Scrophulariaceae
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The Scrophulariaceae are a family of flowering plants, commonly known as the figwort family. The plants are annual and perennial herbs, as well as shrubs. Flowers have bilateral (zygomorphic) or rarely radial (actinomorphic) symmetry. The Scrophulariaceae have a cosmopolitan distribution, with the majority found in temperate areas, including tropical mountains. The family name is based on the name of the included genus Scrophularia L.
Taxonomy
Script error: No such module "Unsubst". In the past, it was treated as including about 275 genera and over 5,000 species, but its circumscription has been radically altered since numerous molecular phylogenies have shown the traditional broad circumscription to be grossly polyphyletic.[1] Many genera have recently been transferred to other families within the Lamiales, notably Plantaginaceae and Orobanchaceae, but also several new families.[2][3] Several families of the Lamiales have had their circumscriptions enlarged to accommodate genera transferred from the Scrophulariacae sensu lato.
Fischer (2004) considered the family to consist of three subfamilies – Antirrhinoideae, Gratioloideae, and Digitalidoideae. He further divided the Gratioloideae into five tribes – Gratioleae, Angeloniaeae, Stemodieae, Limoselleae, and Lindernieae. He then divided the Gratioleae, with its 16 genera (and about 182 species) into three subtribes – Caprarinae, Dopatrinae, and Gratiolinae. The Gratiolinae had 10 genera (about 121 species) distributed through temperate and tropical America – Bacopa and Mecardonia (formerly Herpestis), Amphianthus, Gratiola, Sophronanthe, Benjaminia, Scoparia, Boelkea, Maeviella, and Braunblequetia. Many of these were transferred to the family Plantaginaceae, in the tribe Gratioleae.
Uses
The family includes some medicinal plants, among them:
- Scrophularia, figworts
- Verbascum, mulleins
Genera
The family Scrophulariaceae in its APG IV (2016)[4] circumscription includes 62 genera and about 1830 known species.[5] As of May 2024, Plants of the World Online accepts 58 genera.[6]
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Excluded genera
The following genera, traditionally included in the Scrophulariaceae, have been transferred to other families as indicated:
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- Acanthorrhinum Rothm. → Plantaginaceae
- Agalinis Raf. → Orobanchaceae
- Angelonia Humb. & Bonpl. → Plantaginaceae
- Antirrhinum L. → Plantaginaceae
- Asarina Mill. → Plantaginaceae
- Bacopa Aubl. → Plantaginaceae
- Bartsia L. → Orobanchaceae
- Basistemon Turcz. → Plantaginaceae
- Besseya Rydb. → Plantaginaceae
- Calceolaria L. → Calceolariaceae
- Castilleja Mutis ex L.f. → Orobanchaceae
- Chaenorhinum (DC.) Rchb. → Plantaginaceae
- Chelone L. → Plantaginaceae
- Chionophila Benth. → Plantaginaceae
- Collinsia Nutt. → Plantaginaceae
- Cordylanthus Nutt. ex Benth. → Orobanchaceae
- Craterostigma Hochst. → Linderniaceae[20] or as part of Lindernia[21]
- Cymbalaria → Plantaginaceae
- Dasistoma Raf. → Orobanchaceae[22]
- Digitalis L. → Plantaginaceae
- Dopatrium Buch.-Ham. ex Benth. → Plantaginaceae
- Epixiphium (Engelm. ex A.Gray) Munz → Plantaginaceae
- Euphrasia L. → Orobanchaceae
- Galvezia Dombey ex Juss. → Plantaginaceae
- Gambelia Nutt. → Plantaginaceae
- Glossostigma Wight & Arn. → Phrymaceae
- Gratiola L. → Plantaginaceae
- Hebe Comm. ex Juss. → Plantaginaceae
- Holmgrenanthe Elisens → Plantaginaceae
- Howelliella Rothm. → Plantaginaceae
- Keckiella Straw → Plantaginaceae
- Kickxia Dumort. → Plantaginaceae
- Lagotis Gaertn. → Plantaginaceae
- Leucosalpa Scott Elliot → Orobranchaceae[23]
- Limnophila R.Br. → Plantaginaceae
- Linaria Mill. → Plantaginaceae
- Lindernia All. → Linderniaceae[24]
- Lophospermum D.Don → Plantaginaceae
- Mabrya Elisens → Plantaginaceae
- Maurandella (A.Gray) Rothm. → Plantaginaceae
- Maurandya Ortega → Plantaginaceae
- Mazus Lour. → Mazaceae
- Mecardonia Ruiz & Pav. → Plantaginaceae
- Melampyrum L. → Orobanchaceae
- Micranthemum Michx. → Plantaginaceae
- Mimulus L. → Phrymaceae
- Misopates Raf. → Plantaginaceae
- Mohavea A.Gray → Plantaginaceae
- Neogaerrhinum Rothm. → Plantaginaceae
- Nothochelone (A.Gray) Straw → Plantaginaceae
- Nuttallanthus D.A.Sutton → Plantaginaceae
- Odontites Ludw. → Orobanchaceae
- Orobanche L. → Orobanchaceae
- Orthocarpus Nutt. → Orobanchaceae
- Parentucellia Viv. → Orobanchaceae
- Paulownia Siebold & Zucc. → Paulowniaceae
- Pedicularis L. → Orobanchaceae
- Peltanthera Benth. → Gesneriaceae (or Peltantheraceae)
- Penstemon Schmidel → Plantaginaceae
- Pseudorontium (A.Gray) Rothm. → Plantaginaceae
- Rhinanthus L. → Orobanchaceae
- Russelia Jacq. → Plantaginaceae
- Sairocarpus D.A.Sutton → Plantaginaceae
- Sanango G.S.Bunting & Duke → Gesneriaceae
- Schistophragma Benth. ex Endl. → Plantaginaceae
- Scoparia L. → Plantaginaceae
- Stemodia L. → Plantaginaceae
- Striga Lour. → Orobanchaceae[2][25]
- Synthyris Benth. → Plantaginaceae
- Tonella Nutt. ex A.Gray → Plantaginaceae
- Torenia L. → Linderniaceae
- Tozzia L. → Orobanchaceae
- Triphysaria Fisch. & C.A.Mey. → Orobanchaceae
- Veronica L. → Plantaginaceae
- Veronicastrum Heist. ex Fabr. → Plantaginaceae[26]
References
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- ↑ Fischer says that, if we consider morphology, it has been obvious for the last decades that the Scrophulariaceae do not represent a monophyletic group. See FISCHER (2004), p. 346.
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- ↑ Scrophulariaceae Juss. Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 13 May 2024.
- ↑ a b c Villaverde, T., Larridon, I., Shah, T., Fowler, R.M., Chau, J.H., Olmstead, R.G. and Sanmartín, I. (2023), Phylogenomics sheds new light on the drivers behind a long-lasting systematic riddle: the figwort family Scrophulariaceae. New Phytol, 240: 1601-1615. https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.18845
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- ↑ Plants of the World Online and World Flora Online place Limosella in family Plantaginaceae – Limosella L. (POWO), Limosella L. (WFO), Retrieved 13 May 2024.
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- ↑ Dasistoma Raf. Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 13 May 2024.
- ↑ Leucosalpa Scott Elliot. Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 13 May 2024.
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Further reading
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External links
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- Kew list of ScrophulariaceaeScript error: No such module "Category handler".[<span title="Script error: No such module "string".">usurped]Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Family Scrophulariaceae Flowers in Israel
- verbascum.org
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