Linaria

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Template:Short description Script error: No such module "about". Template:Automatic taxobox

Linaria is a genus of almost 200 species of flowering plants, one of several related groups commonly called toadflax. They are annuals and herbaceous perennials, and the largest genus in the Antirrhineae tribe of the plantain family Plantaginaceae.

Taxonomy

Linaria was traditionally placed in the family Scrophulariaceae. Phylogenetic analysis has now placed it in the vastly expanded family Plantaginaceae.

Closely related genera include Nuttallanthus (American toadflaxes, recently split from Linaria), Antirrhinum (snapdragons) and Cymbalaria (ivy-leaved toadflaxes).

Cultivation

Several Linaria species are cultivated as garden plants, and some are regarded as having a weedy habit.

  • Common toadflax or butter-and-eggs (Linaria vulgaris), a European species which is widely introduced elsewhere and grows as a common weed in some areas.[1]
  • Broomleaf toadflax or Dalmatian toadflax (Linaria genistifolia, syn. L. dalmatica), a native of southeast Europe that has become a weed in parts of North America.[2]
  • Purple toadflax (Linaria purpurea), a species native to the Mediterranean region grown as a garden plant for its dark purple or pink flowers. The version with purple flowers can be mistaken for lavender. Spreads readily.
  • Pale toadflax (Linaria repens), a species from western Europe similar to L. purpurea, but with paler flowers.
  • Alpine toadflax (Linaria alpina), purple flowers with orange (or purple) lobes in the center.
  • Moroccan toadflax (Linaria maroccana), the flower has five lobes arranged into two lips with a spur at the end, often purple with white.

Species

The following species are recognised in the genus Linaria:[3] Template:Div col

  • Linaria accitensis L.Sáez, Juan, M.B.Crespo, F.B.Navarro, J.Peñas & RoquetScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Linaria acutiloba Fisch.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Linaria aeruginea (Gouan) Cav.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Linaria afghanica Podlech & IranshahrScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Linaria alaica JunussovScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Linaria albifrons (Sm.) Spreng.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Linaria algarviana Chav.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Linaria alpina (L.) Mill.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Linaria altaica Fisch.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Linaria amethystea (Vent.) Hoffmanns. & LinkScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Linaria amoi Campo ex AmoScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Linaria angustissima (Loisel.) BorbásScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Linaria antilibanotica Rech.f.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Linaria arcusangeli Atzei & CamardaScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Linaria arenaria DC.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Linaria arenicola Pau & Font QuerScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Linaria argillicola Juan, Blanca, Cueto, J.Fuentes & L.SáezScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Linaria armeniaca Chav.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Linaria arvensis (L.) Desf.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Linaria atlantica Boiss. & Reut.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Linaria azerbaijanensis Hamdi & AssadiScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Linaria badachschanica JunussovScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Linaria badalii Willk.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Linaria bamianica PatzakScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Linaria becerrae Blanca, Cueto & J.FuentesScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Linaria bessarabica KotovScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Linaria biebersteinii BesserScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Linaria bipartita (Vent.) Willd.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Linaria bipunctata (L.) Dum.Cours.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Linaria bordiana Santa & Simonn.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Linaria boushehrensis Hamdi & AssadiScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Linaria brachyphylla Delip.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Linaria bubanii Font QuerScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Linaria bungei Kuprian.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Linaria buriatica Turcz. ex Ledeb.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Linaria caesia (Lag. ex Pers.) F.Dietr.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Linaria capraria Moris & De Not.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Linaria cavanillesii Chav.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Linaria chalepensis (L.) Mill.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Linaria clementei Haens. ex Boiss.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Linaria confertiflora Benth.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Linaria corifolia Desf.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Linaria × cornubiensis DruceScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Linaria cossoniana Braun-Blanq. & MaireScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Linaria cossonii Bonnet & BarratteScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Linaria cretacea Fisch. ex Spreng.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Linaria dalmatica (L.) Mill.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Linaria damascena Boiss. & Gaill.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Linaria decipiens Batt.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Linaria depauperata Leresche ex LangeScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Linaria diffusa Hoffmanns. & LinkScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Linaria dissita PomelScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Linaria × dominii DruceScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Linaria dumanii A.Duran & MenemenScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Linaria elegans Cav.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Linaria elymaitica (Boiss.) Kuprian.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Linaria fallax Coss. ex Batt.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Linaria farsensis Hamdi & AssadiScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Linaria fastigiata Chav.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Linaria faucicola Leresche & LevierScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Linaria fedorovii KamelinScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Linaria ficalhoana RouyScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Linaria flava (Poir.) Desf.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Linaria genistifolia (L.) Mill.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Linaria gharbensis Batt. & Pit.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Linaria glacialis Boiss.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Linaria glauca (L.) Cav.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Linaria golestanensis Hamdi & AssadiScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Linaria grandiflora Desf.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Linaria griffithii Benth.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Linaria grjunerae Knjaz.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Linaria guilanensis Hamdi & AssadiScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Linaria haelava (Forssk.) DelileScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Linaria hepatica BungeScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Linaria heratensis Podlech & IranshahrScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Linaria hirta (L.) MoenchScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Linaria hohenackeri TzvelevScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Linaria huteri LangeScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Linaria × hybrida SchurScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Linaria iconia Boiss. & Heldr.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Linaria ikonnikovii StasiakScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Linaria imzica GómizScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Linaria incarnata (Vent.) Spreng.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Linaria incompleta Kuprian.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Linaria intricata CoincyScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Linaria iranica Hamdi & AssadiScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Linaria × jalancina Gómez Nav., R.Roselló, A.Guillén, P.P.Ferrer, E.Laguna & PerScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Linaria japonica Miq.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Linaria jaxartica LevichevScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Linaria joppensis Bornm.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Linaria kavirensis Hamdi & AssadiScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Linaria khalkhalensis Hamdi & AssadiScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Linaria khorasanensis Hamdi & AssadiScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Linaria × kocianovichii Asch.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Linaria kokanica RegelScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Linaria kulabensis B.Fedtsch.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Linaria kurdica Boiss. & Hohen.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Linaria latifolia Desf.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Linaria laxiflora Desf.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Linaria leptoceras Kuprian.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Linaria lineolata Boiss.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Linaria loeselii Schweigg.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Linaria longicalcarata D.Y.HongScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Linaria macrophylla Kuprian.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Linaria macroura (M.Bieb.) M.Bieb.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Linaria maroccana Hook.f.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Linaria maymanica WendelboScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Linaria mazandaranensis Hamdi & AssadiScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Linaria melampyroides Kuprian.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Linaria melanogramma Rech.f., Aellen & Esfand.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Linaria meyeri Kuprian.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Linaria michauxii Chav.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Linaria micrantha (Cav.) Hoffmanns. & LinkScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Linaria microsepala A.Kern.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Linaria multicaulis (L.) Mill.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Linaria munbyana Boiss. & Reut.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Linaria musilii Velen.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Linaria nachitschevanica TzvelevScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Linaria nigricans LangeScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Linaria nivea Boiss. & Reut.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Linaria nurensis Boiss. & Hausskn.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Linaria nuristanica PatzakScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Linaria oblongifolia (Boiss.) Boiss. & Reut.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Linaria odora (M.Bieb.) Fisch.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Linaria oligantha LangeScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Linaria × oligotricha BorbásScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Linaria onubensis PauScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Linaria orbensis Carretero & BoiraScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Linaria ordubadica TzvelevScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Linaria pamirica (Junussov) StasiakScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Linaria paradoxa Murb.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Linaria parviracemosa D.A.SuttonScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Linaria pedicellata Kuprian.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Linaria pedunculata (L.) Chaz.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Linaria pelisseriana (L.) Mill.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Linaria peloponnesiaca Boiss. & Heldr.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Linaria peltieri Batt.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Linaria pinifolia (Poir.) Thell.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Linaria platycalyx Boiss.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Linaria polygalifolia Hoffmanns. & LinkScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Linaria popovii Kuprian.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Linaria propinqua Boiss. & Reut.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Linaria pseudolaxiflora Lojac.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Linaria pseudoviscosa Murb.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Linaria purpurea (L.) Mill.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Linaria pyramidalis (Vent.) F.Dietr.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Linaria qartobensis Blanca, Cueto, J.Fuentes, L.Sáez & TarifaScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Linaria quasisessilis LevichevScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Linaria reflexa (L.) Desf.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Linaria remotiflora PatzakScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Linaria repens (L.) Mill.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Linaria ricardoi Cout.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Linaria riffea PauScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Linaria × rocheri P.Fourn.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Linaria rubioides Vis. & PancicScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Linaria sabulosa Czern. ex KlokovScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Linaria salangensis Podlech & IranshahrScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Linaria salzmannii Boiss.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Linaria saposhnikovii NikitinaScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Linaria saturejoides Boiss.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Linaria saxatilis (L.) Chaz.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Linaria schelkownikowii Schischk.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Linaria schirvanica FominScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Linaria semialata D.López, Sánchez-Gómez, J.F.Jiménez, J.B.Vera & GüemesScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Linaria × sepium G.J.AllmanScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Linaria sessilis Kuprian.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Linaria simplex Desf.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Linaria spartea (L.) Chaz.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Linaria striatella Kuprian.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Linaria supina (L.) Chaz.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Linaria tarhunensis Pamp.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Linaria tenuis (Viv.) Spreng.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Linaria thibetica Franch.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Linaria thymifolia (Vahl) DC.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Linaria tingitana Boiss. & Reut.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Linaria tonzigii LonaScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Linaria triornithophora (L.) Cav.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Linaria triphylla (L.) Mill.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Linaria tristis (L.) Mill.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Linaria tursica Valdés & CabezudoScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Linaria unaiensis PatzakScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Linaria × valdesiana Socorro & ArozaScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Linaria venosa Lindl.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Linaria ventricosa Coss. & BalansaScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Linaria veratrifolia PatzakScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Linaria verticillata Boiss.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Linaria virgata (Poir.) Desf.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Linaria viscosa (L.) Dum.Cours.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Linaria volgensis Rakov & TzvelevScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Linaria vulgaris Mill.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Linaria warionis PomelScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Linaria weilleri Emb. & MaireScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Linaria yunnanensis W.W.Sm.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Linaria yusufeliensis A.Galán, Makbul & HamzaogluScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Linaria × zaborskiana Emb.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Linaria zaissanica Semiotr.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".

Template:Div col end

Etymology

The members of this genus are known in English as toadflax, a name shared with several related genera. The 'toad' in toadflax may relate to the plants having historically been used to treat bubonic plague, a false link having been drawn between the words 'bubo' and 'Bufo'. The scientific name Linaria means "resembling linum" (flax), which the foliage of some species superficially resembles.

Distribution and habitat

The genus is native to temperate regions of Europe, northern Africa and Asia, with the highest species diversity in the Mediterranean region.

Ecology

Some Linaria are regarded as noxious weeds. They are likely toxic to livestock, but ruminants generally avoid them.[4]

Chemical composition

Linaria species are rich in alkaloids, iridoids, terpenes, phenolic acids and flavonoids.

Vasicine, vasicinone, 7-hyrdoxyvasicine, linarinic acid, choline, linavuline, luteolin, acacetin, apigenin, chrysin, quercetin, myricetin, linarioside, aucubin, linaride, iridolinaroside A-D, and iridolinarin A-C are some compounds found in plants of this genus.[5]

Uses

Toadflaxes are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species, including the mouse moth (Amphipyra tragopoginis) and the common buckeye (Junonia coenia).

Traditional medicine

Linaria vulgaris has been used as a medicinal herb.[6]

References

Template:Reflist

Bibliography

  • A Phylogeny of Toadflaxes (Linaria Mill.) Based on Nuclear Internal Transcribed Spacer Sequences: Systematic and Evolutionary Consequences. Mario Fernández-Mazuecos, José Luis Blanco-Pastor, and Pablo Vargas. International Journal of Plant Sciences, Vol. 174, No. 2 (February 2013), pp. 234–249 Published by: The University of Chicago Press, Article DOI: 10.1086/668790
  • Vargas P, JA Rosselló, R Oyama, J Güemes. 2004 Molecular evidence for naturalness of genera in the tribe Antirrhineae (Scrophulariaceae) and three independent evolutionary lineages from the New World and the Old. Plant Systematics and Evolution 249:151–172.
  • Template:Sister-inline

Template:Passeroidea Template:Taxonbar Template:Authority control

  1. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  2. ↑ Dalmatian Toadflax (Linaria dalmatica). National Invasive Species Information Center, United States National Agricultural Library.
  3. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  4. ↑ Sing, S. E. and R. K. Peterson. (2011). Assessing environmental risks for established invasive weeds: Dalmatian (Linaria dalmatica) and yellow (L. vulgaris) toadflax in North America. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 8(7) 2828-53.
  5. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  6. ↑ Duke, J. A. Ethnobotanical uses: Linaria vulgaris. Dr. Duke's Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases.
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