Nso language

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Nso (Lamnso, Lamnsɔ’) is the Grassfields language of the Nso people of western Cameroon. A few may remain in Nigeria. It has ten major noun classes.[1] The ISO 639-3 code is lns.[2] Nso is spoken by over 100,000 people.[3]

Phonology

Consonants

Labial Alveolar Palatal Velar Labial-
velar 		Glottal
plain sibilant
Nasal Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link
Plosive/
Affricate 		voiceless (Template:IPA link) Template:IPA link (Template:IPA link) Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link
voiced Template:IPA link Template:IPA link (Template:IPA link) Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link
prenasal vl. Template:IPA link (Template:IPA link) Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link
prenasal vd. Template:IPA link Template:IPA link (Template:IPA link) Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link
Fricative voiceless Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link (Template:IPA link)
voiced Template:IPA link Template:IPA link
prenasal Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link
Tap Template:IPA link
Approximant Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link
  • Stop sounds /b, t, d, k, ɡ/ may have affricated phonetic variants as [b͡v, t͡s, d͡z~ɖ͡ʐ, k͡f, ɡ͡v] when occurring before /ə/. Sounds /ɣ, m/ may have variants as [ɣ͡v, ᶬv] when in the same position.
  • Sounds /p/ and /h/ only occur in interjections, ideophones or loanwords.
  • /p, t, k/ may also have aspirated allophones [pʰ, tʰ, kʰ] in word-initial positions.
  • Prenasal fricative sounds /ᶬf, ⁿs, ᶮʃ/ may also have allophones as prenasal affricate [ᶬp͡f, ⁿt͡s, ᶮt͡ʃ] sounds.
  • Sounds /d͡ʒ, ʃ, k, ɡ, m, ŋ/ may be labialized as [d͡ʒʷ, ʃʷ, kʷ, ɡʷ, mʷ, ŋʷ] when before a vowel, and occurring only in the first syllable.

Vowels

Front Central Back
Close Template:IPA link Template:IPA link
Mid Template:IPA link ~ Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link ~ Template:IPA link
Open Template:IPA link
  • Vowels are lengthened as /iː, eː, əː, aː, oː, uː/.
  • Sounds /ɛ, ɔ/ may also be heard as close-mid [e, o] in free variation.
  • Vowels /i, a, u/ are heard as [ɪ, ɜ, ʊ] when before /ʔ/ or nasal sounds.[4]

Writing System

Nso uses an orthography based on the General Alphabet of Cameroon Languages (AGLC). An orthography had initially been created before being modified to follow the recommendations of the AGLC.[5]

Nso alphabet
a b c d e ə f g h i j k l m n ŋ o p r s t u v w y z ʼ

Nso uses 23 digraphs Template:Angle bracket and 7 trigraphs Template:Angle bracket. Long vowels are indicating by doubling the vowel Template:Angle bracket. Diphthongs are noted Template:Angle bracket.Template:Sfn

The high tone is indicated with the acute accent and the low tone with the grave accent on the vowel.

Phrases

  • Script error: No such module "lang". Thank you.
  • Script error: No such module "lang". You are welcome.
  • Script error: No such module "lang". What news? (Greeting).
  • Script error: No such module "lang". No news (Reply) or Script error: No such module "lang". I am fine.
  • Script error: No such module "lang". Good morning.
  • Script error: No such module "lang". How did you sleep?
  • Script error: No such module "lang". Good afternoon.
  • Script error: No such module "lang". Good evening.
  • Script error: No such module "lang". Sleep well.
  • Script error: No such module "lang". Good bye until tomorrow.
  • Script error: No such module "lang". Sweet dreams.
  • Script error: No such module "lang". And to you.
  • Script error: No such module "lang". God bless you (Greeting).
  • Script error: No such module "lang". Good luck.
  • Script error: No such module "lang". Safe journey.
  • Script error: No such module "lang". Give me.
  • Script error: No such module "lang". Where are you going?
  • Script error: No such module "lang". What is your name?
  • Script error: No such module "lang". My name is Lukong.
  • Script error: No such module "lang". Whose child are you?
  • Script error: No such module "lang". I am Lukong's child.
  • Script error: No such module "lang". Who is the traditional ruler of Nso?
  • Script error: No such module "lang". I am hungry.
  • Script error: No such module "lang". I am thirsty.
  • Script error: No such module "lang". I love you.
  • Script error: No such module "lang". Marry me.
  • Script error: No such module "lang". Where are you going?
  • Laisin jaiy wom. Forgive me
  • M ker kibam. I have a bag
  • Kinga ki te'e. The grass is growing
  • Tsehti du šo. Shift it further away
  • Dze la ven . Who is this?
  • Kikoŋnin ki boŋ. Loving is good

Animal names

  • Script error: No such module "lang".: leopard
  • Script error: No such module "lang".: dog
  • Script error: No such module "lang".: monkey
  • Script error: No such module "lang".: elephant
  • Script error: No such module "lang".: lion
  • Script error: No such module "lang".: duiker
  • Script error: No such module "lang".: goat
  • Script error: No such module "lang".: sheep
  • Script error: No such module "lang".: buffalo
  • Script error: No such module "lang".: squirrel
  • Script error: No such module "lang".: serpent
  • Script error: No such module "lang".: cricket
  • Script error: No such module "lang".: spider
  • Script error: No such module "lang".: tarantula
  • Script error: No such module "lang".: hyena
  • Script error: No such module "lang".: chicken
  • Script error: No such module "lang".: he-goat
  • Script error: No such module "lang".: lizard
  • Script error: No such module "lang".: bat

Other nouns

  • Script error: No such module "lang".: sun
  • Script error: No such module "lang".: water
  • Script error: No such module "lang".: book
  • Script error: No such module "lang".: pineapple
  • Script error: No such module "lang".: house
  • Script error: No such module "lang".: roof
  • Script error: No such module "lang".: floor
  • Script error: No such module "lang".: door
  • Script error: No such module "lang".: chair
  • Script error: No such module "lang".: rug
  • Script error: No such module "lang".: cooking pot
  • Script error: No such module "lang".: (typically a small bowl)
  • Script error: No such module "lang".: cup
  • Script error: No such module "lang".: basket
  • Script error: No such module "lang".: farm
  • Script error: No such module "lang".: firewood
  • Script error: No such module "lang".: pepper
  • Script error: No such module "lang".: spoon
  • Script error: No such module "lang".: junction
  • Script error: No such module "lang".: house of worship (church)
  • Script error: No such module "lang".: vehicle
  • Script error: No such module "lang".: rice
  • Script error: No such module "lang".: roof
  • Script error: No such module "lang".: file
  • Script error: No such module "lang".: Irish potato
  • Script error: No such module "lang".: sweet potato
  • Script error: No such module "lang".: cocoyam
  • Script error: No such module "lang".: banana
  • Script error: No such module "lang".: meat
  • Script error: No such module "lang".: walking stick
  • Script error: No such module "lang".: mom (mother)
  • Script error: No such module "lang".: dad (father)
  • Script error: No such module "lang".: sister (relative)
  • Script error: No such module "lang".: brother (relative)
  • Script error: No such module "lang".: relative (A general sense. Example: * Script error: No such module "lang".: I am your relative)

Script error: No such module "lang".:Stick insect

Adjectives

  • Script error: No such module "lang".: hot
  • Script error: No such module "lang". : cold
  • Script error: No such module "lang".: Heavy.
  • Script error: No such module "lang".: Dark.
  • Script error: No such module "lang".: White
  • Script error: No such module "lang".: Bitter.
  • Script error: No such module "lang".: Sweet
  • nyaaŋ: Calm

References

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  1. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  2. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  3. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  4. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  5. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

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Bibliography

  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • McGarrity, Laura and Botne, Robert (2001). Between Agreement and Case Marking in Lamnso. IUWPL 3: Explorations in African Linguistics: From Lamnso' to Sesotho (2001), edited by Robert Botne and Rose Vondrasek, pp. 53–70. Bloomington, IN: Noun classes and categorization: Proceedings of a symposium on categorization and noun classification, Eugene, Oregon, October 1983. Amsterdam: J. Benjamins.

Template:Languages of Cameroon Template:Grassfields Bantu languages


Template:Gras-lang-stub Template:Cameroon-lang-stub

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