Sardinian Action Party
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The Sardinian Action Party (Template:Langx, Template:Langx, PSd'Az or PSdA) is a Sardinian nationalist, regionalist[1] and separatist[2] political party in Sardinia founded by Sardinian anti-fascist intellectual Emilio Lussu. While being traditionally part of the Sardinian centre-left, the party has also sided with the centre-right coalition and, more recently, with the League.
The PSd'Az is one of the oldest stateless nationalist parties active in Europe that promotes autonomy towards the ideal of independence.[3][4] As such, the party was a founding member of the European Free Alliance in 1984,[5][6] but was expelled in 2020 because of its alliance with the League.[7][8]
Christian Solinas, who has led the party since 2015, was elected senator in the 2018 general election and President of Sardinia in the 2019 regional election, the first Sardist to do so since Mario Melis in 1984–1989, leading a centre-right coalition.
History
The party was founded in April 1921. However, it was soon banned under fascism. The party was re-organized after World War II by Emilio Lussu, secretary for Southern Italy of the Action Party during the war, and other veterans from the Sassari brigade and anti-fascists,[5][9] a social-democratic group of the Italian resistance movement. Lussu left the party in 1948 to found the short-lived Sardinian Socialist Action Party (PSd'AzS), which joined the Italian Socialist Party in 1949, along with many other PSd'Az members.[5][10] Consequently, the PSd'Az started to cooperate with Christian Democracy and was quite a stable until the 1980s.[5]
The PSd'Az and the PSd'AzS won 10.5% and 6.6% respectively in the first regional election in 1949.[5]
After a decline in term of votes in the 1960s and 1970s, the party re-gained strength in the 1980s (13.8% in 1984 and 12.4% in 1989). Following these results, Sardist Mario Melis was President of Sardinia between 1984 and 1989 at the head of a five-party coalition composed also by the Italian Communist Party, the Italian Socialist Party, the Italian Democratic Socialist Party and the Italian Republican Party. This was the highest point in party history: the PSd'Az was represented in the Italian Parliament from 1983 to 1994, and Melis was a MEP for the Rainbow Group from 1989 to 1994.[11]
The party was affiliated to The Olive Tree during the 1996 general election.[12] However, the party congress rejected a continuation of the alliance ahead the 2001 general election.[13]
In the 2004 Sardinian regional election, the PSd'Az won 3.9% of the vote and 2 regional councillors.
In the 2006 general election, leader Giacomo Sanna, due to an electoral pact named Pact for the Autonomies, was a candidate of the Northern League (LN) for the Senate in Lombardy, but failed to get elected.
The party ran by itself in the 2008 general election, winning a mere 1.5% in the Region.[14]
In the 2009 regional election, the PSd'Az joined the centre-right coalition, provoking the split of the party's left that formed the Red Moors.[5] Cappellacci won and the PSd'Az won 4.3% of the vote (having its strongholds in the traditionally left-wing Provinces of Nuoro and Carbonia-Iglesias, where it gained 7.5 and 7.1%, respectively)[15] and four regional councillors plus one (Giacomo Sanna) elected in Cappellacci's regional list.[16] The Red Moors won 2.5% and one councillor. In the 2010 provincial elections the party was strongest in Nuoro (12.8%), Sassari (6.9%), Olbia-Tempio (6.7%) and Cagliari (6.4%).[17]
In 2013, the PSd'Az broke with Cappellacci and the centre-right,[18] but re-joined the coalition in time for the 2014 regional election. In the election, Cappellacci was defeated and the PSd'Az won 4.7% of the vote and two regional councillors.[19]
In the run-up of the 2018 general election, the party formed once again an electoral pact with the Northern League,[20][21][22][23] which presented itself as "League" all around the country. The alliance managed to get 10.8% of the vote and Christian Solinas, leader of the PSd'Az, was elected to the Senate,[24] while Guido De Martini, a local activist of the League,[25] was elected to the Chamber. This marked the return of the PSd'Az to the Italian Parliament after 22 years.[26] In August 2018, the party was suspended from the European Free Alliance because of its alliance with the League.[27]
In the 2019 regional election, Solinas was elected President of Sardinia with 47.8% of the vote, while the PSd'Az won 9.9%.
In the 2024 regional election, Solinas did not stand for re-election and the centre-right lost the election, with the PSd'Az reduced to 5.4% and three regional councillors. After the election, Solinas was re-elected as its leader during a congress.[28][29] As a result, two regional councillors out of three left the party.[30][31] In September, all three PSd'Az elects joined Forza Italia.[32][33]
Popular support
The party has failed to regain the electoral support it enjoyed upon its foundation (e.g. 36% of the popular vote in 1921 general election).[34]
The party has been mostly marginal in the Sardinan political scene since the post-war period and this marginalisation has increased with the Italian establishment of a bipolar political system in the 1990s.[35]
The electoral results of the PSd'Az in regional and Chamber of Deputies elections in Sardinia since 1946 are shown in the chart below. For 1953 only the regional election's result is shown. In the general elections of 1972, 1976, 1979 and 2006 the party did not run lists for the Chamber of Deputies.
Election results
Regional Council of Sardinia
| Election year | Votes | % | Seats | +/– | Leader |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1949 | 60,525 | 10.4 | Template:Composition bar | Increase 7 Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
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Piero Soggiu Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
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| 1953 | 43,215 | 7.0 | Template:Composition bar | Decrease 3 Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
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Giovanni Battista Melis Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
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| 1957 | 40,214 | 6.0 | Template:Composition bar | Increase 1 Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
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Pietro Mastino Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
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| 1961 | 50,039 (with PRI) | 7.2 | Template:Composition bar | – Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
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Giovanni Battista Melis Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
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| 1965 | 44,621 (with PRI) | 6.4 | Template:Composition bar | – Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
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Giovanni Battista Melis Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
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| 1969 | 33,220 | 4.4 | Template:Composition bar | Decrease 2 Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
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Giovanni Battista Melis Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
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| 1974 | 24,780 | 3.1 | Template:Composition bar | Decrease 2 Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
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Michele Columbu Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
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| 1979 | 30,238 | 3.3 | Template:Composition bar | Increase 2 Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
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Carlo Sanna Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
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| 1984 | 136,720 | 13.8 | Template:Composition bar | Increase 9 Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
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Carlo Sanna Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
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| 1989 | 128,025 | 12.4 | Template:Composition bar | Decrease 2 Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
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Carlo Sanna Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
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| 1994 | 47,000 | 5.1 | Template:Composition bar | Decrease 6 Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
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Giancarlo Acciaro Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
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| 1999 | 38,422 | 4.5 | Template:Composition bar | Decrease 1 Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
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Antonio Delitala Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
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| 2004 | 32,859 | 3.9 | Template:Composition bar | – Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
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Giacomo Sanna Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
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| 2009 | 35,428 | 4.3 | Template:Composition bar | Increase 1 Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
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Giovanni Colli Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
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| 2014 | 31,886 | 4.7 | Template:Composition bar | Decrease 1 Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
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Giovanni Colli Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
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| 2019 | 69,964 | 9.9 | Template:Composition bar | Increase 5 Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
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Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
| 2024 | 37,341 | 5.4 | Template:Composition bar | Decrease 6 Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
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Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
Italian Parliament
| Chamber of Deputies | |||||
| Election year | Votes | % | Seats | +/– | Leader |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1921 | 35,108 | 0.53 | Template:Composition bar | – Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
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Camillo Bellieni Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
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| 1924 | 24,059 | 0.34 | Template:Composition bar | Decrease 2 Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
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Salvatore Sale Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
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| 1946 | 78,554 | 0.34 | Template:Composition bar | – Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
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Giovanni Battista Melis Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
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| 1948 | 61,928 | 0.24 | Template:Composition bar | Decrease 1 Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
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Giovanni Battista Melis Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
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| 1953 | 27,231 | 0.10 | Template:Composition bar | – Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
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Giovanni Battista Melis Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
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| 1958 | 173,227 (with MC–PCd'I) | 0.59 | Template:Composition bar | – Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
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Giovanni Battista Melis Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
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| 1968 | 27,228 | 0.09 | Template:Composition bar | – Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
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Giovanni Battista Melis Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
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| 1979 | 17,673 | 0.05 | Template:Composition bar | – Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
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Carlo Sanna Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
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| 1983 | 91,923 | 0.25 | Template:Composition bar | Increase 1 Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
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Carlo Sanna Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
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| 1987 | 169,978 | 0.44 | Template:Composition bar | Increase 1 Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
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Carlo Sanna Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
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| 1992 | 154,621 (with Federalism) | 0.39 | Template:Composition bar | Decrease 1 Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
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Giorgio Ladu Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
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| 1996 | 38,002 | 0.10 | Template:Composition bar | Decrease 1 Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
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Lorenzo Palermo Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
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| 2001 | 34,412 (with SN) | 0.09 | Template:Composition bar | – Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
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Giacomo Sanna Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
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| 2006 | Into LN–MpA | – | Template:Composition bar | – Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
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Giacomo Sanna Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
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| 2008 | 14,856 | 0.04 | Template:Composition bar | – Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
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Efisio Trincas Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
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| 2013 | 18,585 | 0.05 | Template:Composition bar | – Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
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Giovanni Colli Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
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| 2018 | Into Lega Nord | – | Template:Composition bar | – Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
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Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
| 2022 | Into Lega | – | Template:Composition bar | – Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
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Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
| Senate of the Republic | |||||
| Election year | Votes | % | Seats | +/– | Leader |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1948 | 65,743 | 0.29 | Template:Composition bar | Increase 1 Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
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Giovanni Battista Melis Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
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| 1953 | 34,484 | 0.14 | Template:Composition bar | Decrease 1 Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
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Giovanni Battista Melis Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
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| 1958 | 45,952 | 0.18 | Template:Composition bar | – Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
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Giovanni Battista Melis Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
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| 1963 | 34,954 | 0.13 | Template:Composition bar | – Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
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Giovanni Battista Melis Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
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| 1968 | 25,891 | 0.09 | Template:Composition bar | – Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
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Giovanni Battista Melis Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
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| 1972 | 189,534 (with PCI–PSIUP) | 0.63 | Template:Composition bar | – Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
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Giovanni Battista Melis Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
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| 1979 | 15,766 | 0.05 | Template:Composition bar | – Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
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Carlo Sanna Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
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| 1983 | 76,797 | 0.25 | Template:Composition bar | Increase 1 Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
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Carlo Sanna Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
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| 1987 | 124,266 | 0.38 | Template:Composition bar | – Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
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Carlo Sanna Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
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| 1992 | 174,713 (with Federalism) | 0.52 | Template:Composition bar | Decrease 1 Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
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Giorgio Ladu Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
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| 1994 | 88,225 | 0.27 | Template:Composition bar | – Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
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Giancarlo Acciaro Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
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| 1996 | 421,331 (with The Olive Tree) | 1.19 | Template:Composition bar | Increase 1 Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
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Lorenzo Palermo Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
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| 2001 | 32,822 (with SN) | 0.10 | Template:Composition bar | Decrease 1 Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
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Giacomo Sanna Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
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| 2006 | 16,733 | 0.06 | Template:Composition bar | – Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
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Giacomo Sanna Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
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| 2008 | 15,292 | 0.05 | Template:Composition bar | – Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
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Efisio Trincas Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
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| 2013 | 18,602 | 0.06 | Template:Composition bar | – Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
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Giovanni Colli Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
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| 2018 | Into Lega Nord | – | Template:Composition bar | Increase 1 Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
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Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
| 2022 | Into Lega | – | Template:Composition bar | Decrease 1 Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
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Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
European Parliament
| Election | Leader | Votes | % | Seats | +/– | EP Group |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1984Template:Efn | Carlo Sanna | 193,430 (10th) | 0.55 | Template:Composition bar | New | RBW |
| 1989Template:Efn | 207,739 (12th) | 0.60 | Template:Composition bar | Steady 0 | RBW | |
| 1994 | Did not contest | Template:Composition bar | Decrease 1 | – | ||
| 1999Template:Efn | Antonio Delitala | 61,185 (21st) | 0.2 | Template:Composition bar | Steady 0 | |
| 2004Template:Efn | Giacomo Sanna | 159,098 (18th) | 0.49 | Template:Composition bar | Steady 0 | |
| 2009 | Did not contest | Template:Composition bar | Steady 0 | |||
| 2014 | Christian Solinas | Into Lega Nord | Template:Composition bar | Steady 0 | ||
| 2019 | Into Lega | Template:Composition bar | Steady 0 | |||
| 2024 | Into Lega | Template:Composition bar | Steady 0 | |||
Leadership
- Secretary: Camillo Bellieni (1921–1922), Paolo Pili (1922), Luigi Oggiano (1922–1923), Salvatore Sale (1923–1925), Ugo Pais (1925–1926), Luigi Battista Puggioni (1926–1945), Giovanni Battista Melis (1945–1948), Piero Soggiu (1948–1951), Giovanni Battista Melis (1951–1953), Pietro Mastino (1953–1957), Giovanni Battista Melis (1957–1974), Michele Columbu (1974–1979), Carlo Sanna (1979–1990), Efisio Pilleri (1990–1991), Giorgio Ladu (1991–1992), Italo Ortu (1992–1994), Giancarlo Acciaro (1994), Cecilia Contu (1994–1995), Lorenzo Palermo (1995–1997), Antonio Delitala (1997–1999), Giacomo Sanna (2000–2006), Efisio Trincas (2006–2009), Giovanni Colli (2009–2014), Giovanni Columbu (2015), Christian Solinas (2015–present)
- President: unknown (1921–unknown), Franco Meloni (unknown–2000), Lorenzo Palermo (2000–2004), Silvano Cadoni (2004–2006), Giacomo Sanna (2006–2015), Giovanni Columbu (2015–2017), Antonio Moro (2018–present)
Symbols
-
Official logo
-
Electoral logo
References
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- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Sardinian Action Party Statute - About the party: Art.1: Il “Partidu Sardu – Partito Sardo d’Azione” è la libera associazione di coloro che si propongono, attraverso l’azione politica, di affermare la sovranità del popolo sardo sul proprio territorio, e di condurre la Nazione Sarda all’indipendenza.
- ↑ Elias (A.) et Tronconi (F.), From protest to power. Autonomist parties and the challenges of representation, Vienna, Braumüller, 2011
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- ↑ Hepburn, E. (2009) 'Explaining Failure: the Highs and Lows of Sardinian Nationalism', Regional & Federal Studies, 19(4/5)
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External links
- Script error: No such module "Official website".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Script error: No such module "Navbox". Template:Members of the European Free Alliance Template:Authority control
- Pages with script errors
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- Pages with reference errors
- Political parties in Sardinia
- Social democratic parties in Italy
- Political parties established in 1921
- European Free Alliance
- Sardinian nationalist parties
- Radical parties in Italy
- 1921 establishments in Italy
- Political parties of minorities in Italy