Proto-Polynesian language
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Template:Short description Template:Infobox proto-language
Proto-Polynesian (abbreviated PPn) is the reconstructed proto-language from which all modern Polynesian languages descend. It is a descendant of the Proto-Oceanic language (the language associated with the Lapita civilization), itself a descendant of Proto-Austronesian. The homeland of Proto-Polynesian speakers is believed to have been Tonga, Samoa, and nearby islands.[1]
Phonology
Proto-Polynesian has a small phonological inventory, with 13 consonants and 5 vowels.[2]
Consonants
| Bilabial | Alveolar | Velar | Glottal | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plosive | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". |
| Nasal | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | |
| Fricative | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | |
| Trill | Script error: No such module "IPA". | |||
| Lateral | Script error: No such module "IPA". | |||
| Glide | Script error: No such module "IPA". |
Vowels
Proto-Polynesian had five vowels, Script error: No such module "IPA"., with no length distinction. In a number of daughter languages, successive sequences of vowels came together to produce long vowels and diphthongs, and in some languages these sounds later became phonemic.[3]
Sound correspondences
| Proto-Polynesian | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tongan | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA"./Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | ||
| Niuean | Script error: No such module "IPA". | h | |||||||||||||
| Niuafoʻou | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | |||||||||||||
| Proto-Nuclear-Polynesian | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | |||
| Samoan | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA".~Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | |||
| East Futunan | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | ||||||||||||
| Tikopian | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | |||||||||||||
| Nukuoroan | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | |||||||||||||
| Proto-Eastern-Polynesian | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | |||
| Rapa Nui | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | |||
| Mangareva, Cook Islands Māori | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | ||||||||||||
| Tuamotuan | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | |||||||||||||
| Māori | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | |||||||||||||
| Tahitian | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | |||||||||||
| N. Marquesan | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | |||||||||||
| S. Marquesan | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | ||||||||||||
| Hawaiian | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | |||||||||||
Vocabulary
The following is a table of some sample vocabulary as it is represented orthographically in various languages.[4] All instances of Template:Angbr represent a glottal stop, IPA Script error: No such module "IPA".. All instances of Template:Angbr and Samoan Template:Angbr represent the single phoneme Script error: No such module "IPA".. The letter Template:Angbr in all cases represents voiced alveolar tap Script error: No such module "IPA"., not Script error: No such module "IPA"..
| Proto-Polynesian | Tongan | Niuean | Samoan | Rapa Nui | Tahitian | Māori | Cook Islands Māori | S. Marquesan | Hawaiian | English |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Script error: No such module "IPA". | tangata | tangata | tagata | tangata | ta'ata | tangata | tangata | ʻenata | kanaka | person |
| Script error: No such module "IPA". | hina | hina | sina | hina | hinahina | hina | ʻina | hina | grey-haired | |
| Script error: No such module "IPA". | kanahe | kanahe | ʻanae | 'anae | kanae | kanae | ʻanae | mullet | ||
| Script error: No such module "IPA". | siale | tiale | tiale | tiare | tiare | tīare | tiare | kiele | flower | |
| Script error: No such module "IPA". | vaka | vaka | vaʻa | vaka | va'a | waka | vaka | vaka | waʻa | canoe |
| Script error: No such module "IPA". | fefine | fifine | fafine | vi'e/vahine | vahine | wahine | vaʻine | vehine | wahine | woman |
| Script error: No such module "IPA". | mātu'a | motua | matua | matuʻa | metua | matua | metua, matua | motua | makua | parent |
| Script error: No such module "IPA". | ua | ua | lua | rua | rua[5] | rua | rua | ʻua | lua | two |
| Script error: No such module "IPA". | tolu | tolu | tolu | toru | toru | toru | toru | toʻu | kolu | three |
See also
- Proto-Oceanic language
- Proto-Austronesian language
- Proto-Malayo-Polynesian language
- Proto-Philippine language
Notes
External links
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Archaic: the modern Tahitian word for two is piti, due to the practice of pi'i among Tahitians, a form of linguistic taboo. However, the cognate remains in the second-person dual pronoun ʻōrua, roughly translated you two.