Rhinella
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Template:Short description Template:Automatic taxobox
Rhinella, commonly known as South American toads, beaked toads or Rio Viejo toads, is a genus of true toads native to Neotropical parts of Mexico, Central and South America. Additionally, the cane toad has been Introduced to Australia, the Caribbean, the Philippines and elsewhere.
Originally, all species of the genus Rhinella were included in the genus Bufo, then they were split into the genera Chaunus and Rhamphophryne. However, Chaunus and Rhamphophryne are now considered synonyms of Rhinella.[1]
Etymology
- Rhinella means ‘little nose’, from rhino- (Script error: No such module "Lang".), the combining form of the Ancient Greek Script error: No such module "lang". (Script error: No such module "Lang"., ‘nose’) and the Latin diminutive suffix -ella.[2]
- Chaunus is the Latinised form of the Ancient Greek Script error: No such module "lang". (Script error: No such module "Lang"., ‘porous, spongy’).[3][4]
- Rhamphophryne, meaning “beaked toad”, is from Script error: No such module "lang". (Script error: No such module "Lang"., ‘beak’)[5] and Script error: No such module "lang". (Script error: No such module "Lang"., ‘toad’).[2]
Species
There are about 94 living species recognised in the genus Rhinella:[6]
| Image | Binomial name and author | Common name | Distribution |
|---|---|---|---|
| File:Bufo abei02a.jpg | Rhinella abei (Baldissera, Caramaschi & Haddad, 2004)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | southeastern Brazil (eastern Paraná, eastern Santa Catarina and northern Rio Grande do Sul) | |
| File:Bufo achalensis.jpg | Rhinella achalensis (Cei, 1972)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Cordoba toad | northern Argentina (Córdoba and San Luis provinces) |
| File:Bufo achavali01.jpg | Rhinella achavali (Maneyro, Arrieta, & de Sá, 2004)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Uruguay and southernmost Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul) | |
| Rhinella acrolopha (Trueb, 1971)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Cerro Mali beaked toad | Serranía del Darién in eastern Panama | |
| Rhinella acutirostris (Spix, 1824)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Brazil, Colombia, Panama and Venezuela | ||
| File:Leaflitter toad Rhinella alata.jpg | Rhinella alata (Thominot, 1884)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Western Panama through Chocoan western Colombia to northwestern Ecuador | |
| Rhinella amabilis (Pramuk and Kadivar, 2003)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Loja Province, Ecuador | ||
| Rhinella angeli (Rojas, Peña, Ávila, Carvalho, Perez, Farias, Gordo & Hrbek, 2022)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Peru | ||
| Rhinella amboroensis (Harvey & Smith, 1993)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Cochabamba toad | Bolivia (Cochabamba Department) | |
| Rhinella arborescandens (Duellman & Schulte, 1992)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Mendoza Pass toad | Peru (Mendoza, northern Cordillera Central, in the Amazonas Region) | |
| File:Bufo arenarum01.jpg | Rhinella arenarum (Hensel, 1867)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Common toad; Argentine toad | Argentina from the Chubut Province northward, Bolivia east of the Andes |
| Rhinella arequipensis (Vellard, 1959)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Rio Chili toad | Peru | |
| File:Rhinella arunco.JPG | Rhinella arunco (Molina, 1782)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Arunco; Concepcion toad | Chile |
| Rhinella atacamensis (Cei, 1962)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Vallenar toad; Atacama toad | Chile between Paposo (Antofagasta Region) and Las Chilcas (Valparaíso Region) | |
| Rhinella azarai (Gallardo, 1965)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Paraguay | ||
| File:Rhinella beebei.jpg | Rhinella beebei (Gallardo, 1965)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Rivero's Toad | Colombia east of the Andes and Venezuela north of the Orinoco to French Guiana; Trinidad |
| Rhinella bergi (Céspedez, 2000)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay | ||
| Rhinella bernardoi Sanabria, Quiroga, Arias, and Cortez, 2010Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Argentina | ||
| Rhinella casconi Roberto, Brito, and Thomé, 2014Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Brazil (Ceará) | ||
| Rhinella castaneotica (Caldwell, 1991)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Para toad | Bolivia (Pando), Brazil (Amazonas, Pará, and Rondônia), Colombia (Amazonas, Caquetá, and Putumayo) and eastern Peru | |
| Rhinella centralis Narvaes and Rodrigues, 2009Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Panama (Chiriquí) | ||
| Rhinella ceratophrys (Boulenger, 1882)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Horned toad | Colombia, southern Venezuela (Cerro Neblina and Cerro Marahuaca), eastern Ecuador, northeastern Peru (Loreto), Brazil | |
| File:Rhinella cerradensis.jpg | Rhinella cerradensis Maciel, Brandão, Campos, and Sebben, 2007Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Brazil (Piauí, Bahia, Goiás, Mato Grosso and Distrito Federal), Argentina (Corrientes) | |
| Rhinella chavin (Lehr, Köhler, Aguilar & Ponce, 2001)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Peru (Huánuco) | ||
| Rhinella chrysophora (McCranie, Wilson & Williams, 1989)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Rio Viejo toad | Honduras | |
| Rhinella chullachaki (Castillo-Urbina, Glaw, Aguilar-Puntriano, Vences, and Köhler 2021)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Peru (Huánuco) | ||
| Rhinella cristinae (Vélez-Rodriguez & Ruiz-Carranza, 2002)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Colombia(La Pedrera, Amazonas Province) | ||
| File:Rhinella crucifer IRDias 2014 (cropped).jpg | Rhinella crucifer (Wied-Neuwied, 1821)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Striped toad | eastern Brazil between the states of Ceará in the north and Rio de Janeiro |
| File:Rhinella dapsilis.jpg | Rhinella dapsilis (Myers & Carvalho, 1945)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Bom Jardim toad | Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador and Peru |
| File:Rococo Toad (Rhinella schneideri) (27958803304).jpg | Rhinella diptycha (Cope, 1862)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Cope's toad; cururu toad | Argentina, Paraguay, Uruguay, eastern Bolivia, and eastern and southern Brazil |
| Rhinella dorbignyi (Duméril & Bibron, 1841)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Dorbigny's toad | northeastern Argentina, Uruguay and southeastern Brazil | |
| Rhinella exostosica Ferrão, Lima, Ron, dos Santos & Hanken, 2020Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[7] | Bolivia (Beni and Pando Departments), Brazil (Rondônia) and Peru (Departments of Ucayali and Madre de Dios) | ||
| File:Bufo fernandezae02.jpg | Rhinella fernandezae (Gallardo, 1957)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Bella Vista toad | Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay |
| File:Rhinella festae.jpg | Rhinella festae (Peracca, 1904)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Valle Santiago beaked toad | Ecuador and Peru |
| Rhinella fissipes (Boulenger, 1903)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Carabaya toad | Bolivia and Peru | |
| Rhinella gallardoi (Carrizo, 1992)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Gallardo's toad | Argentina | |
| Rhinella gildae Vaz-Silva, Maciel, Bastos, and Pombal, 2015Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Brazil | ||
| Rhinella gnustae (Gallardo, 1967)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Rio Grande toad | Argentina | |
| File:Bufo granulosus01d.jpg | Rhinella granulosa (Spix, 1824)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Common lesser toad | Brazil |
| Rhinella henseli (Lutz, 1934)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Brazil | ||
| File:Rhinella hoogmoedi (Caramaschi & Pombal, 2006) (10358995114).jpg | Rhinella hoogmoedi (Caramaschi & Pombal, 2006)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Brazil | |
| File:Rhinella horribilis.jpg | Rhinella horribilis (Wiegmann, 1833)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Cane toad | north-western South America |
| Rhinella humboldti (Gallardo, 1965)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Rivero's toad | Colombia, Venezuela, Trinidad and the Guianas | |
| File:Bufo ictericus01.jpg | Rhinella icterica (Spix, 1824)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Yellow Cururu toad | northeastern Argentina (Misiones Province), southern Brazil and eastern Paraguay |
| Rhinella inca (Stejneger, 1913)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Inca toad | Peru | |
| Rhinella inopina Vaz-Silva, Valdujo, and Pombal, 2012Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Minas Gerais, southeastern Brazil | ||
| Rhinella iserni (Jiménez de la Espada, 1875)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Rio Perene toad | Peru | |
| File:Instituto Butantan 2016 034 - "Cururu" toad.jpg | Rhinella jimi (Stevaux, 2002)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Cururu toad | Brazil (between Bujaru in northeastern Pará and Maranhão in the north, south to Bahia and Vitória, Espírito Santo) |
| Rhinella justinianoi (Harvey & Smith, 1994)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | El Chape toad | Bolivia | |
| Rhinella kuka (Köhler, Vences, Padial, Plewnia & Lötters 2023)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Bolivia | ||
| Rhinella leptoscelis (Boulenger, 1912)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Peru | ||
| File:Crested Toad (Rhinella lescurei) (38639489255).jpg | Rhinella lescurei Fouquet, Gaucher, Blanc and Velez-Rodriguez, 2007Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | French Guiana, Suriname | |
| File:Rhinella lilyrodriguezae.jpg | Rhinella lilyrodriguezae Cusi, Moravec, Lehr, and Gvoždík, 2017Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Lily Rodriguez's beaked toad | Peru |
| Rhinella limensis (Werner, 1901)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Peru Coast toad | Peru | |
| Rhinella lindae (Rivero & Castaño, 1990)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Murri beaked toad | Colombia | |
| Template:ExtinctRhinella loba Pérez-Ben, Gómez & Báez, 2019Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[8] | Argentina | ||
| File:Rhinella macrorhina.jpg | Rhinella macrorhina (Trueb, 1971)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Santa Rita beaked toad | Colombia |
| Rhinella magnussoni Lima, Menin, and Araújo, 2007Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Brazil | ||
| File:Rhinella major (10.5852-ejt.2022.836.1919) Figure 8 (cropped).png | Rhinella major (Müller and Hellmich, 1936)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Argentina, Paraguay and Bolivia and in Brazil | |
| File:Bufo manu.jpg | Rhinella manu Chaparro, Pramuk, and Gluesenkamp, 2007Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Peru | |
| File:Mitred Toad (Rhinella margaritifera) male (10595988513).jpg | Rhinella margaritifera (Laurenti, 1768)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | South American common toad | Panama, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Suriname and Venezuela |
| File:Bufo marinus (2719074003).jpg | Rhinella marina (Linnaeus, 1758)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Cane toad | South and mainland Central America |
| File:Rhinella martyi.jpg | Rhinella martyi Fouquet, Gaucher, Blanc and Velez-Rodriguez, 2007Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Suriname | |
| Rhinella merianae (Gallardo, 1965)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Venezuela (Bolívar), Suriname, Guyana, Brazil | ||
| File:Parque Estadual de Terra Ronca Luis Felipe Carvalho de Lima (07).jpg | Rhinella mirandaribeiroi (Gallardo, 1965)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Brazil(Bahia, Maranhão, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Minas Gerais, Pará, and Piaui), Bolivia (Santa Cruz) | |
| Rhinella multiverrucosa (Lehr, Pramuk & Lundberg, 2005)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Peru (Pasco) | ||
| Rhinella nattereri (Bokermann, 1967)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Venezuela (Bolivar), Guyana | ||
| Rhinella nesiotes (Duellman & Toft, 1979)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Laguna toad | Peru | |
| Rhinella nicefori (Cochran & Goin, 1970)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Colombian beaked toad | Colombia (Antioquia) | |
| Rhinella ocellata (Günther, 1858)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Ocellated toad | Brazil | |
| File:Rhinella ornata 02.jpg | Rhinella ornata Spix, 1824Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Brazil | |
| Rhinella paraguas Grant and Bolívar-Garcías, 2014Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Colombia (Chocó) | ||
| Rhinella paraguayensis Ávila, Pansonato, and Strüssmann, 2010Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Paraguay | ||
| Rhinella parecis Ávila, Morais, Perez, Pansonato, Carvalho, Rojas, Gordo & Farias, 2020Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Brazil | ||
| Rhinella pleuroptera Schmidt, 1857Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Peru | ||
| File:Bufo poeppigii02.jpg | Rhinella poeppigii (Tschudi, 1845)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Gray toad | Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia |
| File:Bufo proboscideus02.jpg | Rhinella proboscidea (Spix, 1824)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Beaked toad | Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador and Peru |
| Rhinella pygmaea (Myers & Carvalho, 1952)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Rio Parahyba toad | Brazil | |
| Rhinella quechua (Gallardo, 1961)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Incachaca toad | Bolivia | |
| File:Rhinella roqueana 32302817.jpg | Rhinella roqueana (Melin, 1941)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | northern Peru, eastern Ecuador (Pastaza), Amazonian Colombia (Amazonas and Caquetá Departments), Brazil | |
| Rhinella rostrata (Noble, 1920)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Mesopotamia beaked toad | Colombia (Antioquia) | |
| File:Bufo rubescens02.jpg | Rhinella rubescens (Lutz, 1925)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Brazil | |
| Rhinella rubropunctata (Guichenot, 1848)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Rusty toad | Chile and Argentina | |
| Rhinella ruizi (Grant, 2000)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Colombia (Antioquia) | ||
| Rhinella rumbolli (Carrizo, 1992)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Salta toad | Bolivia | |
| File:Bufo scitulus02.jpg | Rhinella scitula (Caramaschi & de Niemeyer, 2003)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Paraguay (Amambay and Concepción Departments), Brazil (Mato Grosso do Sul) | |
| Rhinella sclerocephala (Mijares-Urrutia & Arends-R., 2001)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Venezuela | ||
| Rhinella sebbeni Vaz-Silva, Maciel, Bastos, and Pombal, 2015Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Brazil | ||
| Rhinella spinulosa (Wiegmann, 1834)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Warty toad; Huanuco toad | Argentina, Bolivia, Chile and Peru | |
| Rhinella stanlaii (Lötters & Köhler, 2000)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Bolivia (Cochabamba, La Paz and Santa Cruz) | ||
| File:Rhinella sternosignata 62640906.jpg | Rhinella sternosignata (Günther, 1858)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Falcon toad | Colombia and Venezuela |
| Rhinella tacana (Padial, Reichle, McDiarmid, & De la Riva, 2006)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Bolivia (La Paz) | ||
| Rhinella tenrec (Lynch & Renjifo, 1990)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Antioquia Beaked Toad | Colombia | |
| Rhinella teotoniensis (Ferrão, Souza, Colatreli, Hanken & Lima, 2022)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Teotonio Falls Leaf-litter Toad | Bolivia, Brazil | |
| Rhinella truebae (Lynch & Renjifo, 1990)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Trueb's Beaked Toad | Colombia | |
| Rhinella unapensis Rojas, Peña, Ávila, Carvalho, Perez, Farias, Gordo & Hrbek, 2022)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Peru | ||
| Rhinella vellardi (Leviton & Duellman, 1978)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Alto Maranon toad | Peru | |
| Rhinella veraguensis (Schmidt, 1857)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Veragua toad | Bolivia and southeastern Peru | |
| Rhinella veredas (Brandão, Maciel, and Sebben, 2007)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Brazil(Piauí and Bahia) | ||
| Rhinella yanachaga Lehr, Pramuk, Hedges, and Córdova, 2007Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Peru (Pasco) | ||
| File:A male and a female of Rhinella yunga.jpg | Rhinella yunga (Mordavec, Lehr, 2014)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Peru (Yungas) |
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Notes
<templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />
- ↑ <templatestyles src="smallcaps/styles.css"/>Chaparro, Juan Carlos, Jennifer B. Pramuk and Andrew G. Gluesenkamp. 2007. A new species of arboreal Rhinella (Anura: Bufonidae) from a cloud forest of southeastern Peru. Herpetologica. 63 (2): 203-212.
- ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Template:LSJ
- ↑ Template:OED
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
References
- <templatestyles src="smallcaps/styles.css"/>Frost, Darrel (2006). "The Amphibian Tree of Life". Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 297: 1–371.