Records of the Three Kingdoms
Template:Short description Script error: No such module "about". Script error: No such module "Infobox".Template:Template otherScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".Template:Wikidata image Script error: No such module "infobox".
The Records of the Three Kingdoms is a Chinese official history written by Chen Shou in the late 3rd century CE, covering the end of the Han dynasty (Template:CircaTemplate:Snd220 CE) and the subsequent Three Kingdoms period (220–280 CE). It is regarded as to be the authoritative source text for these periods. Compiled following the reunification of China under the Jin dynasty (266–420), the work chronicles the political, social, and military events within rival states Cao Wei, Shu Han and Eastern Wu into a single text organized by individual biography.
The Records are the primary source of information for the 14th-century historical novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms, considered to be one of the four classic novels emblematic of written vernacular Chinese.
While large subsections of the work have been selected and translated into English, the entire corpus has yet to receive an unabridged English translation.
Origin and structure
The Book of Han and Records of the Three Kingdoms join the original Han-era universal history Records of the Grand Historian to constitute the first three entries in the Twenty-Four Histories canon, with each work cementing the new genre's literary and historiographical qualities as established by Sima Qian. The Records of the Three Kingdoms consist of 65 fascicles divided into three books—one per eponymous kingdom—totaling around 360,000 Chinese characters in length. The Book of Wei, Book of Shu, and Book of Wu receive 30 fascicles, 15 fascicles, and 20 fascicles respectively. Each fascicle is organised in the form of one or more biographies.
The author Chen Shou was born in present-day Nanchong, Sichuan, then in the state of Shu Han. After the Conquest of Shu by Wei in 263, he became an official historian under the government of the Jin dynasty, and created a history of the Three Kingdoms period. After the Conquest of Wu by Jin in 280, his work received the acclaim of senior minister Zhang Hua.
Prior to the Jin dynasty, both the states of Cao Wei and Wu has already composed their own official histories: the Book of Wei by Wang Chen, Xun Yi, and Ruan Ji; and the Book of Wu by Wei Zhao, Hua He, Xue Ying, Zhou Zhao (Script error: No such module "Lang".), and Liang Guang (Script error: No such module "Lang".). Additionally, Yu Huan had completed his privately compiled history of Wei, the Weilüe. Chen Shou used these texts as the foundation of the Records of the Three Kingdoms. However, since the state of Shu lacked an official history bureau, the Book of Shu in the Records was composed by Chen Shou himself based on his earlier personal notes about events in Shu and other primary sources he collected, such as his previously compiled writings of Zhuge Liang.Template:Sfnp
The Records of the Three Kingdoms used the year 220 CE—when the last emperor of the Han dynasty was forced to abdicate to Cao Pi—as the year in which the Wei dynasty was established. The Records refer to the rulers of Wei as 'Emperors' and those of Shu and Wu as 'Lords' or by their personal names.
Dates
Due to the biographical rather than primarily annalistic arrangement of the work, assigning dates to the historical content is both imprecise and non-trivial. Certain fascicles contain background information about their subjects' forebears which date back centuries before the main record. For example, the biography of Liu Yan begins with discussing his ancestor Liu Yu's enfeoffment at Jingling (present-day Tianmen, Hubei) in around 85 CE.[1] The first event to receive detailed description throughout the work is the Yellow Turban Rebellion in 184. Many biographies make passing mention of the event, but more concrete information such as correspondence and troop movements during the uprising can be found in fragmentary form in at least four fascicles: the biographies of Cheng Yu,[2] Yu Jin,[3] Liu Bei,[4] and Sun Jian.[5]
The three books in the Records of the Three Kingdoms end at different dates, with the main section of the Book of Wei ending with the abdication of Cao Huan in February 266, the Book of Shu ending with the death of Liu Shan in 271, and the Book of Wu ending with the death of Sun Hao in 284.[6]
One abstract regarding the chronology is translated as follows: <templatestyles src="Template:Blockquote/styles.css" />
In the 24th year (of Jian'an), the Former Lord became the King of Hanzhong, and he appointed (Guan) Yu as the General of the Vanguard. In the same year, (Guan) Yu led his men to attack Cao Ren at Fan. Lord Cao sent Yu Jin to aid (Cao) Ren. In autumn, great rains caused the Han River to flood. (Yu) Jin and all seven armies he oversaw were inundated.[7]
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Contents
Book of Wei (魏書)
| # | Title | Translation | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Annals of Emperor Wu | Cao Cao |
| Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Annals of Emperor Wen | Cao Pi |
| Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Annals of Emperor Ming | Cao Rui |
| Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Annals of the three young emperors | Cao Fang, Cao Mao, Cao Huan |
| Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Biographies of empresses and concubines | Lady Bian, Lady Zhen, Guo Nüwang, Empress Mao, Empress Guo |
| Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Biographies of Dong, the two Yuans, and Liu | Dong Zhuo, Yuan Shao, Yuan Shu, Liu Biao |
| Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Biographies of Lü Bu and Zang Hong | Zhang Miao, Chen Deng |
| Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Biographies of the two Gongsuns, Tao, and the four Zhangs | Gongsun Zan, Tao Qian, Zhang Yang, Gongsun Du, Zhang Yan, Zhang Xiu, Zhang Lu |
| Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Biographies of the Xiahous and Caos | Xiahou Dun, Han Hao, Xiahou Yuan, Cao Ren, Cao Chun, Cao Hong, Cao Xiu, Cao Zhen, Cao Shuang, Xiahou Shang, Xiahou Xuan |
| Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Biographies of Xun Yu, Xun You, and Jia Xu | |
| Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Biographies of Yuan, Zhang, Liang, Guo, Tian, Wang, Bing, and Guan | Yuan Huan, Zhang Fan, Zhang Cheng, Liang Mao, Guo Yuan, Tian Chou, Wang Xiu, Bing Yuan, Guan Ning |
| Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Biographies of Cui, Mao, Xu, He, Xing, and Sima | Cui Yan, Mao Jie, Xu Yi, He Kui, Xing Yong, Bao Xun, Sima Zhi |
| Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Biographies of Zhong Yao, Hua Xin, and Wang Lang | Zhong Yu, Wang Su |
| Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Biographies of Cheng, Dong, Guo, Liu, Jiang, and Liu | Cheng Yu, Cheng Xiao, Guo Jia, Dong Zhao, Liu Ye, Jiang Ji, Liu Fang |
| Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Biographies of Liu, Sima, Liang, Zhang, Wen, and Jia | Liu Fu, Liu Jing, Sima Lang, Liang Xi, Zhang Ji (Derong), Zhang Ji (Jingzhong), Wen Hui, Jia Kui |
| Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Biographies of Ren, Su, Du, Zheng, and Cang | Ren Jun, Su Ze, Du Ji, Zheng Hun, Cang Ci |
| Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Biographies of Zhang, Yue, Yu, Zhang, and Xu | Zhang Liao, Yue Jin, Yu Jin, Zhang He, Xu Huang |
| Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Biographies of the two Lis, Zang, Wen, Lü, Xu, Dian, the two Pangs, and Yan | Li Dian, Li Tong, Zang Ba, Wen Ping, Lü Qian, Xu Chu, Dian Wei, Pang De, Pang Yu, Yan Wen |
| Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Biographies of the princes of Rencheng, Chen, and Xiao | Cao Zhang, Cao Zhi, Cao Xiong |
| Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Biographies of nobles in Emperors Wu and Wen's time | Cao Ang, Cao Shuo, Cao Chong, Cao Ju (Prince of Pengcheng), Cao Yu, Cao Lin (Prince of Pei), Cao Gun, Cao Xuan, Cao Jun (Prince of Chenliu), Cao Ju (Prince of Fanyang), Cao Gan, Cao Zishang, Cao Biao, Cao Ziqin, Cao Zicheng, Cao Zizheng, Cao Zijing, Cao Jun (Duke of Fan), Cao Ziji, Cao Hui, Cao Mao (Prince of Laoling), Cao Xie, Cao Rui (Prince of Beihai), Cao Jian, Cao Lin (Prince of Donghai), Cao Li, Cao Yong, Cao Gong, Cao Yan |
| Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Biographies of Wang, Wei, and the two Lius | Wang Can, Wei Ji, Liu Yi, Liu Shao, Fu Gu |
| Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Biographies of Huan, the two Chens, Xu, Wei, and Lu | Huan Jie, Chen Qun, Chen Tai, Chen Jiao, Xu Xuan, Wei Zhen, Lu Yu |
| Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Biographies of He, Chang, Yang, Du, Zhao, and Pei | He Qia, Chang Lin, Yang Jun, Du Xi, Zhao Yan, Pei Qian |
| Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Biographies of Han, Cui, Gao, Sun, and Wang | Han Ji, Cui Lin, Gao Rou, Sun Li, Wang Guan |
| Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Biographies of Xin Pi, Yang Fu, and Gaotang Long | |
| Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Biographies of Man, Tian, Qian, and Guo | Man Chong, Tian Yu, Qian Zhao, Guo Huai |
| Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Biographies of Xu, Hu, and the two Wangs | Xu Miao, Hu Zhi, Wang Chang, Wang Ji |
| Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Biographies of Wang, Guanqiu, Zhuge, Deng and Zhong | Wang Ling, Guanqiu Jian, Zhuge Dan, Deng Ai, Zhong Hui |
| Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Biographies of fangshi and artisans | Hua Tuo, Du Kui, Zhu Jianping, Zhou Xuan, Guan Lu |
| Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Biographies of the Wuhuan, Xianbei, and Dongyi | Wuhuan, Xianbei, Buyeo, Goguryeo, Okjeo, Yilou, Yemaek, Samhan, Wa (Wajinden); and a long footnote at the end containing the chapter on the Xirong, or 'Peoples of the West' from the Weilüe, or "Brief Account of the Wei Dynasty", composed by Yu Huan in the second third of the 3rd century CE. |
Book of Shu (蜀書)
| # | Title | Translation | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Biographies of the two Governor Lius | Liu Yan, Liu Zhang |
| Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Biography of the Former Lord | Liu Bei |
| Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Biography of the Later Lord | Liu Shan |
| Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Biographies of concubines and sons of the two Lords | Lady Gan, Empress Wu, Empress Zhang (former), Empress Zhang (later), Liu Yong, Liu Li, Liu Xuan |
| Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Biography of Zhuge Liang | Zhuge Qiao, Zhuge Zhan, Dong Jue |
| Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Biographies of Guan, Zhang, Ma, Huang, and Zhao | Guan Yu, Zhang Fei, Ma Chao, Huang Zhong, Zhao Yun |
| Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Biographies of Pang Tong and Fa Zheng | |
| Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Biographies of Xu, Mi, Sun, Jian, Yi, and Qin | Xu Jing, Mi Zhu, Mi Fang, Sun Qian, Jian Yong, Yi Ji, Qin Mi |
| Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Biographies of Dong, Liu, Ma, Chen, Dong, and Lü | Dong He, Liu Ba, Ma Liang, Ma Su, Chen Zhen, Dong Yun, Chen Zhi, Huang Hao, Lü Yi |
| Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Biographies of Liu, Peng, Liao, Li, Liu, Wei, and Yang | Liu Feng, Peng Yang, Liao Li, Li Yan, Liu Yan, Wei Yan, Yang Yi |
| Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Biographies of Huo, Wang, Xiang, Zhang, Yang, and Fei | Huo Jun, Huo Yi, Wang Lian, Xiang Lang, Xiang Chong, Zhang Yi, Yang Hong, Fei Shi |
| Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Biographies of Du, Zhou, Du, Xu, Meng, Lai, Yin, Li, Qiao, and Xi | Du Wei, Zhou Qun, Zhang Yu, Du Qiong, Xu Ci, Hu Qian, Meng Guang, Lai Min, Yin Mo, Li Zhuan, Qiao Zhou, Xi Zheng |
| Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Biographies of Huang, Li, Lü, Ma, Wang, and Zhang | Huang Quan, Li Hui, Lü Kai, Ma Zhong, Wang Ping, Zhang Ni |
| Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Biographies of Jiang Wan, Fei Yi, and Jiang Wei | |
| Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Biographies of Deng, Zhang, Zong, and Yang | Deng Zhi, Zhang Yi, Zong Yu, Liao Hua, Yang Xi |
Book of Wu (吳書)
| # | Title | Translation | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Biographies of Sun Who Destroys Barbarians, and Sun Who Attacks Rebels | Sun Jian, Sun Ce |
| Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Biography of the Lord of Wu | Sun Quan |
| Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Biographies of the three heirs | Sun Liang, Sun Xiu, Sun Hao |
| Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Biographies of Liu Yao, Taishi Ci, and Shi Xie | Ze Rong, Liu Ji |
| Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Biographies of concubines and ladies | Lady Wu, Wu Jing, Lady Xie, Lady Xu, Bu Lianshi, Empress Dayi, Empress Jinghuai, Empress Pan, Quan Huijie, Empress Zhu, Empress Dowager He, Teng Fanglan |
| Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Biographies of nobles | Sun Jing, Sun Yu, Sun Jiao, Sun Huan, Sun Ben, Sun Fu, Sun Yi, Sun Kuang, Sun Shao, Sun Huan |
| Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Biographies of Zhang, Gu, Zhuge, and Bu | Zhang Zhao, Zhang Cheng, Zhang Xiu, Gu Yong, Gu Shao, Gu Tan, Gu Cheng, Zhuge Jin, Bu Zhi |
| Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Biographies of Zhang, Yan, Cheng, Kan, and Xue | Zhang Hong, Yan Jun, Cheng Bing, Kan Ze, Xue Zong |
| Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Biographies of Zhou Yu, Lu Su, and Lü Meng | |
| Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Biographies of Cheng, Huang, Han, Jiang, Zhou, Chen, Dong, Gan, Ling, Xu, Pan, and Ding | Cheng Pu, Huang Gai, Han Dang, Jiang Qin, Zhou Tai, Chen Wu, Dong Xi, Gan Ning, Ling Tong, Xu Sheng, Pan Zhang, Ding Feng |
| Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Biographies of Zhu Zhi, Zhu Ran, Lü Fan, and Zhu Huan | Shi Ji, Zhu Yi |
| Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Biographies of Yu, Lu, Zhang, Luo, Lu, Wu, and Zhu | Yu Fan, Lu Ji, Zhang Wen, Luo Tong, Lu Mao, Wu Can, Zhu Ju |
| Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Biography of Lu Xun | Lu Kang |
| Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Biographies of the five sons of the Lord of Wu | Sun Deng, Sun Lü, Sun He, Sun Ba, Sun Fen |
| Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Biographies of He, Quan, Lü, Zhou, and Zhongli | He Qi, Quan Cong, Lü Dai, Zhou Fang, Zhongli Mu |
| Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Biographies of Pan Jun and Lu Kai | |
| Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Biographies of Shi Yi and Hu Zong | |
| Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Biographies of Wu Fan, Liu Dun, and Zhao Da | |
| Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Biographies of Zhuge, Teng, the two Suns, and Puyang | Zhuge Ke, Teng Yin, Sun Jun, Sun Chen, Puyang Xing |
| Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Biographies of Wang, Lou, He, Wei, and Hua | Wang Fan, Lou Xuan, He Shao, Wei Zhao, Hua He |
Annotations
Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".
During the fifth century, the Liu Song dynasty historian Pei Songzhi (372–451) extensively annotated Chen Shou's Records of the Three Kingdoms using a variety of other sources, augmenting the text to twice the length of the original. This work, completed in 429, became one of the official histories of the Three Kingdoms period, under the title Sanguozhi zhu (三国志注 zhu meaning "notes"). Bibliographical records indicate that up until Pei's own Liu Song dynasty, Chen Shou's three books had circulated individually rather than as a single work.Template:Sfnp
Pei collected other records to add information he felt should be added. He provided detailed explanations to some of the geography and other elements mentioned in the original. He also included multiple accounts of the same events. Sometimes, the accounts he added contradicted each other, but he included them anyway since he could not decide which version was the correct one. If Pei added something that sounded wrong, he would make a note or even offer a correction. In regard to historical events and figures, as well as Chen Shou's original text, he added his own commentary.[8] Crucially, he cited his sources in almost every case.
Legacy
The Records of the Three Kingdoms was the main source of inspiration for the 14th century Romance of the Three Kingdoms, one of the four great Classic Chinese Novels. As such the records is considered one of the most influential historical and cultural texts in Chinese history. In addition, the records provide one of the earliest accounts of Korea and Japan. Chen's Records set the standard for how Korea and Japan would write their official histories as well.[9]
Influence on Asia
Chen's Records is the chronologically final text of the "Four Histories" (Script error: No such module "Lang".), which together influenced and served as a model for Korean and Japanese official histories.[9]
The Records are important to the research of early Korean (Script error: No such module "Lang". Samguk ji) and Japanese history (三国志 Sangokushi). It provides, among other things, the first detailed account of Korean and Japanese societies such as Goguryeo, Yemaek and Wa. The passages in Fascicle 30 about the Wa, where the Yamatai-koku and its ruler Queen Himiko are recorded, are referred to as the Wajinden in Japanese studies. The Japanese did not have their own records until more than three centuries later, with the earliest extant native record being the Kojiki of 712.Template:Sfn
Romance of the Three Kingdoms
The text forms the foundation on which the 14th-century novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms by Luo Guanzhong is based. In addition, Chen Shou's literary style and vivid portrayal of characters have been a source of influence for the novel.[9]
The Records include biographies of historical figures such as Cao Cao and Guan Yu who feature prominently in the Romance of the Three Kingdoms, though the Romance also includes a number of characters and stories that are fictional. However, most of the historical facts were drawn from Chen's Records.[9]
Translations
The Records of the Three Kingdoms has not been fully translated into English. William Gordon Crowell alludes to a project to translate Chen Shou's work with Pei Songzhi's commentary in full, but it was apparently discontinued.[10] Parts of that project are published by Robert Joe Cutter and William Gordon Crowell under the title Empresses and Consorts: Selections from Chen Shou's Records of the Three States With Pei Songzhi's Commentary (University of Hawaii Press, 1999), which includes the translations for fascicles 5, 34, and 50.[11]
Other translations include Kenneth J. Dewoskin's Doctors Diviners and Magicians of Ancient China: Biographies of Fang-Shih (Columbia University Press, 1983), which includes a full translation of fascicle 29. Rafe de Crespigny, in addition to his translation of Sun Jian's biography (Fascicle 46), also translated excerpts of the Records of the Three Kingdoms in his translation of the Zizhi Tongjian that deals with the last years of the Han dynasty, as does Achilles Fang, who translated the Zizhi Tongjian fascicles that deal with the Three Kingdoms period proper. The Zizhi Tongjian fascicles in question draw heavily from Records of the Three Kingdoms. Further excerpts of the Records can be found in various sourcebooks dealing with East Asian history.
Below is a table containing the known English translations of the Records of the Three Kingdoms that have been published in academia:[12]
| Fascicle | Title of translation | Translator(s) | Publish year | URL/page numbers | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 5 (Wei 5) | Empresses and Consorts: Selections from Chen Shou's Records of the Three States With Pei Songzhi's Commentary | Robert Joe Cutter and William Gordon Crowell | 1999 | pp. 89–114 | Lady Bian, Lady Zhen, Guo Nüwang, Empress Mao, Empress Guo |
| 8 (Wei 8) | Chinese Civilization: A Sourcebook, 2nd Ed | Patricia Buckley Ebrey | 2009 | pp.84–5 | The section titled "Heterodox Bandits" is an unannotated translation of the Dianlüe footnote of the Zhang Lu chapter, about Zhang Xiu (Script error: No such module "Lang".) |
| 9 (Wei 9) | Early Medieval China: A Sourcebook | Timothy M. Davis | 2013 | pp. 135–46 | Translation of the correspondence between Xiahou Xuan and Sima Yi from the biography of Xiahou Xuan |
| 29 (Wei 29) | Doctors Diviners and Magicians of Ancient China: Biographies of Fang-Shih | Kenneth J. Dewoskin | 1983 | Hua Tuo, Du Kui, Zhu Jianping, Zhou Xuan, Guan Lu | |
| "The Biography of Hua-t'o from the History of the Three Kingdoms" in The Columbia Anthology of Traditional Chinese Literature | Victor H. Mair | 1994 | pp. 688–696 | Hua Tuo | |
| 30 (Wei 30) | Sourcebook of Korean Civilization: Volume One: From Early Times to the 16th Century | Michael C. Rogers | 1993 | pp.13–24 | Buyeo, Goguryeo, Okjeo, Yemaek, Samhan (abridged, Yilou omitted) |
| "Chinese Accounts of Koguryŏ and its Neighbours" in The Review of Korean Studies, Volume 15 Number 2 | Kenneth H. J. Gardiner | 2012 | pp. 91–113 | Buyeo, Goguryeo, Okjeo | |
| "The Account of the Han in the Sanguozhi—An Annotated Translation" in Early Korea Vol. 2 (The Samhan Period in Korean History) | Mark E. Byington | 2009 | pp. 125–52 | Samhan | |
| Japan in the Chinese dynastic histories: Later Han through Ming dynasties | Ryūsaku Tsunoda and Luther Carrington Goodrich | 1951 | pp. 8–16 | Wa (Japan) only | |
| Himiko and Japan's Elusive Chiefdom of Yamatai: Archaeology, History, and Mythology | J. Edward Kidder | 2007 | pp. 12–18 | ||
| Treatise on the People of Wa in the Chronicle of the Kingdom of Wei: The World's Earliest Written Text on Japan | Arikiyo Saeki and Joshua A. Fogel | 2018 | |||
| The Peoples of the West from the Weilüe 魏略 by Yu Huan 魚豢: A Third Century Chinese Account Composed between 239 and 265 CE. | John E. Hill | 2004 | [1] | Translation of the long Xirong footnote from the Weilüe, includes descriptions of the Western Regions including Rome | |
| 31 (Shu 1) | Record of The Three Kingdoms: The History of Shu – Fascicle One: "The Two Shepherds Liu" | William Gordon Crowell | 2005 | [2] | Liu Yan, Liu Zhang |
| 32 (Shu 2) | Record of The Three Kingdoms: The History of Shu – Fascicle Two: "The Former Lord" | William Gordon Crowell | 2006 | [3] | Liu Bei |
| 34 (Shu 4) | Empresses and Consorts: Selections from Chen Shou's Records of the Three States With Pei Songzhi's Commentary | Robert Joe Cutter and William Gordon Crowell | 1999 | pp. 115–21 | Lady Gan, Empress Wu, Empress Zhang (former), Empress Zhang (later), Liu Yong, Liu Li, Liu Xuan |
| 35 (Shu 5) | Zhuge Liang: Strategy, Achievements, and Writings | Ralph D. Sawyer | 2014 | Zhuge Liang (partial translation) | |
| 39 (Shu 9) | Record of The Three Kingdoms: The History of Shu – Fascicle Nine: Biographies of Dong He, Liu Ba, Ma Liang, Chen Zhen, Dong Yun, and Lü Yi | William Gordon Crowell | 2006 | [4] | Dong He, Liu Ba, Ma Liang, Ma Su, Chen Zhen, Dong Yun, Chen Zhi, Lü Yi |
| 42 (Shu 12) | Sanguo Zhi Fascicle 42: The Biography of Qiao Zhou | J. Michael Farmer | 2017 | [5] | Qiao Zhou only |
| 46 (Wu 1) | The Biography of Sun Chien: Being an Annotated Translation of Pages 1 to 8a of Chüan 46 of the San-kuo Chih of Ch'en Shou in the Po-na Edition | Rafe de Crespigny | 1966 | Sun Jian only | |
| 49 (Wu 4) | Men of Hu, Men of Han, Men of the hundred man: the biography of Sī Nhiêp and the conceptualization of early Vietnamese society | Stephen O'Harrow | 1986 | pp. 259–65 | Shi Xie only |
| 50 (Wu 5) | Empresses and Consorts: Selections from Chen Shou's Records of the Three States With Pei Songzhi's Commentary | Robert Joe Cutter and William Gordon Crowell | 1999 | pp. 122–36 | Lady Wu, Wu Jing, Lady Xie, Lady Xu, Bu Lianshi, Empress Dayi, Empress Jinghuai, Empress Pan, Quan Huijie, Empress Zhu, Empress Dowager He, Teng Fanglan |
See also
- Lists of people of the Three Kingdoms
- Timeline of the Three Kingdoms period
- Military history of the Three Kingdoms
References
Citations
Sources
- Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
External links
Template:Wikisourcelang Template:Sister project
- Template:In lang Records of the Three Kingdoms on the Chinese Text Project page
- Template:In lang Records of the Three Kingdoms 《三國志》 Chinese text with matching English vocabulary
Template:Twenty-Four Canonical Histories Template:Han dynasty topics
- ↑ Records of the Three Kingdoms, vol. 31.
- ↑ Records of the Three Kingdoms, vol. 14.
- ↑ Records of the Three Kingdoms, vol. 17.
- ↑ Records of the Three Kingdoms, vol. 32.
- ↑ Records of the Three Kingdoms, vol. 46.
- ↑ Records of the Three Kingdoms, vol. 28.
- ↑ (二十四年，先主為漢中王，拜羽為前將軍，假節鉞。是歲，羽率眾攻曹仁於樊。曹公遣于禁助仁。秋，大霖雨，漢水汎溢，禁所督七軍皆沒。) Sanguozhi vol. 36.
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ a b c d Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Note that Records of the Three Kingdoms in Plain Language is not a translation of Sanguozhi, but a translation of Sanguozhi Pinghua ("Pinghua" means "plain language"), a novel that served as the basis for the later and more famous Romance of the Three Kingdoms.