Foreign relations of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta

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Template:Short description The Sovereign Military Order of Malta (SMOM) is a sovereign entity maintaining diplomatic relations with 113 sovereign states (including the Holy See).[1] Additionally, it has observer status or representation at multiple intergovernmental organisations.[2] The Order has non-diplomatic official relations with six more states: France, Belgium, Switzerland, Luxembourg, Canada and the United Kingdom.[1][3][4] The Order exchanges ambassadors with the European Union and the State of Palestine.[1][2]

File:Embassy of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta in Ljubljana.jpg
Embassy of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta in Ljubljana, Slovenia

Some states recognize SMOM as a sovereign state, rather than a sovereign subject of international law. For example, the Republic of San Marino in 1935 recognized SMOM as a sovereign state in its own right.[5][6][7] As Italy recognizes, in addition to extraterritoriality, the exercise by SMOM of all the prerogatives of sovereignty in its headquarters, Italian sovereignty and SMOM sovereignty uniquely coexist without overlapping.[8]

since June 2010Template:Dated maintenance category (articles)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters"., nine Schengen states did not recognize the diplomatic passports of the Order: Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg, Greece, France, Finland, Sweden, Iceland, and Switzerland.[9]

Bilateral relations

Diplomatic relations

File:Diplomatic relations of Sovereign Military Order of Malta.svg
# Country Date
— File:Flag of Vatican City (2023–present).svg Holy See Template:Dts[10]
1 File:Flag of Romania.svg Romania Template:Dts[11]
2 File:Flag of Spain.svg Spain Template:Dts[12]
3 File:Flag of Haiti.svg Haiti Template:Dts[13]
4 File:Flag of Panama.svg Panama Template:Dts[14]
5 File:Flag of Argentina.svg Argentina Template:DTS[15]
6 File:Flag of El Salvador.svg El Salvador Template:Dts[13]
7 File:Flag of Brazil.svg Brazil Template:DTS[16]
8 File:Flag of Colombia.svg Colombia Template:DTS[17]
9 File:Flag of Peru.svg Peru Template:DTS[18]
10 File:Flag of Ecuador.svg Ecuador Template:DTS[19]
11 File:Flag of Chile.svg Chile Template:DTS[20]
12 File:Flag of Italy.svg Italy Template:DTS[21]
13 File:Flag of Lebanon.svg Lebanon Template:Dts[13]
14 File:Flag of Costa Rica.svg Costa Rica Template:Dts[22]
15 File:Flag of Nicaragua.svg Nicaragua Template:Dts[23]
16 File:Flag of Austria.svg Austria Template:Dts[24]
17 File:Flag of the Dominican Republic.svg Dominican Republic Template:Dts[25]
18 File:Flag of Paraguay.svg Paraguay Template:Dts[26]
19 File:Flag of Guatemala.svg Guatemala Template:Dts[27]
20 File:Flag of Cuba.svg Cuba Template:Dts[28]
21 File:Flag of Honduras (2022-).svg Honduras Template:Dts[25]
22 File:Flag of Liberia.svg Liberia Template:Dts[25]
23 File:Flag of Cameroon.svg Cameroon Template:Dts[25]
24 File:Flag of Somalia.svg Somalia Template:Dts[25]
25 File:Flag of Bolivia.svg Bolivia Template:Dts[29]
26 File:Flag of Portugal.svg Portugal Template:Dts[30]
27 File:Flag of Gabon.svg Gabon Template:Dts[25]
28 File:Flag of the Philippines.svg Philippines Template:Dts[31]
29 File:Flag of Senegal.svg Senegal Template:Dts[25]
30 File:Flag of Uruguay.svg Uruguay Template:Dts[25]
31 File:Flag of Malta.svg Malta Template:Dts[32]
32 File:Flag of Venezuela.svg Venezuela Template:Dts[33]
33 File:Flag of Niger.svg Niger Template:Dts[34]
34 File:Flag of Ethiopia.svg Ethiopia Template:Dts[35]
35 File:Flag of Benin.svg Benin Template:Dts[25]
36 File:Flag of Côte d'Ivoire.svg Ivory Coast Template:Dts[25]
37 File:Flag of Togo (3-2).svg Togo Template:Dts[36]
38 File:Flag of Burkina Faso.svg Burkina Faso Template:Dts[25]
39 File:Flag of Mauritania.svg Mauritania Template:Dts[37]
40 File:Flag of Mauritius.svg Mauritius Template:Dts[38]
41 File:Flag of Egypt.svg Egypt Template:Dts[25]
42 File:Flag of the Central African Republic.svg Central African Republic Template:Dts[25]
43 File:Flag of the Comoros.svg Comoros Template:Dts[25]
44 File:Flag of Thailand.svg Thailand Template:Dts[39]
45 File:Flag of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.svg Democratic Republic of the Congo Template:Dts[25]
46 File:Flag of San Marino.svg San Marino Template:Dts[40]
47 File:Flag of Guinea.svg Guinea Template:Dts[41]
48 File:Flag of Mali.svg Mali Template:Dts[25]
49 File:Flag of Morocco.svg Morocco Template:Dts[25]
50 File:Flag of Chad.svg Chad Template:Dts[25]
51 File:Flag of the Czech Republic.svg Czech Republic Template:Dts[42]
52 File:Flag of Hungary.svg Hungary Template:Dts[43]
53 File:Flag of Poland.svg Poland Template:Dts[44]
54 File:Flag of Madagascar.svg Madagascar Template:Dts[25]
55 File:Flag of Lithuania.svg Lithuania Template:Dts[45]
56 File:Flag of Slovenia.svg Slovenia Template:Dts[46]
57 File:Flag of Russia.svg Russia Template:Dts[47]
58 File:Flag of Croatia.svg Croatia Template:Dts[48]
59 File:Flag of the Republic of the Congo.svg Republic of the Congo Template:Dts[25]
60 File:Flag of Cambodia.svg Cambodia Template:Dts[25]
61 File:Flag of Sudan.svg Sudan Template:Dts[25]
62 File:Flag of Slovakia.svg Slovakia Template:Dts[49]
63 File:Flag of Kazakhstan.svg Kazakhstan Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".[50]
64 File:Flag of Seychelles.svg Seychelles Template:Dts[51]
65 File:Flag of Albania.svg Albania Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".[52]
66 File:Flag of Liechtenstein.svg Liechtenstein Template:Dts[53]
67 File:Flag of Bulgaria.svg Bulgaria Template:Dts[54]
68 File:Flag of Latvia.svg Latvia Template:Dts[55]
69 File:Flag of Belarus.svg Belarus Template:Dts[56]
70 Template:Country data North Macedonia Template:Dts[56]
71 File:Flag of Equatorial Guinea.svg Equatorial Guinea Template:Dts[56]
72 File:Flag of Cape Verde.svg Cape Verde Template:Dts[25]
73 File:Flag of Bosnia and Herzegovina.svg Bosnia and Herzegovina Template:Dts[57]
74 File:Flag of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines.svg Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".[58]
75 File:Flag of the Federated States of Micronesia.svg Federated States of Micronesia Template:Dts[59]
76 File:Flag of Guinea-Bissau.svg Guinea-Bissau Template:Dts[25]
77 File:Flag of Mozambique.svg Mozambique Template:Dts[25]
78 File:Flag of São Tomé and Príncipe.svg São Tomé and Príncipe Template:Dts[25]
79 File:Flag of Armenia.svg Armenia Template:Dts[60]
80 Template:Country data Georgia Template:Dts[61]
81 File:Flag of Suriname.svg Suriname Template:Dts[62]
82 File:Flag of Guyana.svg Guyana Template:DTS[63]
83 File:Flag of Eritrea.svg Eritrea Template:Dts[25]
84 File:Flag of Saint Lucia.svg Saint Lucia Template:Dts[25]
85 File:Flag of Belize.svg Belize Template:Dts[25]
86 File:Flag of Afghanistan (2013–2021).svg Afghanistan Template:Dts[25]
87 File:Flag of Moldova.svg Moldova Template:Dts[64]
88 File:Flag of Serbia.svg Serbia Template:Dts[65]
89 File:Flag of Tajikistan.svg Tajikistan Template:Dts[66]
90 File:Flag of the Marshall Islands.svg Marshall Islands Template:DTS[67]
91 File:Flag of Kiribati.svg Kiribati Template:Dts[25]
92 File:Flag of Jordan.svg Jordan Template:DTS[68]
93 File:Flag of Angola.svg Angola Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".[69]
94 File:Flag of Montenegro.svg Montenegro Template:Dts[70]
95 File:Flag of East Timor.svg Timor-Leste Template:DTS[71]
96 File:Flag of Kenya.svg Kenya Template:Dts[72]
97 File:Flag of Monaco.svg Monaco Template:Dts[73]
98 File:Flag of Turkmenistan.svg Turkmenistan Template:Dts[72]
99 File:Flag of Ukraine.svg Ukraine Template:Dts[72]
100 File:Flag of the Bahamas.svg Bahamas Template:Dts[72]
101 File:Flag of Sierra Leone.svg Sierra Leone Template:Dts[72]
102 File:Flag of Namibia.svg Namibia Template:Dts[72]
103 File:Flag of Antigua and Barbuda.svg Antigua and Barbuda Template:Dts[72]
104 File:Flag of Cyprus.svg Cyprus Template:Dts[74]
105 File:Flag of South Sudan.svg South Sudan Template:Dts[75]
106 File:Flag of Grenada.svg Grenada Template:Dts[76]
107 File:Flag of Germany.svg Germany Template:Dts[77]
108 File:Flag of Nauru.svg Nauru Template:Dts[78]
109 File:Flag of Estonia.svg Estonia Template:Dts[79]
110 File:Flag of Greece.svg Greece Template:Dts[80]
111 File:Flag of Lesotho.svg Lesotho Template:Dts[81]
112 File:Flag of The Gambia.svg Gambia Template:Dts[82]
113 File:Flag of Burundi.svg Burundi Template:Dts[83]
114 File:Flag of Andorra.svg Andorra Template:Dts[84]

Other countries

# Name Diplomatic relations established Notes
1 File:Flag of Ecuador.svg Ecuador Template:DTS[19] On 10 February 2012, President Rafael Correa issued a decree to withdraw recognition and initiate the process of cancelling relations.[85] Later on, the relations were restored by President Lenín Moreno on 24 September 2019.[86]
– File:Flag of Europe.svg European Union Template:Dts Ambassador level relations.[2]
2 File:Flag of Italy.svg Italy Template:DTS[21] The Supreme Court of Cassation decreed on 6 June 1974 that, "the Sovereign Military Hospitaller Order of Malta constitutes a sovereign international subject, in all terms equal, even if without territory, to a foreign state with which Italy has normal diplomatic relations, so there is no doubt, as already this Supreme Court has warned, that it has the legal treatment of foreign states".[87] As Italy recognizes, in addition to extraterritoriality, the exercise by SMOM of all the prerogatives of sovereignty in its headquarters, Italian sovereignty and SMOM sovereignty uniquely coexist without overlapping.[8]
– Template:Country data Palestinian Authority Ambassador level relations.[1]

Official relations

Name Official relations established Region Notes
File:Flag of Belgium (civil).svg Belgium Template:Dts Europe
File:Flag of Switzerland (Pantone).svg  Switzerland Template:Dts Europe
File:Flag of France.svg France Template:Dts Europe France does not recognise the SMOM as a subject of international law.[88]
File:Flag of Luxembourg.svg Luxembourg Template:Dts Europe
File:Flag of Canada (Pantone).svg Canada Template:Dts North America Canada established official relations in June 2008, with its Ambassador to the Holy See accredited to the Order of Malta.[89]
File:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg United Kingdom Template:Dts Europe The Sovereign Military Order of Malta established official relations with the United Kingdom on 9 October 2024.[90]

Unofficial relations

The Order of Malta has unofficial relations with Taiwan through the Embassy of the Republic of China to the Holy See in Rome (Italy).[91]

Countries without established relations

Countries with which the Order currently has no established relations:

Intergovernmental organizations

The Order of Malta has observer status at the following organizations:[2]

Organization observer since Notes
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations
International Atomic Energy Agency
United Nations General Assembly
International Fund for Agricultural Development
United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific
United Nations Environment Programme
United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
United Nations Industrial Development Organization
World Food Programme
World Health Organization

The Order of Malta has delegations or representations to the following organizations:[2]

Organization participates since Notes
Council of Europe
International Institute for the Unification of Private Law
Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization Preparatory Commission
Inter-American Development Bank
International Centre for the Study of the Preservation and Restoration of Cultural Property
International Committee of Military Medicine
International Committee of the Red Cross
International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies
International Institute of Humanitarian Law
International Organization for Migration
Latin Union

See also

References

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  1. ↑ a b c d Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  2. ↑ a b c d e Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  3. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  4. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  5. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  6. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  7. ↑ Cox, Noel S.B., The Continuing Question of Sovereignty and the Sovereign Military Order of Jerusalem, of Rhodes and of Malta (June 2008). Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=1140462 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1140462
  8. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  9. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  10. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  11. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  12. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  13. ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  14. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  15. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  16. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  17. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  18. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  19. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  20. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  21. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  22. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  23. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  24. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  25. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  26. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  27. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  28. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  29. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  30. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  31. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  32. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  33. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  34. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  35. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  36. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  37. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  38. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  39. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  40. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  41. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  42. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  43. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  44. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  45. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  46. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  47. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  48. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  49. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  50. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  51. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  52. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  53. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  54. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  55. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  56. ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  57. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  58. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  59. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  60. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  61. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  62. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  63. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  64. ↑ Primul Ambasador al Republicii Moldova pe lângă Ordinul Suveran Militar de Malta – decorat cu o înaltă distincție (foto) Template:In lang.
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  66. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  67. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  68. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  69. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  70. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  71. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  72. ↑ a b c d e f g Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  73. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  74. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  75. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  76. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  77. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  78. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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  81. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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  84. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  85. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  86. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  87. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  88. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  89. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  90. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  91. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  92. ↑ The 10 October 2017 decree of the Chancellor of the Dutch Orders lists the SMOM as one of three "Recognised (knightly) orders" (Erkende (ridderlijke) orden) and authorises it members to wear their decorations in the Netherlands.
  93. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

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