Foreign relations of Romania
Template:Short description Template:Use dmy datesTemplate:Use British English
Template:Sidebar with collapsible lists The foreign relations of Romania is the policy arm of the Government of Romania which guides its interactions with other nations, their citizens and foreign organizations, as well as its status as a member of the European Union, NATO and other international organizations Romania is part of.
Previously a totalitarian state that has faced a revolution and changed its regime at the end of the Cold War, Romania transitioned to a foreign policy centered on Euro-Atlantic integration. Romania joined NATO on March 29, 2004 and the European Union on January 1, 2007, which inadvertently led to positive relations with countries affiliated with those blocks and diminishing of relations with former communist allies such as North Korea, China, Russia or states from the Middle East.
Romania is often classified as a middle power given its strategic geographic position, economic growth capabilities and participation in multilateral institutions that shape geopolitical outcomes of major importance. Romania fosters regional cooperation through initiatives such as BSEC, the Three Seas Initiative, Bucharest Nine, Craiova Group and is also part of the Schengen Area.[1][2][3]
As a semi-presidential state widely recognized as democratic, Romania prioritizes multilateralism, collective security and democratic values and maintains close to very close relations with each of its five neighbours given mutual past cooperation, culture or other aspects.
Diplomatic relations
List of countries which Romania maintains diplomatic relations with:[4]
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Relations by continent
Multilateral
| Organization | Formal Relations Began | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| File:Flag of Europe.svg European Union | The 1970's. | See 2007 enlargement of the European Union
Romania is widely recognized to be the first communist state to maintain relations with the European Union and has been the sole communist state part of the Warsaw Pact to have friendly relations with the West. Romania signed its Europe Agreement on February 1, 1993 and has submitted its official application for membership in the European Union on June 22, 1995, alongside the Snagov Declaration, signed a day prior as a declaration of all major fourteen political parties of the country at that moment that they commit to consider the European integration as a key policy of each of them. During the early 2000's, Romania (as well as Bulgaria, the other country part of the same wave of accession) implemented various reforms in order to be eligible for European integration, and on December 17, 2004, it has received its final accession date. Romania joined the European Union as a full member on January 1, 2007. |
| Template:Country data NATO | The 1990's. | See Romania in NATO
As a former member of the Eastern Bloc, relations with NATO in the second part of the 20th century for Romania were mostly negative, but took a drastic turn after the transition to a democratic government in 1989. In the early 1990's, Romania became a key ally of NATO given its desire to become part of the organization and strategic geopolitic position. Romania became part of the Partnership for Peace on January 26, 1994 and has took part in its first NATO exercises in September of the same year, in Poland. It has supported NATO in its peacekeeping missions in countries such as Angola, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Afghanistan and has allowed NATO forces to use its airspace during the NATO bombing of Yugoslavia. Romania was officially invited to join NATO at the Prague Summit of November 21-22, 2002 and became part of the organization on March 29, 2004, alongside Bulgaria, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Slovakia and Slovenia. |
Europe (Inside the European Union)
Romania joined the European Union (EU) on January 1, 2007.
| Country | Formal relations began | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| File:Flag of Austria.svg Austria | 1878-09-23 | See Austria–Romania relations
|
| File:Flag of Bulgaria.svg Bulgaria | 1879-07-28 | See Bulgaria–Romania relations |
| File:Flag of Croatia.svg Croatia | 1941-05-13 | See Croatia–Romania relations |
| File:Flag of Denmark.svg Denmark | 1917-04-26 | See Denmark–Romania relations
|
| File:Flag of Finland.svg Finland | 1920-06-28 | See Finland–Romania relations
|
| File:Flag of France.svg France | 1880-02-20 | See France–Romania relations
|
| File:Flag of Germany.svg Germany | 1880-02-20 | See Germany–Romania relations |
| File:Flag of Greece.svg Greece | 1880-01-08 | See Greece–Romania relations
|
| File:Flag of Hungary.svg Hungary | 1920-08-21 | See Hungary–Romania relations |
| File:Flag of Ireland.svg Ireland | 1990-04-18 | See Ireland–Romania relations |
| File:Flag of Italy.svg Italy | 1879-12-06 | See Italy–Romania relations |
| File:Flag of Lithuania.svg Lithuania | 1924-08-21 | See Lithuania–Romania relations |
| File:Flag of the Netherlands.svg Netherlands | 1880-01-24 | See Netherlands–Romania relations
|
| File:Flag of Poland.svg Poland | 1919-02-22 | See Poland–Romania relations
|
| File:Flag of Portugal.svg Portugal | 1917-08-31 | See Portugal–Romania relations
|
| File:Flag of Slovakia.svg Slovakia | 1993-01-01 | See Romania–Slovakia relations
|
| File:Flag of Slovenia.svg Slovenia | 1992-08-28 | See Romania–Slovenia relations
|
| File:Flag of Spain.svg Spain[19] | 1881-07-05 | See Romania–Spain relations
|
| File:Flag of Sweden.svg Sweden | 1916-03-18 | See Romania–Sweden relations
|
Europe (Outside of the European Union)
| Country | Formal relations began | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| File:Flag of Albania.svg Albania | 1913-12-28 | See Albania–Romania relations |
| File:Flag of Armenia.svg Armenia | 1991-12-17 | See Armenia–Romania relations
|
| File:Flag of Belarus.svg Belarus | 1992-02-14 | See Belarus–Romania relations |
| File:Flag of Bosnia and Herzegovina.svg Bosnia and Herzegovina | 1996-03-01 | See Bosnia and Herzegovina–Romania relations |
| Template:Country data Georgia | 1921-02-18 | See Georgia–Romania relations |
| File:Flag of Vatican City (2023–present).svg Holy See | 1920-06-12 | See Holy See–Romania relations |
| File:Flag of Moldova.svg Moldova | 1991-08-27 | See Moldova–Romania relations
|
| File:Flag of Montenegro.svg Montenegro | 2006-08-09 | See Montenegro–Romania relations |
| File:Flag of Norway.svg Norway | 1917-05-03 | See Norway–Romania relations |
| File:Flag of Russia.svg Russia | 1878-10-12 | See Romania–Russia relations
|
| File:Flag of Serbia.svg Serbia | 1841-04-19[20] | See Romania–Serbia relations
|
| File:Flag of the Order of St. John (various).svg Sovereign Military Order of Malta[21] | 1992 | See Foreign relations of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta |
| File:Flag of Switzerland (Pantone).svg Switzerland | 1911-05-09 | See Romania–Switzerland relations[22] |
| File:Flag of Turkey.svg Turkey | 1879-10-22 | See Romania–Turkey relations[23] |
| File:Flag of Ukraine.svg Ukraine | 1918-02-09 | See Romania–Ukraine relations
|
| File:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg United Kingdom | 1880-02-20 | See Romania–United Kingdom relations
Romania established diplomatic relations with the United Kingdom on 20 February 1880.[24]
Both countries share common membership of the Council of Europe, the International Criminal Court, NATO, the OSCE, and the World Trade Organization. Bilaterally the two countries have a Defence Cooperation Agreement,[27] and a Double Taxation Convention.[28] |
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Asia
| Country | Formal relations began | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| File:Flag of the Taliban.svg Afghanistan | 1958-06-05 | See Foreign relations of Afghanistan |
| File:Flag of Azerbaijan.svg Azerbaijan | 1992-06-19 | See Azerbaijan–Romania relations
|
| File:Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg China | 1949-10-05 | See China–Romania relations |
| File:Flag of Iran.svg Iran | 1902-07-24 | See Iran–Romania relations
|
| File:Flag of Iraq.svg Iraq | 1958-08-14 | See Iraq–Romania relations |
| File:Flag of Israel.svg Israel | 1948-06-11 | See Israel–Romania relations |
| File:Flag of North Korea.svg North Korea | 1948-10-26 | See North Korea–Romania relations
|
| File:Flag of Lebanon.svg Lebanon | 1965-01-06 | See Lebanon–Romania relations |
| File:Flag of Malaysia.svg Malaysia | 1969-03-22 | See Malaysia–Romania relations |
| Template:Country data Palestine | 1988-11-17 | See Romania–Palestine relations |
| File:Flag of Pakistan.svg Pakistan | 1964-10-15 | See Pakistan–Romania relations |
| File:Flag of the Philippines.svg Philippines | 1972-03-10 | See Philippines–Romania relations |
| File:Flag of Saudi Arabia.svg Saudi Arabia | 1995-03-13 | See Romania–Saudi Arabia relations |
| File:Flag of Singapore.svg Singapore | 1967-05-30[31] | See Foreign relations of Singapore
In February 2002 the Romanian president Ion Iliescu made an official visit to Singapore.[32] In March 2002 Romania and Singapore signed a double-taxation agreement.[33] In November 2008, Singapore signed an open skies agreement (OSA) with Romania to allow greater flexibility on air services.[34] In 2000, trade between Romania and Singapore was US$15.5 million, roughly balanced.[31] The Romanian market, with a relatively cheap and skilled labor force and advantageous tax laws, has been attractive to several Singapore companies who have established joint ventures in Romania. Forte, created in 1990 as a Romanian-Singapore joint venture for computer assembly, is an example.[35] (However, in 2006 Forte was acquired by Siemens.[36])
|
| File:Flag of South Korea.svg South Korea | 1990-03-30[38] | See Romania–South Korea relations
|
| File:Flag of Sri Lanka.svg Sri Lanka | 1957-09-15 | See Romania–Sri Lanka relations |
| File:Flag of the Syrian revolution.svg Syria | 1955-08-09 | See Romania–Syria relations |
| File:Flag of Thailand.svg Thailand | 1973-06-01 | See Foreign relations of Thailand |
| File:Flag of Uzbekistan.svg Uzbekistan | 1995-10-06 | See Romania–Uzbekistan relations |
Africa: Arab Maghreb Union (AMU)
| Country | Formal Relations Began | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| File:Flag of Morocco.svg Morocco | 1962-02-20 | See Morocco–Romania relations |
| File:Flag of Tunisia.svg Tunisia | 1963-12-16 | See Romania–Tunisia relations |
Africa: Economic Community of Central African States (ECCAS)
| Country | Formal Relations Began | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| File:Flag of Chad.svg Chad | 1969-07-15 | See Chad–Romania relations |
Africa: East African Community (EAC)
| Country | Formal Relations Began | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| File:Flag of Kenya.svg Kenya | 1968-06-22 | See Foreign relations of Kenya
Romania opened its embassy in Kenya in 1974. |
North America and the Caribbean
| Country | Formal Relations Began | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| File:Flag of Canada (Pantone).svg Canada | 1919-08-19 | See Canada–Romania relations |
| File:Flag of Mexico.svg Mexico | 1935-07-20 | See Mexico–Romania relations
|
| File:Flag of the United States.svg United States | 1880-06-14[44] | See Romania–United States relations
Although diplomatic relations between the two countries started in 1880, the United States recognized Romania's independence on October 14, 1878. The relations were severed between 1941 and 1946 and remained strained until the 1960s. The bilateral relations began improving after the fall of communism in Romania.
|
South and Central America
| Country | Formal Relations Began | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| File:Flag of Argentina.svg Argentina | 1931-04-24 | See Argentina–Romania relations
|
| File:Flag of Brazil.svg Brazil | 1928-01-07 | See Brazil–Romania relations
|
| File:Flag of Chile.svg Chile | 1925-02-05 | See Chile–Romania relations |
| File:Flag of Peru.svg Peru | 1939-10-10 | Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". |
| File:Flag of Uruguay.svg Uruguay | 1925-07-24 | See Romania–Uruguay relations
|
Oceania
| Country | Formal Relations Began | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| File:Flag of Australia (converted).svg Australia | 1968-03-18 | See Australia–Romania relations
Romania and Australia have concluded an Investment Promotion and Protection Agreement, signed in 1994, a Trade and Economic Agreement (signed with full effect for Australia in July 2002 and for Romania in January 2003) and an Agreement for the Avoidance of Double Taxation and the Prevention of Fiscal Evasion, signed in 2001.[45] |
International organisations
Romania is a member of the following international organisations:
- Council of Europe
- International Atomic Energy Agency
- International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement
- International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies
- NATO
- United Nations
- International Maritime Organization
- Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation
- Black Sea Trade and Development Bank
- Union for the Mediterranean
- Antarctic Treaty System (without consulting status)
- Asia–Europe Meeting
- European Patent Organisation
- Interpol
- European Space Agency
See also
- List of diplomatic missions in Romania
- List of diplomatic missions of Romania
- List of Romanian diplomats
- Romania's foreign policy in the years preceding the outbreak of the World War I
References
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- ↑ Bernard Wood, 'Towards North-South Middle Power Coalitions', in Middle Power Internationalism: The North-South Dimension, edited by Cranford Pratt (Montreal, McGill-Queen's University Press, 1990).
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- ↑ [Reprezentanțele diplomatice ale României, vol. I, 1859–1917, București, 1967, pp. 130–134.
- ↑ Sovereign Military Order of Malta has no sovereign territory. It is listed in Europe: Mediterranean microstates due to its extraterritorial headquarters in Rome, Italy and few properties in Italy with extraterritoriality status.
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