Japanese era name

Template:Short description Template:Use dmy dates The or , is the first of the two elements that identify years in the Japanese era calendar scheme. The second element is a number which indicates the year number within the era (with the first year being "", meaning "origin, basis"), followed by the literal "" meaning "year".

Era names originated in 140 BCE in Imperial China, during the reign of the Emperor Wu of Han. As elsewhere in the Sinosphere, the use of era names was originally derived from Chinese imperial practice, although the Japanese system is independent of the Chinese, Korean, and Vietnamese era name systems. Unlike its other Sinosphere counterparts, Japanese era names are still in official use. Government offices usually require era names and years for official papers.

The five era names used since the end of the Edo period in 1868 can be abbreviated by taking the first letter of their romanized names. For example, S55 means Shōwa 55 (i.e. 1980), and H22 stands for Heisei 22 (2010). At 62 years and 2 weeks, Shōwa is the longest era to date.

The era began on 1 May 2019, the day of accession of Naruhito to the throne as the 126th Emperor of Japan, following the day of the planned and voluntary abdication of his father, the 125th Emperor, Akihito. Emperor Akihito had received special permission to abdicate, rather than serving in his role until his death, as is the rule. The Reiwa era follows the 31st and final year of the , which had started on the day after the death of Emperor Hirohito on 8 January 1989.

Overview

File:Keizo Obuchi cropped Keizo Obuchi 19890107.jpg

Keizō Obuchi, Chief Cabinet Secretary, announces the name of the new era "Heisei" (Template:Category handler), on 7 January 1989.

File:Yoshihide Suga announcing new imperial era Reiwa 2 (cropped).jpg

Yoshihide Suga, Chief Cabinet Secretary, announces the name of the new era "Reiwa" (Template:Category handler) at the Prime Minister's Official Residence, on 1 April 2019.

File:Jokyo-reki.jpg

1729 Japanese calendar, which used the Jōkyō calendar procedure, published by Ise Grand Shrine

The system on which the Japanese era names are based originated in China in 140 BCE, and was adopted by Japan in 645 CE, during the reign of Emperor Kōtoku.

The first era name to be assigned was , celebrating the political and organizational changes which were to flow from the great of 645. Although the regular practice of proclaiming successive era names was interrupted in the late seventh century, it was permanently re-adopted in 701 during the reign of Emperor Monmu (697–707). Since then, era names have been used continuously up through the present day.Template:Sfnp

Historical nengō

Prior to the Meiji period, era names were decided by court officials and were subjected to frequent change. A new era name was usually proclaimed within a year or two after the ascension of a new emperor. A new era name was also often designated on the first, fifth and 58th years of the sexagenary cycle, because they were inauspicious years in Onmyōdō. These three years are respectively known as kakurei, kakuun, and kakumei, and collectively known as sankaku. Era names were also changed due to other felicitous events or natural disasters.

In historical practice, starts whenever the emperor chooses; and the first year continues until the next lunar new year, which is understood to be the start of the nengō's second year.

Era names indicate the various reasons for their adoption. For instance, the nengō , during the Nara period, was declared due to the discovery of copper deposits in Chichibu. Most nengō are composed of two kanji, except for a short time during the Nara period when four-kanji names were sometimes adopted to follow the Chinese trend. , , and are some famous nengō names that use four characters. Since the Heian period, Confucian thoughts and ideas have been reflected in era names, such as , and . Although there currently exist a total of 248 Japanese era names, only 73 kanji have been used in composing them. Out of these 73 kanji, 31 of them have been used only once, while the rest have been used repeatedly in different combinations.

The vast majority of Japanese era names were used for less than 10 years, with two being used for less than a year. Only 28 have been used for more than 10 years and less than 30 years. Only Heisei, Ōei, Meiji, and Shōwa have been used for more than 30 years.

Nengō in modern Japan

Mutsuhito assumed the throne in 1867, during the third year of the era. On 23 October 1868, the era name was changed to , and a system was adopted, wherein era names would change only upon immediate imperial succession. This system is similar to the now-defunct Chinese system used since the days of the Ming dynasty, in which the era name was not updated until the year following the emperor's death.

In modern practice, starts immediately upon the emperor's accession and ends on 31 December. Subsequent years follow the Gregorian calendar. For example, the Meiji era lasted until 30 July 1912, when the Emperor died and the era was proclaimed. 1912 is therefore known as both "Meiji 45" and , although Meiji technically ended on 30 July with Mutsuhito's death.

This practice, implemented successfully since the days of Meiji but never formalized, became law in 1979 with the passage of the . Thus, since 1868, there have only been five era names assigned: Meiji, Taishō, Shōwa, Heisei, and Reiwa, each corresponding with the rule of only one emperor. Upon death, the emperor is thereafter referred to by the era of his reign. For example, Mutsuhito is posthumously known as .

It is protocol in Japan that the reigning emperor be referred to as or . To call the current emperor by the current era name, i.e. "Reiwa", even in English, is a faux pas, as this is – and will be – his posthumous name. Use of the emperor's given name (i.e., "Naruhito") is rare, and is considered vulgar behaviour in Japanese.

The Emperor Akihito abdicated on 30 April 2019, necessitating a change in nengō. The new name, made public on the morning of 1 April of the same year, is .

Periods without era names

The era name system that was introduced by Emperor Kōtoku was abandoned after his death; no era names were designated between 654 and 686. The system was briefly reinstated by Emperor Tenmu in 686, but was again abandoned upon his death about two months later. In 701, Emperor Monmu once again reinstated the era name system, and it has continued uninterrupted through today.

Although use of the Gregorian calendar for historical dates became increasingly common in Japan, the traditional Japanese system demands that dates be written in reference to era names. The apparent problem introduced by the lack of era names was resolved by identifying the years of an imperial reign as a period.

Although in modern Japan posthumous imperial names correspond with the eras of their reign, this is a relatively recent practice, introduced during the Meiji period and instituted by law in 1979. Therefore, the posthumous names of the emperors and empresses who reigned prior to 1868 may not be taken as era names by themselves. For example, the year 572—the year in which Emperor Bidatsu assumed the Chrysanthemum Throne – is properly written as "" (Bidatsu-Tennō Gannen, "the first year of Emperor Bidatsu"), and not "" (Bidatsu Gannen, "the first year of Bidatsu"), although it may be abbreviated as such. By incorporating both proper era names and posthumous imperial names in this manner, it is possible to extend the nengō system to cover all dates from 660 BCE through today.

Unofficial era name system

In addition to the official era name system, in which the era names are selected by the imperial court, one also observes—primarily in the ancient documents and epigraphs of shrines and temples—unofficial era names called , also known as or . Currently, there are over 40 confirmed shinengō, most of them dating from the middle ages. Shinengō used prior to the reestablishment of the era name system in 701 are usually called .Template:Efn

Because official records of shinengō are lacking, the range of dates to which they apply is often unclear. For example, the well-known itsunengō is normally said to refer to 650–654 CE; a poetic synonym for the Hakuchi era. However, alternate interpretations exist. For example, in the Nichūreki, Hakuhō refers to 661–683 CE, and in some medieval temple documents, Hakuhō refers to 672–685 CE. Thus, shinengō may be used as an alternative way of dating periods for which there is no official era name.

Other well-known itsunengō and shinengō include (591–621+ CE), (686), (1460), (1506–1507 or 1507–1509) and (1540–1543).

The most recent shinengō is (1904–1905), named for the Russo-Japanese War.

Kyūshū nengō

Edo period scholar Tsurumine Shigenobu proposed that , said to have been used in ancient Kumaso, should also be considered a form of shinengō. This claim is not generally recognized by the academic community. Lists of the proposed Kyūshū nengō can be seen in the Japanese language entries and .

Software support

Character sets

Certain era names have specific characters assigned to them, for instance ㋿ for the Reiwa period, which can also be written as . These are included in Unicode: Code points U+32FF (㋿), U+337B (㍻), U+337C (㍼), U+337D (㍽) and U+337E (㍾) are used for the Reiwa, Heisei, Shōwa, Taishō and Meiji eras, respectively.

Calendar libraries

Certain calendar libraries support the conversion from and to the era system, as well as rendering of dates using it.

Since the release of Java 8, the Japanese calendar is supported in the new Date and time API for the year Meiji 6 (1873) onwards.

Support for the new era in Japanese imperial transition of 2019

Computers and software manufacturers needed to test their systems in preparation for the new era which began on 1 May 2019. Windows provided a test mechanism to simulate a new era ahead of time. Java Development Kit 11 supported this era using the placeholders "" for Japanese, "NewEra" for other languages. The final name was added in JDK 12.0.1, after it was announced by the Japanese government.

Unicode code point U+32FF (㋿) was reserved for representing the new era name, Reiwa.

List of Japanese era names

The list of Japanese era names is the result of a periodization system which was established by Emperor Kōtoku in 645. The system of was irregular until the beginning of the 8th century.Template:Sfnp After 701, sequential era names developed without interruption across a span of centuries.Template:Sfnp As of 1 April 2019, there have been 239 era names.

To convert a Japanese year to a Gregorian calendar year, find the first year of the Japanese era name (also called nengō). When found, add the number of the Japanese year, then subtract 1.

Asuka period

Era name	Period of use	Length of use	Derived from	Remark
Emperor Kōtoku Template:Category handler (r. 645–654 CE)
Taika Template:Category handler	645–650 CE	5 years	Book of Documents, Book of Han, Book of Song
Hakuchi Template:Category handler	650–654 CE	4 years	Book of Han
Emperor Tenmu Template:Category handler (r. 673–686 CE)
Shuchō Template:Category handler	686 CE	3 months	Book of Rites	Also rendered as Suchō, Akamitori, and Akamidori.
Emperor Monmu Template:Category handler (r. 697–707 CE)
Taihō Template:Category handler	701–704 CE	3 years	Classic of Changes	Also rendered as Daihō.
Keiun Template:Category handler	704–708 CE	4 years	Selections of Refined Literature, Book of Jin	Also rendered as Kyōun. Usage continued by the Empress Genmei upon her ascension to the throne.
Empress Genmei Template:Category handler (r. 707–715 CE)
Wadō Template:Category handler	708–715 CE	9 years

Nara period

Era name	Period of use	Length of use	Derived from	Remark
Empress Genshō Template:Category handler (r. 715–724 CE)
Reiki Template:Category handler	715–717 CE	3 years	Classic of Changes
Yōrō Template:Category handler	717–724 CE	8 years	Book of Rites
Emperor Shōmu Template:Category handler (r. 724–749 CE)
Jinki Template:Category handler	724–729 CE	6 years	Book of Rites with Commentaries of Dai De (大戴禮記), The Literary Expositor
Tenpyō Template:Category handler	729–749 CE	21 years	Classic of Changes, Great Learning	Also rendered as Tenbyō and Tenhei.
Tenpyō-kanpō Template:Category handler	749 CE	4 months		Also rendered as Tenbyō-kanpō and Tenhei-kanpō.
Empress Kōken Template:Category handler (r. 749–758 CE; first reign)
Tenpyō-shōhō Template:Category handler	749–757 CE	9 years		Also rendered as Tenbyō-shōhō and Tenpei-shōhō.
Tenpyō-hōji Template:Category handler	757–765 CE	9 years		Also rendered as Tenbyō-hōji and Tenpei-hōji. Usage continued by the Emperor Junnin and the Empress Shōtoku upon their ascension to the throne.
Empress Shōtoku Template:Category handler (r. 764–770 CE; second reign)
Tenpyō-jingo Template:Category handler	765–767 CE	3 years		Also rendered as Tenbyō-jingo and Tenhei-jingo.
Jingo-keiun Template:Category handler	767–770 CE	4 years		Usage continued by the Emperor Kōnin upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Kōnin Template:Category handler (r. 770–781 CE)
Hōki Template:Category handler	770–781 CE	12 years	Book of Rites
Emperor Kanmu Template:Category handler (r. 781–806 CE)
Ten'ō Template:Category handler	781–782 CE	2 years	Classic of Changes
Enryaku Template:Category handler	782–806 CE	25 years	Book of Later Han	Usage continued by the Emperor Heizei upon his ascension to the throne.

Heian period

Era name	Period of use	Length of use	Derived from	Remark
Emperor Heizei Template:Category handler (r. 806–809 CE)
Daidō Template:Category handler	806–810 CE	5 years	Book of Rites	Usage continued by the Emperor Saga upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Saga Template:Category handler (r. 809–823 CE)
Kōnin Template:Category handler	810–824 CE	15 years		Usage continued by the Emperor Junna upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Junna Template:Category handler (r. 823–833 CE)
Tenchō Template:Category handler	824–834 CE	11 years		Usage continued by the Emperor Ninmyō upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Ninmyō Template:Category handler (r. 833–850 CE)
Jōwa Template:Category handler	834–848 CE	15 years		Also rendered as Shōwa and Sōwa.
Kashō Template:Category handler	848–851 CE	4 years		Also rendered as Kajō. Usage continued by the Emperor Montoku upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Montoku Template:Category handler (r. 850–858 CE)
Ninju Template:Category handler	851–854 CE	4 years
Saikō Template:Category handler	854–857 CE	4 years
Ten'an Template:Category handler	857–859 CE	3 years		Also rendered as Tennan. Usage continued by the Emperor Seiwa upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Seiwa Template:Category handler (r. 858–876 CE)
Jōgan Template:Category handler	859–877 CE	19 years	Classic of Changes	Usage continued by the Emperor Yōzei upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Yōzei Template:Category handler (r. 876–884 CE)
Gangyō Template:Category handler	877–885 CE	9 years		Also rendered as Gankyō and Genkei. Usage continued by the Emperor Kōkō upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Kōkō Template:Category handler (r. 884–887 CE)
Ninna Template:Category handler	885–889 CE	5 years		Also rendered as Ninwa. Usage continued by the Emperor Uda upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Uda Template:Category handler (r. 887–897 CE)
Kanpyō Template:Category handler	889–898 CE	10 years		Also rendered as Kanpei, Kanbyō, Kanbei, and Kanhei. Usage continued by the Emperor Daigo upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Daigo Template:Category handler (r. 897–930 CE)
Shōtai Template:Category handler	898–901 CE	4 years
Engi Template:Category handler	901–923 CE	23 years	Book of Documents
Enchō Template:Category handler	923–931 CE	9 years	Selections of Refined Literature	Usage continued by the Emperor Suzaku upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Suzaku Template:Category handler (r. 930–946 CE)
Jōhei Template:Category handler	931–938 CE	8 years	Book of Han	Also rendered as Shōhei.
Tengyō Template:Category handler	938–947 CE	10 years	Book of Han	Also rendered as Tenkei and Tenkyō. Usage continued by the Emperor Murakami upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Murakami Template:Category handler (r. 946–967 CE)
Tenryaku Template:Category handler	947–957 CE	11 years	Analects	Also rendered as Tenreki.
Tentoku Template:Category handler	957–961 CE	5 years	Classic of Changes
Ōwa Template:Category handler	961–964 CE	4 years	Book of Jin
Kōhō Template:Category handler	964–968 CE	5 years	Book of Documents	Usage continued by the Emperor Reizei upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Reizei Template:Category handler (r. 967–969 CE)
Anna Template:Category handler	968–970 CE	3 years	Book of Rites	Also rendered as Anwa. Usage continued by the Emperor En'yū upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor En'yū Template:Category handler (r. 969–984 CE)
Tenroku Template:Category handler	970–974 CE	5 years
Ten'en Template:Category handler	974–976 CE	3 years
Jōgen Template:Category handler	976–978 CE	3 years		Also rendered as Teigen.
Tengen Template:Category handler	978–983 CE	6 years
Eikan Template:Category handler	983–985 CE	3 years	Book of Documents	Also rendered as Yōkan. Usage continued by the Emperor Kazan upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Kazan Template:Category handler (r. 984–986 CE)
Kanna Template:Category handler	985–987 CE	3 years		Also rendered as Kanwa. Usage continued by the Emperor Ichijō upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Ichijō Template:Category handler (r. 986–1011 CE)
Eien Template:Category handler	987–989 CE	3 years	Book of Han, Book of Later Han	Also rendered as Yōen.
Eiso Template:Category handler	989–990 CE	2 years	Book of Jin, Old Book of Tang	Also rendered as Yōso.
Shōryaku Template:Category handler	990–995 CE	6 years		Also rendered as Jōryaku and Shōreki.
Chōtoku Template:Category handler	995–999 CE	5 years	Admonishment by the Colonel of the City Gates (城門校尉箴)	Also rendered as Jōryaku and Shōreki.
Chōhō Template:Category handler	999–1004 CE	6 years	Discourses of the States
Kankō Template:Category handler	1004–1012 CE	9 years	Book of Han	Usage continued by the Emperor Sanjō upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Sanjō Template:Category handler (r. 1011–1016 CE)
Chōwa Template:Category handler	1012–1017 CE	6 years	Book of Rites	Usage continued by the Emperor Go-Ichijō upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Go-Ichijō Template:Category handler (r. 1016–1036 CE)
Kannin Template:Category handler	1017–1021 CE	5 years	Records of Kuaiji (會稽記)
Jian Template:Category handler	1021–1024 CE	4 years	Book of Han	Also rendered as Chian.
Manju Template:Category handler	1024–1028 CE	5 years	Classic of Poetry
Chōgen Template:Category handler	1028–1037 CE	10 years	Six Secret Teachings	Usage continued by the Emperor Go-Suzaku upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Go-Suzaku Template:Category handler (r. 1036–1045 CE)
Chōryaku Template:Category handler	1037–1040 CE	4 years	Spring and Autumn Annals, Book of Jin	Also rendered as Chōreki.
Chōkyū Template:Category handler	1040–1044 CE	5 years	Book of the Way and of Virtue
Kantoku Template:Category handler	1044–1046 CE	3 years	Book of Later Han	Usage continued by the Emperor Go-Reizei upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Go-Reizei Template:Category handler (r. 1045–1068 CE)
Eishō Template:Category handler	1046–1053 CE	8 years	Book of Documents, Book of Jin, Book of Song	Also rendered as Eijō and Yōjō.
Tengi Template:Category handler	1053–1058 CE	6 years	Book of the Master Who Embraces Simplicity	Also rendered as Tenki.
Kōhei Template:Category handler	1058–1065 CE	8 years	Book of Later Han
Jiryaku Template:Category handler	1065–1069 CE	5 years	Correct Interpretation of the Book of Documents (尚書正義)	Also rendered as Chiryaku. Usage continued by the Emperor Go-Sanjō upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Go-Sanjō Template:Category handler (r. 1068–1073 CE)
Enkyū Template:Category handler	1069–1074 CE	6 years	Book of Documents	Usage continued by the Emperor Shirakawa upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Shirakawa Template:Category handler (r. 1073–1087 CE)
Jōhō Template:Category handler	1074–1077 CE	4 years	Book of Documents	Also rendered as Shōhō and Shōho.
Jōryaku Template:Category handler	1077–1081 CE	5 years	Weicheng Dianxun (維城典訓)	Also rendered as Shōryaku and Shōreki.
Eihō Template:Category handler	1081–1084 CE	4 years	Book of Documents	Also rendered as Yōhō.
Ōtoku Template:Category handler	1084–1087 CE	4 years	Comprehensive Meaning of White Tiger Pavilion	Usage continued by the Emperor Horikawa upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Horikawa Template:Category handler (r. 1087–1107 CE)
Kanji Template:Category handler	1087–1094 CE	8 years	Book of Rites
Kahō Template:Category handler	1094–1096 CE	3 years	Records of the Grand Historian
Eichō Template:Category handler	1096–1097 CE	2 years	Book of Later Han	Also rendered as Yōchō.
Jōtoku Template:Category handler	1097–1099 CE	3 years	Classic of Changes	Also rendered as Shōtoku.
Kōwa Template:Category handler	1099–1104 CE	6 years	Theories of Politics (政論)
Chōji Template:Category handler	1104–1106 CE	3 years	Book of Han
Kajō Template:Category handler	1106–1108 CE	3 years	Book of Han	Usage continued by the Emperor Toba upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Toba Template:Category handler (r. 1107–1123 CE)
Tennin Template:Category handler	1108–1110 CE	3 years	Selections of Refined Literature
Ten'ei Template:Category handler	1110–1113 CE	4 years	Book of Documents	Also rendered as Ten'yō.
Eikyū Template:Category handler	1113–1118 CE	6 years	Mao Commentary	Also rendered as Yōkyū.
Gen'ei Template:Category handler	1118–1120 CE	3 years		Also rendered as Gen'yō.
Hōan Template:Category handler	1120–1124 CE	5 years		Usage continued by the Emperor Sutoku upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Sutoku Template:Category handler (r. 1123–1142 CE)
Tenji Template:Category handler	1124–1126 CE	3 years	Classic of Changes	Also rendered as Tenchi.
Daiji Template:Category handler	1126–1131 CE	6 years	Hetu Tingzuofu (河圖挺佐輔)	Also rendered as Taiji.
Tenshō Template:Category handler	1131–1132 CE	2 years	Book of Han	Also rendered as Tenjō.
Chōshō Template:Category handler	1132–1135 CE	4 years	Records of the Grand Historian	Also rendered as Chōjō.
Hōen Template:Category handler	1135–1141 CE	7 years	Selections of Refined Literature
Eiji Template:Category handler	1141–1142 CE	2 years	On the Standards for Literature (典論), Book of Jin	Usage continued by the Emperor Konoe upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Konoe Template:Category handler (r. 1142–1155 CE)
Kōji Template:Category handler	1142–1144 CE	3 years	Book of Song
Ten'yō Template:Category handler	1144–1145 CE	2 years	Book of Later Han	Also rendered as Tennyō.
Kyūan Template:Category handler	1145–1151 CE	7 years	Book of Jin
Ninpei Template:Category handler	1151–1154 CE	4 years	Book of Later Han	Also rendered as Ninpyō, Ninbyō, Ninhyō, and Ninhei.
Kyūju Template:Category handler	1154–1156 CE	3 years	Book of the Master Who Embraces Simplicity	Usage continued by the Emperor Go-Shirakawa upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Go-Shirakawa Template:Category handler (r. 1155–1158 CE)
Hōgen Template:Category handler	1156–1159 CE	4 years	Instructions for the Yan Clan (顏氏家訓)	Also rendered as Hogen. Usage continued by the Emperor Nijō upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Nijō Template:Category handler (r. 1158–1165 CE)
Heiji Template:Category handler	1159–1160 CE	2 years	Records of the Grand Historian	Also rendered as Byōji.
Eiryaku Template:Category handler	1160–1161 CE	2 years	Book of Later Han	Also rendered as Yōryaku.
Ōhō Template:Category handler	1161–1163 CE	3 years	Book of Documents	Also rendered as Ōpō.
Chōkan Template:Category handler	1163–1165 CE	3 years	Weicheng Dianxun (維城典訓)	Also rendered as Chōgan.
Eiman Template:Category handler	1165–1166 CE	2 years	Book of Han	Also rendered as Yōman. Usage continued by the Emperor Rokujō upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Rokujō Template:Category handler (r. 1165–1168 CE)
Nin'an Template:Category handler	1166–1169 CE	4 years	Correct Interpretation of the Mao Commentary (毛詩正義)	Also rendered as Ninnan. Usage continued by the Emperor Takakura upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Takakura Template:Category handler (r. 1168–1180 CE)
Kaō Template:Category handler	1169–1171 CE	3 years	Book of Han
Jōan Template:Category handler	1171–1175 CE	5 years	Book of Documents	Also rendered as Shōan.
Angen Template:Category handler	1175–1177 CE	3 years	Book of Han
Jishō Template:Category handler	1177–1181 CE	5 years	Hetu Tingzuofu (河圖挺作輔)	Also rendered as Jijō and Chishō. Usage continued by the Emperor Antoku upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Antoku Template:Category handler (r. 1180–1185 CE)
Yōwa Template:Category handler	1181–1182 CE	8 years	Book of Later Han
Juei Template:Category handler	1182–1185 CE	4 years	Classic of Poetry	Also used by the Emperor Go-Toba from 1183 CE to 1184 CE.
Emperor Go-Toba Template:Category handler (r. 1183–1198 CE)
Juei Template:Category handler	1183–1184 CE	2 years	Classic of Poetry	Also used by the Emperor Antoku from 1182 to 1185 CE.
Genryaku Template:Category handler	1184–1185 CE	2 years	Shangshu Kaolingyao (尚書考靈耀)

Kamakura period

Era name	Period of use	Length of use	Derived from	Remark
Emperor Go-Toba Template:Category handler (r. 1183–1198 CE)
Bunji Template:Category handler	1185–1190 CE	6 years	Book of Rites	Also rendered as Monchi.
Kenkyū Template:Category handler	1190–1199 CE	10 years	Book of Jin	Usage continued by the Emperor Tsuchimikado upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Tsuchimikado Template:Category handler (r. 1198–1210 CE)
Shōji Template:Category handler	1199–1201 CE	3 years	Zhuangzi	Also rendered as Shōchi.
Kennin Template:Category handler	1201–1204 CE	4 years	Selections of Refined Literature
Genkyū Template:Category handler	1204–1206 CE	3 years	Correct Interpretation of the Mao Commentary (毛詩正義)
Ken'ei Template:Category handler	1206–1207 CE	2 years	Selections of Refined Literature	Also rendered as Ken'yō.
Jōgen Template:Category handler	1207–1211 CE	5 years	Comprehensive Institutions	Also rendered as Shōgen. Usage continued by the Emperor Juntoku upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Juntoku Template:Category handler (r. 1210–1221 CE)
Kenryaku Template:Category handler	1211–1213 CE	3 years	Book of Later Han	Also rendered as Kenreki.
Kempo Template:Category handler	1213–1219 CE	7 years	Book of Documents	Also rendered as Kenhō.
Jōkyū Template:Category handler	1219–1222 CE	4 years	Apocrypha of the Classic of Poetry (詩緯)	Also rendered as Shōkyū. Usage continued by the Emperor Chūkyō and the Emperor Go-Horikawa upon their ascension to the throne.
Emperor Go-Horikawa Template:Category handler (r. 1221–1232 CE)
Jōō Template:Category handler	1222–1224 CE	3 years	Classic of Changes	Also rendered as Teiō.
Gennin Template:Category handler	1224–1225 CE	2 years	Classic of Changes
Karoku Template:Category handler	1225–1227 CE	3 years	Records of Diverse Matters
Antei Template:Category handler	1227–1229 CE	3 years	Classic of Changes	Also rendered as Anjō.
Kangi Template:Category handler	1229–1232 CE	4 years	Book of Wei	Also rendered as Kanki.
Jōei Template:Category handler	1232–1233 CE	2 years	Classic of Changes	Also rendered as Teiei. Usage continued by the Emperor Shijō upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Shijō Template:Category handler (r. 1232–1242 CE)
Tenpuku Template:Category handler	1233–1234 CE	2 years	Book of Documents	Also rendered as Tenfuku.
Bunryaku Template:Category handler	1234–1235 CE	2 years	Selections of Refined Literature	Also rendered as Monryaku and Monreki.
Katei Template:Category handler	1235–1238 CE	4 years	Book of Northern Qi
Ryakunin Template:Category handler	1238–1239 CE	2 years	Book of Sui	Also rendered as Rekinin.
En'ō Template:Category handler	1239–1240 CE	2 years	Selections of Refined Literature	Also rendered as Ennō.
Ninji Template:Category handler	1240–1243 CE	4 years	New Book of Tang	Also rendered as Ninchi. Usage continued by the Emperor Go-Saga upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Go-Saga Template:Category handler (r. 1242–1246 CE)
Kangen Template:Category handler	1243–1247 CE	5 years	Book of Song	Usage continued by the Emperor Go-Fukakusa upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Go-Fukakusa Template:Category handler (r. 1246–1260 CE)
Hōji Template:Category handler	1247–1249 CE	3 years	Luxuriant Dew of the Spring and Autumn Annals
Kenchō Template:Category handler	1249–1256 CE	8 years	Book of Later Han
Kōgen Template:Category handler	1256–1257 CE	2 years
Shōka Template:Category handler	1257–1259 CE	3 years	Classified Collection Based on the Classics and Other Literature
Shōgen Template:Category handler	1259–1260 CE	2 years	Apocrypha of the Classic of Poetry (詩緯)	Usage continued by the Emperor Kameyama upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Kameyama Template:Category handler (r. 1260–1274 CE)
Bun'ō Template:Category handler	1260–1261 CE	2 years	Book of Jin	Also rendered as Bunnō.
Kōchō Template:Category handler	1261–1264 CE	4 years	The Political Program of the Zhenguan Period (貞觀政要)
Bun'ei Template:Category handler	1264–1275 CE	12 years	Book of Later Han	Usage continued by the Emperor Go-Uda upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Go-Uda Template:Category handler (r. 1274–1287 CE)
Kenji Template:Category handler	1275–1278 CE	4 years	Rites of Zhou
Kōan Template:Category handler	1278–1288 CE	11 years	Veritable Records of the Emperor Taizong of Tang (唐太宗實錄)	Usage continued by the Emperor Fushimi upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Fushimi Template:Category handler (r. 1287–1298 CE)
Shōō Template:Category handler	1288–1293 CE	6 years	Notes on the Mao Commentary (毛詩注)
Einin Template:Category handler	1293–1299 CE	7 years	Book of Jin	Usage continued by the Emperor Go-Fushimi upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Go-Fushimi Template:Category handler (r. 1298–1301 CE)
Shōan Template:Category handler	1299–1302 CE	4 years	The School Sayings of Confucius	Usage continued by the Emperor Go-Nijō upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Go-Nijō Template:Category handler (r. 1301–1308 CE)
Kengen Template:Category handler	1302–1303 CE	2 years	Classic of Changes
Kagen Template:Category handler	1303–1306 CE	4 years	Classified Collection Based on the Classics and Other Literature
Tokuji Template:Category handler	1306–1308 CE	3 years	The Commentary of Zuo	Usage continued by the Emperor Hanazono upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Hanazono Template:Category handler (r. 1308–1318 CE)
Enkyō Template:Category handler	1308–1311 CE	4 years	Book of Later Han	Also rendered as Engyō and Enkei.
Ōchō Template:Category handler	1311–1312 CE	2 years	Old Book of Tang
Shōwa Template:Category handler	1312–1317 CE	6 years	Old Book of Tang
Bunpō Template:Category handler	1317–1319 CE	3 years	Book of Liang	Also rendered as Bunhō. Usage continued by the Emperor Go-Daigo upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Go-Daigo Template:Category handler (r. 1318–1339 CE)
Gen'ō Template:Category handler	1319–1321 CE	3 years	Old Book of Tang	Also rendered as Gennō.
Genkō Template:Category handler	1321–1324 CE	4 years	Classic of Changes
Shōchū Template:Category handler	1324–1326 CE	3 years	Classic of Changes
Karyaku Template:Category handler	1326–1329 CE	4 years	Old Book of Tang
Gentoku Template:Category handler	1329–1332 CE	4 years	Classic of Changes, Correct Interpretation of the Classic of Changes (周易正義)
Genkō Template:Category handler	1331–1334 CE	4 years	Classified Collection Based on the Classics and Other Literature

Nanboku-chō period

Southern Court

Era name	Period of use	Length of use	Derived from	Remark
Emperor Go-Daigo Template:Category handler (r. 1318–1339 CE)
Kenmu Template:Category handler	1334–1336 CE	3 years	Book of Later Han	Also rendered as Kenbu. Also used by the Emperor Kōmyō from 1336 CE to 1338 CE.
Engen Template:Category handler	1336–1340 CE	5 years	Book of Liang	Usage continued by the Emperor Go-Murakami upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Go-Murakami Template:Category handler (r. 1339–1368 CE)
Kōkoku Template:Category handler	1340–1347 CE	8 years	The Commentary of Zuo, Selections of Refined Literature, New History of the Five Dynasties
Shōhei Template:Category handler	1347–1370 CE	24 years	Book of Song	Usage continued by the Emperor Chōkei upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Chōkei Template:Category handler (r. 1368–1383 CE)
Kentoku Template:Category handler	1370–1372 CE	3 years	Selections of Refined Literature
Bunchū Template:Category handler	1372–1375 CE	4 years	Classic of Changes
Tenju Template:Category handler	1375–1381 CE	7 years	Records of the Grand Historian
Kōwa Template:Category handler	1381–1384 CE	4 years	Book of Documents	Usage continued by the Emperor Go-Kameyama upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Go-Kameyama Template:Category handler (r. 1383–1392 CE)
Genchū Template:Category handler	1384–1392 CE	9 years	Classic of Changes	Genchū 9 was superseded by Meitoku 3 in 1392 CE.

Northern Court

Era name	Period of use	Length of use	Derived from	Remark
Emperor Kōgon Template:Category handler (r. 1331–1333 CE)
Shōkyō Template:Category handler	1332–1333 CE	2 years	Correct Interpretation of the Classic of Changes (周易正義)	Also rendered as Shōkyō.
Emperor Kōmyō Template:Category handler (r. 1336–1348 CE)
Kenmu Template:Category handler	1336–1338 CE	3 years	Book of Later Han	Also rendered as Kenbu. Also used by the Emperor Go-Daigo from 1334 CE to 1336 CE.
Ryakuō Template:Category handler	1338–1342 CE	5 years	Records of Emperors and Kings (帝王世紀)	Also rendered as Rekiō.
Kōei Template:Category handler	1342–1345 CE	4 years	Book of Han
Jōwa Template:Category handler	1345–1350 CE	6 years	Classified Collection Based on the Classics and Other Literature	Also rendered as Teiwa. Usage continued by the Emperor Sukō upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Sukō Template:Category handler (r. 1348–1351 CE)
Kannō Template:Category handler	1350–1352 CE	3 years	Zhuangzi	Also rendered as Kan'ō. Usage continued by the Emperor Go-Kōgon upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Go-Kōgon Template:Category handler (r. 1352–1371 CE)
Bunna Template:Category handler	1352–1356 CE	5 years	Records of the Three Kingdoms, Old Book of Tang	Also rendered as Bunwa.
Enbun Template:Category handler	1356–1361 CE	6 years	Book of Han
Kōan Template:Category handler	1361–1362 CE	2 years	Correct Interpretation of the Records of the Grand Historian (史記正義), Old Book of Tang
Jōji Template:Category handler	1362–1368 CE	7 years	Classic of Changes	Also rendered as Teiji.
Ōan Template:Category handler	1368–1375 CE	8 years	Correct Interpretation of the Mao Commentary (毛詩正義)	Usage continued by the Emperor Go-En'yū upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Go-En'yū Template:Category handler (r. 1371–1382 CE)
Eiwa Template:Category handler	1375–1379 CE	5 years	Book of Documents, Classified Collection Based on the Classics and Other Literature
Kōryaku Template:Category handler	1379–1381 CE	3 years	Old Book of Tang
Eitoku Template:Category handler	1381–1384 CE	4 years	The Governing Principles of Ancient China (羣書治要)	Usage continued by the Emperor Go-Komatsu upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Go-Komatsu Template:Category handler (r. 1382–1412 CE)
Shitoku Template:Category handler	1384–1387 CE	4 years	Classic of Filial Piety	Also rendered as Meitoku
Kakei Template:Category handler	1387–1389 CE	3 years	Correct Interpretation of the Mao Commentary (毛詩正義)	Also rendered as Kakyō.
Kōō Template:Category handler	1389–1390 CE	2 years	Selections of Refined Literature
Meitoku Template:Category handler	1390–1394 CE	5 years	Book of Rites	Meitoku 3 superseded Genchū 9 in 1392 CE.

Muromachi period

Era name	Period of use	Length of use	Derived from	Remark
Emperor Go-Komatsu Template:Category handler (r. 1382–1412 CE)
Ōei Template:Category handler	1394–1428 CE	35 years	Institutional History of Tang	Usage continued by the Emperor Shōkō upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Shōkō Template:Category handler (r. 1412–1428 CE)
Shōchō Template:Category handler	1428–1429 CE	2 years	Correct Interpretation of the Book of Rites (禮記正義)	Usage continued by the Emperor Go-Hanazono upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Go-Hanazono Template:Category handler (r. 1428–1464 CE)
Eikyō Template:Category handler	1429–1441 CE	13 years	Book of Later Han	Also rendered as Eikō.
Kakitsu Template:Category handler	1441–1444 CE	4 years	Classic of Changes	Also rendered as Kakichi.
Bun'an Template:Category handler	1444–1449 CE	6 years	Book of Documents, Book of Jin	Also rendered as Bunnan.
Hōtoku Template:Category handler	1449–1452 CE	4 years	Old Book of Tang
Kyōtoku Template:Category handler	1452–1455 CE	4 years	Book of Documents
Kōshō Template:Category handler	1455–1457 CE	3 years	Book of Documents, Records of the Grand Historian
Chōroku Template:Category handler	1457–1460 CE	4 years	Han Feizi
Kanshō Template:Category handler	1460–1466 CE	7 years	The School Sayings of Confucius	Usage continued by the Emperor Go-Tsuchimikado upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Go-Tsuchimikado Template:Category handler (r. 1464–1500 CE)
Bunshō Template:Category handler	1466–1467 CE	2 years	Xunzi	Also rendered as Monshō.
Ōnin Template:Category handler	1467–1469 CE	3 years	Weicheng Dianxun (維城典訓)
Bunmei Template:Category handler	1469–1487 CE	19 years	Classic of Changes
Chōkyō Template:Category handler	1487–1489 CE	3 years	Selections of Refined Literature, The Commentary of Zuo, Book of Later Han
Entoku Template:Category handler	1489–1492 CE	4 years	Mencius
Meiō Template:Category handler	1492–1501 CE	10 years	Classic of Changes	Usage continued by the Emperor Go-Kashiwabara upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Go-Kashiwabara Template:Category handler (r. 1500–1526 CE)
Bunki Template:Category handler	1501–1504 CE	4 years	The Literary Expositor
Eishō Template:Category handler	1504–1521 CE	18 years	Apocrypha of the Classic of Changes (周易緯)
Daiei Template:Category handler	1521–1528 CE	8 years	Comprehensive Institutions	Usage continued by the Emperor Go-Nara upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Go-Nara Template:Category handler (r. 1526–1557 CE)
Kyōroku Template:Category handler	1528–1532 CE	5 years	Classic of Changes
Tenbun Template:Category handler	1532–1555 CE	24 years	Classic of Changes	Also rendered as Tenmon.
Kōji Template:Category handler	1555–1558 CE	4 years	Book of Northern Qi	Usage continued by the Emperor Ōgimachi upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Ōgimachi Template:Category handler (r. 1557–1586 CE)
Eiroku Template:Category handler	1558–1570 CE	13 years	The Governing Principles of Ancient China (羣書治要)	Also rendered as Yōroku.
Genki Template:Category handler	1570–1573 CE	4 years	Mao Commentary, Selections of Refined Literature

Azuchi–Momoyama period

Era name	Period of use	Length of use	Derived from	Remark
Emperor Ōgimachi Template:Category handler (r. 1557–1586 CE)
Tenshō Template:Category handler	1573–1592 CE	20 years	Selections of Refined Literature, Book of the Way and of Virtue	Usage continued by the Emperor Go-Yōzei upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Go-Yōzei Template:Category handler (r. 1586–1611 CE)
Bunroku Template:Category handler	1592–1596 CE	5 years	Comprehensive Institutions
Keichō Template:Category handler	1596–1615 CE	20 years	Correct Interpretation of the Mao Commentary (毛詩注疏)	Also rendered as Kyōchō. Usage continued by the Emperor Go-Mizunoo upon his ascension to the throne.

Edo period

Era name	Period of use	Length of use	Derived from	Remark
Emperor Go-Mizunoo Template:Category handler (r. 1611–1629 CE)
Genna Template:Category handler	1615–1624 CE	10 years	Era name of the Emperor Xianzong of Tang	Also rendered as Genwa.
Kan'ei Template:Category handler	1624–1644 CE	21 years	Collected Commentaries on the Classic of Poetry (詩集傳)	Usage continued by the Empress Meishō and the Emperor Go-Kōmyō upon their ascension to the throne.
Emperor Go-Kōmyō Template:Category handler (r. 1643–1654 CE)
Shōhō Template:Category handler	1645–1648 CE	4 years	Book of Documents
Keian Template:Category handler	1648–1652 CE	5 years	Classic of Changes	Also rendered as Kyōan.
Jōō Template:Category handler	1652–1655 CE	4 years	Book of Jin	Also rendered as Shōō. Usage continued by the Emperor Go-Sai upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Go-Sai Template:Category handler (r. 1655–1663 CE)
Meireki Template:Category handler	1655–1658 CE	4 years	Book of Han, Book of Later Han	Also rendered as Myōryaku and Meiryaku.
Manji Template:Category handler	1658–1661 CE	4 years	Records of the Grand Historian, The Political Program of the Zhenguan Period (貞觀政要)	Also rendered as Manchi.
Kanbun Template:Category handler	1661–1673 CE	13 years	Xunzi	Usage continued by the Emperor Reigen upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Reigen Template:Category handler (r. 1663–1687 CE)
Enpō Template:Category handler	1673–1681 CE	9 years	Book of Sui	Also rendered as Enhō. Formerly written as "Template:Category handler" in kanji.
Tenna Template:Category handler	1681–1684 CE	4 years	Book of Documents, Book of Han, Book of Later Han, Zhuangzi	Also rendered as Tenwa.
Jōkyō Template:Category handler	1684–1688 CE	5 years	Classic of Changes	Usage continued by the Emperor Higashiyama upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Higashiyama Template:Category handler (r. 1687–1709 CE)
Genroku Template:Category handler	1688–1704 CE	16 years	Selections of Refined Literature
Hōei Template:Category handler	1704–1711 CE	8 years	Old Book of Tang	Usage continued by the Emperor Nakamikado upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Nakamikado Template:Category handler (r. 1709–1735 CE)
Shōtoku Template:Category handler	1711–1716 CE	6 years	Book of Documents
Kyōhō Template:Category handler	1716–1736 CE	21 years	Book of Zhou	Usage continued by the Emperor Sakuramachi upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Sakuramachi Template:Category handler (r. 1735–1747 CE)
Genbun Template:Category handler	1736–1741 CE	6 years	Selections of Refined Literature
Kanpō Template:Category handler	1741–1744 CE	4 years	Discourses of the States	Also rendered as Kanhō.
Enkyō Template:Category handler	1744–1748 CE	5 years	Classified Collection Based on the Classics and Other Literature	Usage continued by the Emperor Momozono upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Momozono Template:Category handler (r. 1747–1762 CE)
Kan'en Template:Category handler	1748–1751 CE	4 years	Selections of Refined Literature
Hōreki Template:Category handler	1751–1764 CE	14 years	The Political Program of the Zhenguan Period (貞觀政要)	Also rendered as Hōryaku. Usage continued by the Empress Go-Sakuramachi upon her ascension to the throne.
Empress Go-Sakuramachi Template:Category handler (r. 1762–1771 CE)
Meiwa Template:Category handler	1764–1772 CE	9 years	Book of Documents	Also rendered as Myōwa. Usage continued by the Emperor Go-Momozono upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Go-Momozono Template:Category handler (r. 1771–1779 CE)
An'ei Template:Category handler	1772–1781 CE	10 years	Selections of Refined Literature	Usage continued by the Emperor Kōkaku upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Kōkaku Template:Category handler (r. 1780–1817 CE)
Tenmei Template:Category handler	1781–1789 CE	9 years	Book of Documents
Kansei Template:Category handler	1789–1801 CE	13 years	The Commentary of Zuo
Kyōwa Template:Category handler	1801–1804 CE	4 years	Selections of Refined Literature
Bunka Template:Category handler	1804–1818 CE	15 years	Classic of Changes, Book of Later Han	Usage continued by the Emperor Ninkō upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Ninkō Template:Category handler (r. 1817–1846 CE)
Bunsei Template:Category handler	1818–1830 CE	13 years	Book of Documents
Tenpō Template:Category handler	1830–1844 CE	15 years	Book of Documents	Also rendered as Tenhō.
Kōka Template:Category handler	1844–1848 CE	5 years	Book of Documents	Usage continued by the Emperor Kōmei upon his ascension to the throne.
Emperor Kōmei Template:Category handler (r. 1846–1867 CE)
Kaei Template:Category handler	1848–1854 CE	7 years	Book of Song
Ansei Template:Category handler	1854–1860 CE	7 years	The Governing Principles of Ancient China (羣書治要)
Man'en Template:Category handler	1860–1861 CE	2 years	Book of Later Han
Bunkyū Template:Category handler	1861–1864 CE	4 years	Book of Later Han
Genji Template:Category handler	1864–1865 CE	2 years	Classic of Changes, Records of the Three Kingdoms
Keiō Template:Category handler	1865–1868 CE	4 years	Selections of Refined Literature	Usage continued by the Emperor Meiji upon his ascension to the throne.

Modern Japan

The "one reign, one era name" (Template:Category handler) system was implemented in 1868 CE.

Era name	Period of use	Length of use	Derived from	Remark
Emperor Meiji Template:Category handler (r. 1867–1912 CE)
Meiji Template:Category handler	1868–1912 CE	Template:Age in years and days	Classic of Changes	In 1873 Japan adopted the Seireki (西暦), the Common Era. Nowadays, Japanese people know it as well as the regnal eras. Prior to the introduction of the Gregorian calendar in 1873, the reference calendar was based on the lunisolar Chinese calendar.
Emperor Taishō Template:Category handler (r. 1912–1926 CE)
Taishō Template:Category handler	1912–1926 CE	Template:Age in years and days	Classic of Changes	Rejected proposals were Tenkō (Template:Category handler), Kōka (Template:Category handler), Eian (Template:Category handler), Kentoku (Template:Category handler), Shōtoku (Template:Category handler).
Emperor Shōwa Template:Category handler (r. 1926–1989 CE)
Shōwa Template:Category handler	1926–1989 CE	Template:Age in years and days	Book of Documents	Rejected proposals were Jinka (Template:Category handler), Genka (Template:Category handler), Jinwa (Template:Category handler), Dōwa (Template:Category handler), Keimei (Template:Category handler), Junmei (Template:Category handler), Meiho (Template:Category handler), Kan'an (Template:Category handler), Gen'an (Template:Category handler), Ryūsei (Template:Category handler), Teigyō (Template:Category handler), Kōbun (Template:Category handler), Shōmei (Template:Category handler), Kyōchū (Template:Category handler).
Emperor Emeritus（Akihito） Template:Category handler (r. 1989–2019 CE)
Heisei Template:Category handler	1989–2019 CE	Template:Age in years and days	Records of the Grand Historian, Book of Documents	Rejected proposals were Shūbun (Template:Category handler), Seika (Template:Category handler).
Emperor Naruhito Template:Category handler (r. 2019 CE–present)
Reiwa Template:Category handler	2019 CE–present	Template:Age in years and days	Man'yōshū	First Japanese era name extracted from Japanese literature instead of Chinese literature. Rejected proposals were Eikō (Template:Category handler), Kyūka (Template:Category handler), Kōshi (also rendered as Kōji; Template:Category handler), Banna (also rendered as Banwa; Template:Category handler), Banpo (also rendered as Banhō; Template:Category handler).

Non-Template:Transliteration periods

Unofficial non-Template:Transliteration periods (Template:Transliteration) before 701 are called . Pre-Taika chronology intervals include:

• Reign of Emperor Jimmu, 660–581 BCE
• Reign of Emperor Suizei, 581–548 BCE
• Reign of Emperor Annei, 548–510 BC
• Reign of Emperor Itoku, 510–475 BCE
• Reign of Emperor Kōshō, 475–392 BCE
• Reign of Emperor Kōan, 392–290 BC
• Reign of Emperor Kōrei, 290–214 BCE
• Reign of Emperor Kōgen, 214–157 BCE
• Reign of Emperor Kaika, 157–97 BCE
• Reign of Emperor Sujin, 97–29 BCE
• Reign of Emperor Suinin, 29 BCE– 71 CE
• Reign of Emperor Keikō, 71–131 CE
• Reign of Emperor Seimu, 131–192
• Reign of Emperor Chūai, 192–201
• Regency of Empress Jingū, 201–270
• Reign of Emperor Ōjin, 270–313
• Reign of Emperor Nintoku, 313–400
• Reign of Emperor Richū, 400–406
• Reign of Emperor Hanzei, 406–412
• Reign of Emperor Ingyō, 412–454
• Reign of Emperor Ankō, 454–457
• Reign of Emperor Yūryaku, 457–480
• Reign of Emperor Seinei, 480–485
• Reign of Emperor Kenzō, 485–488
• Reign of Emperor Ninken, 488–499
• Reign of Emperor Buretsu, 499–507
• Reign of Emperor Keitai, 507–534
• Reign of Emperor Ankan, 534–536
• Reign of Emperor Senka, 536–540
• Reign of Emperor Kinmei, 540–572
• Reign of Emperor Bidatsu, 572–586
• Reign of Emperor Yōmei, 586–588
• Reign of Emperor Sushun, 588–593
• Reign of Emperor Suiko, 593–629Template:Efn
• Reign of Emperor Jomei, 629–645

Post-Taika chronology intervals not covered by the Template:Transliteration system include:

• Reign of Empress Saimei, 655–662 ... Saimei (period)
• Reign of Emperor Tenji, 662–672 ... Tenji (period)
• Reign of Emperor Kōbun, 672–673 ... Kōbun (period) or Sujaku (or Suzaku)
• Reign of Emperor Tenmu, 673–686 ... Tenmu (period) or Hakuhō period
• Reign of Empress Jitō, 687–697 ... Jitō (period)
• Reign of Emperor Monmu, 697–701 ... Monmu (period)

See also

• Calendar
• Japanese calendar
• Japanese imperial year
• Jikkan Jūnishi (sexagenary cycle)
• Regnal name
• Regnal years worldwide
• Related systems:
  • Chinese era name
  • Korean era name
  • Vietnamese era name

References

• Daijirin, 2nd edition.
• Daijisen, 1st edition.
• Kōjien, 5th edition.
• Online conversion of Japanese dates into their Western equivalents; calculation is based on tables from Template:Harvp and Template:Harvp.
• Ponsonby-Fane, Richard. (1959). The Imperial House of Japan. Kyoto: Ponsonby Memorial Society. OCLC 194887
• Nihon Ōdai Ichiran
• Template:Category handler Template:ISBN.
• Template:Category handler Template:ISBN.
• Template:Category handler Template:ISBN.
• Template:Category handler
• Template:Category handler Template:ISBN.

External links

• Nengō converter