such as running, shadowboxing, rope jumping, body weight resistance exercises, medicine ball exercises, abdominal exercises and, in some cases, weight training. Thai boxers rely heavily on kicks utilising the shin bone. As such, practitioners will repeatedly hit a dense heavy bag with their shins, conditioning it, hardening the bone through a process called cortical remodelling.[92] Striking a sand-filled bag will have the same effect.

File:Punching bag.jpg
A fighter punching a heavy bag at a training camp in Thailand

Training specific to a Thai fighter includes training with coaches on Thai pads, focus mitts, heavy bag, and sparring. Daily training includes many rounds (3–5 minute periods broken up by a short rest, often 1–2 minutes) of these various methods of practice. Thai pad training is a cornerstone of muay Thai conditioning that involves practicing punches, kicks, knees, and elbow strikes with a trainer wearing thick pads covering the forearms and hands. These special pads (often referred to as Thai pads) are used to absorb the impact of the fighter's strikes and allow the fighter to react to the attacks of the pad holder in a live situation. The trainer will often also wear a belly pad around the abdominal area so that the fighter can attack with straight kicks or knees to the body at any time during the round.

Focus mitts are specific to training a fighter's hand speed, punch combinations, timing, punching power, defence and counter-punching and may also be used to practice elbow strikes. Heavy bag training is a conditioning and power exercise that reinforces the techniques practiced on the pads. Sparring is a means to test technique, skills, range, strategy and timing against a partner. Sparring is often a light to medium contact exercise because competitive fighters on a full schedule are not advised to risk injury by sparring hard. Specific tactics and strategies can be trained with sparring including in close fighting, clinching and kneeing only, cutting off the ring, or using reach and distance to keep an aggressive fighter away.

Due to the rigorous training regimen (some Thai boxers fight almost every other week), professional boxers in Thailand have relatively short careers in the ring. Many retire from competition to begin instructing the next generation of Thai fighters. Most professional Thai boxers come from lower economic backgrounds, and the purse (after other parties have their cut) is sought as a means of support for the fighters and their families.[93] Very few higher economic strata Thais join the professional muay Thai ranks; they usually either do not practice the sport or practice it only as amateur boxers.[94]

Perspectives

Scholars have described this royalist-nationalist history as an invented tradition, constructed to serve the needs of Thai nationalism at the time. This tradition has caused Muay Thai to become strongly attached to the official Thai cultural institution and separated from other similar and closely related martial arts in the region,[66] including muay Lao in Laos, and lethwei in Myanmar.[95][96]

Famous practitioners

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In popular culture

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See also

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Notes

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References

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Further reading

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  • Moore, Tony. Muay Thai The Essential Guide to the Art of Thai Boxing. New Holland. Template:ISBN.
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  • Wei, Lindsey (2020). Path of the Spiritual Warrior: Life and Teachings of Muay Thai Fighter Pedro Solana. Auckland, NZ: Purple Cloud Press, Template:ISBN

External links

Template:Martial arts Template:Sports of the World Games program Template:Authority control

  1. ↑ Millman, Chad and Liddell, Chuck. (2014). Iceman: My fighting life. New York, NY: New American Library. p. 46. Template:ISBN "Muay Thai is the original form of kickboxing and allows competitors to strike from eight different points: the hands, elbows, legs (shins and knees), and feet. It’s actually called the Art of Eight Limbs."
    • Loong, Lionel Loh Han. (2016). "Sensory Discussion," The Body and Senses in Martial Culture. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan; Spring Nature. p. 73. Template:ISBN Template:LCCN "Muay Thai, often affectionately known as the art of eight limbs, calls upon neophytes to reconceptualise the way they view their own bodies. As fighters utilise particular Muay."
    • Lewandowski, Joseph D. (2021). "Outline of a constraint theory of sport," On Boxing Critical Interventions in the Bittersweet Science. London: Routledge. Note 3. Script error: No such module "doi".
    • Mcneely, Scott. (2012). Ultimate Book of Sports: The Essential Collection of Rules, Stats, and Trivia for over 250 Sports. San Francisco, CA: Chronicle Books. p. 127. Template:ISBN
  2. ↑ García, Raul Sanchez and Spencer, Dale C. (2013). "Authenticity, Muay Thai and Habitus," Fighting Scholars: Habitus and Ethnographies of Martial Arts and Combat Sports. London; New York, NY: Anthem Press (Wimbledon Publishing Company). p. 175. Template:ISBN Template:LCCN
  3. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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  4. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  5. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  6. ↑ Sarao, K.T.S. "Contacts between Ancient India and Southeast Asia," in Chakrabarti, Dilip K. (2023). History of Ancient India Vol. XI: Ancient India's Interrelations with the World (Southeast, East, Central and West Asia, the Eastern Coast of Africa, and the Mediterranean world). New Delhi: Vivekananda International Foundation and Aryan Books International. p. 2. Template:ISBN "Muay Thai, the art of eight limbs, which is also known as Thai Boxing and is a combat sport in Thailand, is the Thai version of the Brāhmaṇical-Hindu Musti-yuddha style of martial art."
  7. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  8. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  9. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  10. ↑ Grossman, N. (2009). "Glossary: Muay Thai", Chronicle of Thailand Headline News Since 1946. Singapore: Editions Didier Millet. p. 421. Template:ISBN
  11. ↑ a b Williams, M. (1899). Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English dictionary. p. 1,072. Template:ISBN
    • Böhtlingk, O. N., and Roth, W. R. (1865). Sanskrit-Wörterbuch: Heraushegeben von der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften. St. Petersburg: Vierter Thiel. p. 383.
    • Liamputtong, P., La Trobe University Australia. (2014). Contemporary Socio-Cultural and Political Perspectives in Thailand. New York: Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht. p. 242. Template:ISBN Template:LCCN
  12. ↑ a b Prayukvong, Kat; Junlakan, Lesley D. (2001). Muay Thai: A Living Legacy. Bangkok: Spry Pub. p. 16. Template:ISBN Template:OCLC "Even the derivation of the term muay itself is unclear. According to one school of thought it comes from the Sanskrit mavya, meaning "to pull together". as in pulling hair into a pony-tail, "to form into a single group or unit", or "unity"."
  13. ↑ Bowonbannarak (Niyom Rakthai), Luang (1926). Sansakrit-Thai-Angkrit Aphithan [Glossary of Sansakrit-Thai-English] สํสกฤต-ไท-อังกฤษ อภิธาน (in Thai). Phra Nakhon [Bangkok]: Rongphim Thai. p. 915. Template:OCLC "มวฺย. ธ. ผูก; to tie."
  14. ↑ Haas, Mary Rosamond; Grekoff, George V.; Mendiones, Ruchira C.; Buddhari, Waiwit; Cooke, Joseph R.; Egerod, Soren C. (1964). Thai-English Student's Dictionary. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. p. 393. Template:ISBN Template:LCCN "มวย ๑ muaj' N sport boxing. นัก - - boxer. ชกมวย chógmuaj' V to box. ต่อยมวย tɔ̀jmuaj' V to box. [sic]"
  15. ↑ Dikshita, Bhattoji; Vasu, Srisa Chandra (trans.) (2014). The Siddhānta Kaumudī of Bhaṭṭojī Dīkṣita Vol. II [The Sanskrit Grammar of Bhattoji Dikshita]. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers. p. 151. Template:ISBN
  16. ↑ Wilson, Horace Hayman (1832). A Dictionary in Sanscrit and English Translated, Amended and Enlarged from an Original Compilation, Prepared by Learned Natives for the College of Fort William (2nd ed.). Calcutta: The Education Press. p. 647.
  17. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named dalby.2004
  18. ↑ Lawniczak, L. "Historical Basis And Evolution Thai Martial Arts – Muay Thai And Krabi-krabong (Up To The 20th Century); Historyczne Podstawy I Ewolucja Tajskich Sztuk Walki – Muay Thai I Krabi-Krabong (Do XX W.) (in Polish)", Gdanskie Studia Azji Wschodniej 3(2013):140. Template:Catalog lookup linkScript error: No such module "check isxn".Script error: No such module "check isxn".Script error: No such module "check isxn".Script error: No such module "check isxn".Script error: No such module "check isxn".Script error: No such module "check isxn".Script error: No such module "check isxn".Script error: No such module "check isxn".Script error: No such module "check isxn".
    • Cusick, P. (2013). "Genesis of A Global Fighting Art", Muay Thai Lords of the Ring: World Champions and Greatest Heroes The Chronicles of Muay Thai from Ancient Battlefields to 21st Century Warriors. [n.p.]: Booksmango. p. 15. Template:ISBN
  19. ↑ Bolton, K., Botha, W., and Kirkpatrick, A. (2020). The Handbook of Asian Englishes. Hobokem, NJ: John & Wiley & Sons, Inc. p. 637. Template:ISBN
  20. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p The Institute of the Art of Muay Thai, Department of Physical Education National Stadium of Thailand (DPE). (2016). Prawat sart Muay Thai [History of Muay Thai] ประวัติศาสตร์มวยไทย (in Thai). Bangkok: BTS Press. Template:ISBN
  21. ↑ Ploinoi, S. "Archaeological Knowledge Tips of Boxing Division by Sombat Plainoi (National artist of Literature) เกร็ดโบราณคดี เรื่อง กรมนักมวย โดย ส.พลายน้อย (ศิลปินแห่งชาติ สาขาวรรณศิลป์) (in Thai)", Warasarn Wattanatham, 8(1968):36.
    • Kritphet, T., Thai Studies Center, Chulalongkorn University Thailand. (1994). The Development of Gymnastics in Thailand during 2325-2525 BE พัฒนาการของพลศึกษาในประเทศเทศไทยระหว่าง พ.ศ. 2325-2525 (in Thai). Bangkok: Chulalongkorn University. p. 37.
  22. ↑ Hetmańska, Aurelia Red (2011). "TABL. 11 (158). ĆWICZĄCY I KADRA SZKOLENIOWA W KLUBACH SPORTOWYCH (cd.)," Rocznik statystyczny województwa śla̦skiego ["TABLE 11 (158). TRAINERS AND TRAINING STAFF IN SPORTS CLUBS (continued)," Statistical yearbook of the Silesian Voivodeship] (in Polish). Katowice: The Poland Statistical Office. p. 255. Template:OCLC Boks tajski (Muay Thai)............... Muay Thai"
  23. ↑ Bergemann, Karl W. (2018). Das Wörterbuch Schwedisch-Deutsch / Deutsch-Schwedisch 28.000 Stichwörter [The Swedish-German / German-Swedish Dictionary: 28,000 Entries] (ebook) (in German). [S.l.]: Benjamin Maximilian Eisenhauer. para 7. "thaiboxning -- Muay Thai"
  24. ↑ Bergemann, Karl W. (2018). Das Wörterbuch Finnisch-Deutsch / Deutsch-Finnisch: 42.000 Stichwörter [The Finnish-German / German-Finnish Dictionary: 42,000 Entries] (ebook) (in German). [S.l.]: Karl W. Bergemann. para 5. "thainyrkkeily -- Muay Thai"
  25. ↑ Eisenhauer, Benjamin Maximilian (2022). The Great Dictionary English - Finnish 80.000 Entries. [S.l.]: Benjamin Maximilian Eisenhauer. para 11. Template:ISBN Template:OCLC "Muay Thai [/mu:el 'taI/] { noun } thainyrkkeily"
  26. ↑ Eisenhauer, Benjamin Maximilian (2022). The Great Dictionary English - Russian: 60.000 Entries. [S.l.]: Benjamin Maximilian Eisenhauer. para 11. Template:ISBN Template:OCLC "Muay Thai [/mu:el 'taI/] { noun } муай - тай"
  27. ↑ Gwon, Seokmu (2020). Taeguk ui hon, Mue Tai [The soul of Thailand, Muay Thai] 태국의 혼, 무에타이 (in Korean). Seoul: Pubple. p. 24. Template:ISBN
  28. ↑ Otagaki, Haruko; Ishikawa, Tomoko (2009). Tai: Taigo + nihongo eigo [Thailand: Thai + Japanese ・English] タイ : タイ語+日本語・英語 (in Japanese). Tokyo: JTB Publishing. p. 72. Template:ISBN
  29. ↑ Newton, Anna; Jue, Hou Jia (2023). Zhi gan sheng huo bian ji shu : rang 48 wan fen si xin ren de an na zhu bian, yi dian yi di chuang zao ni de li xiang ren sheng [The Art of Quality Living: Anna, the editor-in-chief trusted by 480,000 followers, helps you create your ideal life step by step.] 質感生活編輯術: 讓48萬粉絲信任的安娜主編， 一點一滴創造你的理想人生 (in Chinese). Teipei: Daejeon Publishing. para 2. Template:ISBN "泰拳( MUAY THAI )"
  30. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named yonok-chronicle-1961
  31. ↑ Mianlamai, Soonyata and Mongkolrat, Tayud. (2022, 25 October). "Jerng: The Martial Art of Northern Thailand." Thailand Foundation. Retrieved 26 January 2025.
  32. ↑ Sirgar, D.C. (1971). "Puranic List of Rivers," Studies in the Geography of Ancient and Medieval India. (2nd ed.). Delhi; Varanasi; Patna: Motilal Banarsidass; Shri Jainendra Press. p. 66.
  33. ↑ Pin-ngern, Chappana. (2008). The CMU Research: Kan pariwat lae wi khro nuea ha kot mai mangrai sat chabap wat maek hue การปริวรรตและวิเคราะห์เนื้อหากฎหมายมังรายศาสตร์ฉบับวัดแม่คือ [Wat Mae Khue version: The Transliteration and Analytical Study of Mangrai customary law] (in Thai). Chiang Mai: Chiang Mai University. pp. 81, 97–8.
  34. ↑ Committee of Academic Document Publishing in Celebration of the 60th Anniversary of Chiang Mai Teachers College. (1984). Lanna kap kan sueksa baep mai ล้านนากับการศึกษาแบบใหม่ [Lanna: The New Historical Study] (in Thai). Chiang Mai: Chiang Mai Teachers College. p. 37. Template:ISBN cited in the Legend of the Phayao Kingdom, p. 32. :– "ไนเมิงภะยาวที่นั้นคํเรียนเชิงช้าง เชิงม้า เชิงหอก เชิงดาบ เชิงฟ้อน เชิงป้า เชิงตีลคุย (ต่อยมวย ป้องกันตัว) สพพเพส บํหลอแล คันขุนจอมตนพ่อตายแล้ว ขุนเจิงคํได้กินเมิงภะยาว."
  35. ↑ a b The Fine Arts Department of Thailand. (1958). Phraratchaphongsawadan Nuea พระราชพงศาวดารเหนือ [Royal Chronicle of the North, version by Phra Wichianpricha (Noi)] (in Thai). Bangkok: Thai Khasem. pp. 124–5.
  36. ↑ Multiple sources:
    • Syukri, Ibrahim. (1985). History of the Malay Kingdom of Patani (Sejarah Kerajaan Melayu Patani). (Translated by Conner Bailey and John N. Miksic). The Monographs in International Studies Southeast Asia, No. 68. Athens, OH: Center for International Studies, Ohio University. p. 7. Template:ISBN
    • The Text Publication Fund of the Burma Research Society. (1923). Glass Palace Chronicle of the Kings of Burma. (Translated by Pe Maung Tin and G.H. Luce). London: Oxford University Press. p. 106.
    • Thompson, Peter Anthony. (1910). Siam: An Account of the Country and the People. Boston, MA; Tokyo: J.B. Millet Company. p. 22. Template:LCCN Template:OL
    • Cœdès, George. "Documents sur l'Histoire Politique et Religieuse du Laos Occidental," Bulletin de l'École française d'Extrême-Orient 25(1925): 24. Script error: No such module "doi". Template:Catalog lookup linkScript error: No such module "check isxn".Script error: No such module "check isxn".Script error: No such module "check isxn".Script error: No such module "check isxn".Script error: No such module "check isxn".Script error: No such module "check isxn".Script error: No such module "check isxn".Script error: No such module "check isxn".Script error: No such module "check isxn". "Le Hmannan Yazawin (trad. Maung Tin et Luce, pp. 99 et 106) place les Gywam au Sud-Est des Birmans et dit que leur contrée est aussie appelée Arawsa ou Ayoja,c'est-à-dire Ayudhya = le Siam."
    • Giles, Francis H. "Analysis of Van Vliet's Account of Siam, Part Eight: Concerning Titles in Siam," The Journal of the Siam Society 30(3)(1938): 332. "Arawsa is undoubtedly Ayocha (Ayudhya) and the Gyawns are descendants of the Thai Yuan who accompanied Prince Phromkuman of Yonoknakhon in his victorious war against the Khom when he came as far South as Khamphaengsaen."
  37. ↑ Damrong Rajanubhab. (1907). Phraratchaphongsawadan krung kao chabap luang prasoet akson nit [Royal Chronicle of Ayutthaya: Luang Prasoet Akson Nit Version] พระราชพงษาวดารกรุงเก่า ฉบับหลวงประเสริฐอักษรนิติ์ (in Thai). Bangkok: Rong Pim Thai. pp. 3–4.
  38. ↑ Vickery M. (1977). "The 2/K.125 Fragment, A Lost Chronicle of Ayutthaya," Journal of the Siam Society, 65(1):10–11, 12–13.
  39. ↑ Siyaphai, K. (2007). Pritud Muay Thai ปริทัศน์มวยไทย (in Thai). Bangkok: Matichon. p. 18. Template:ISBN
  40. ↑ The Royal Vajirajan Library by Order of H.R.H. Prince Damrong Rajanubhab. (1964). The Concise of Royal Chronicle Vol. 14 (Chapter 22-25) of the Characteristics of ancient Military Conscription ประชุมพงศาวดาร เล่ม ๑๔ (ประชุมพงศาวดาร ภาคที่ ๒๒-๒๕) เรื่อง ลักษณะเกณฑ์ทหารอย่างโบราณ (in Thai). Bangkok: Kuru Sa Pha. p. 138.
  41. ↑ Chalermtiarana, T. et al. (2016). The Palace law of Ayutthaya and the Thammasat Law and Kingship in Siam: Studies on Southeast Asia Series No. 69. Ithaca, NY: Cornell Southeast Asia Program Publications. p. 5. Template:ISBN
  42. ↑ Damrong Thammasan (Mi), Luang. (1899). Kotmai mai prakat phraratchabanyat kao mai sung khong chai yu nai patyuban ni Vol. 1. Bangkok: Bamrungnukunkit. p. 226.
  43. ↑ Ministry of Education Thailand, Division of Culture. Warasan Watthanatham Thai, 8(1968):36.
    • Kritphet, T., Thai Studies Center, Chulalongkorn University Thailand. (1994). Phatthanakan khong phalasuksa nai Prathet Thai rawang Pho. So. 2325-2525. Part 1. Bangkok: Chulalongkorn University. p. 37.
  44. ↑ Damrong Rajanubhab. (1963). The Concise of Royal Chronicle Vol. 1 (The Concise Chronicle Chapter 1 the First Part) : Reign of King Ramathibodi II ประชุมพงศาวดาร เล่ม ๑ (ประชุมพงศาวดาร ภาคที่ ๑ ตอนต้น) : แผ่นดินสมเด็จพระราชาธิบดีที่ ๒. Bangkok: Kuru Sa Pha. p. 140.
  45. ↑ a b c Damrong Rajanubhab. (1966). The Concise of The Royal Chronicle Vol. 23 The Legend of Military Conscription and The Legend of 4th Infantry Division : The Chronicle of King Naresuan's Military Affairs ประชุมพงศาวดาร ภาคที่ ๒๓ ตำนานการเกณฑ์ทหาร กับตำนานกรมทหารราบที่ ๔ : ว่าด้วยเรื่องพงศาวดารตอนทหารสมเด็จพระนเรศวร (in Thai). Bangkok: Phra Chan. p. 33.
  46. ↑ La Loubère, Simon de. (1691). « De la Muſique, & des Exercices du Corps. », DU ROYAUME DE SIAM : Envoyé extraordinaire du ROY auprès du Roy de Siam en 1687 & 1688, TOME PREMIER. Paris: Chez Abraham Wolfgang, près de la Bourſe. pp. 211–212.
  47. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named collection-chronicles-21
  48. ↑ a b c d e f g Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named royal-chronicle-2015
  49. ↑ Chaophraya Thiphakorawong and Damrong Rajanubhab. (1935). "ฝรั่งเข้ามาพะนันชกมวย," Phraratphongsaodan krungratnakosintha ratchakan thi nueng [Royal Chronicle of the Kingdom of Rattanakosin: First Reign] พระราชพงศาวดาร กรุงรัตนโกสินทร์ รัชกาลที่ ๑ (in Thai). Bangkok: Phra Chan. pp.154–56.
  50. ↑ a b c d Wenk, Klaus and Stahl, Greeley. "The restoration of Thailand under Rama I, 1782-1809," Asian Studies by the University of Arizona Press, Tucson 24(1968): 120–121. Template:ISBN
  51. ↑ a b c d e Kraithat, Panya, and Kraitus, Pitisuk. (1988). Muay Thai: The Most Distinguished Art of Fighting. (6th ed.). Phuket: Asia Books. pp. 23–24. Template:ISBN
  52. ↑ Howard, Michael C.; Wattanapun, Wattana; and Gordon, Alec. (1998). Traditional T'ai Arts in Contemporary Perspective (Studies in Contemporary Thailand No. 7). (Originally prepared for a symposium on T'ai Arts held at the 6th International Thai Studies Conference in Chang Mai, October 1996]. Bangkok: White Lotus Press. p. 219. Template:ISBN
  53. ↑ Patchana Boonpradit. (2010, 3 November). "มาตราเงิน". The Thailand Office of the Royal Society. para. 2. Retrieved on 11 December 2024.
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  55. ↑ Damrong Rajanubhab. (1962). Phraratcha Phongsawadan Chabap Phraratcha Hathalekha Lem 2 [The Royal Chronicle of Letters by the King's Own Hand Volume 2]. พระราชพงศาวดาร ฉบับพระราชหัตถเลขา เล่ม 2 (in Thai). (2nd ed.) Bangkok: OdiantStore. p. 384.
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  65. ↑ Prayukvong, Kat and Junlakan, Lesley D. (2001). Muay Thai: A Living Legacy Vol. 1. Bangkok: Spry Publishing. p. 28. Template:ISBN
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  67. ↑ Helt, Julianna. (2024). Muay Thai. Mendota Heights, MN: Apex Editions; North Star Editions. p. 14. Template:ISBN Template:OCLC
  68. ↑ Kraithat, Panya, and Kraitus, Pitisuk. (1988). Muay Thai: The Most Distinguished Art of Fighting. (6th ed.). Phuket: Asia Books. p. 24. Template:ISBN
  69. ↑ "Kickboxing in Thailand," in Wyatt, David K. "Bangkok." Microsoft Student 2009 [DVD]. Redmond, WA: Microsoft Corporation, 2008. para. 6.
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  74. ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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  79. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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  81. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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  88. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
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  90. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  91. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  92. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  93. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  94. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
    – Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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