Ngiyampaa language

The Ngiyampaa language, also spelt Ngiyambaa, Ngempa, Ngemba and other variants, is a Pama–Nyungan language of the Wiradhuric subgroup. It was the traditional language of the Wangaaypuwan and Wayilwan peoples of New South Wales.

Speakers and status

Ngiyampaa was the traditional language of the Wangaaypuwan and Wayilwan peoples of New South Wales, Australia, but is now moribund.

According to Tamsin Donaldson (1980) there are two dialects of Ngiyampaa: Wangaaybuwan, spoken by the people in the south, and Wayil or Wayilwan, spoken by people in the north. They have very similar grammars.

Donaldson records that by the 1970s there were only about ten people fluent in Wangaaypuwan, and only a couple of Wayilwan speakers left. In 2018-2019, it was estimated by one source that there were 11-50 speakers of the Ngiyambaa language.

Names

Ngiyambaa (meaning language), or Ngiyambaambuwali, was also used by the Wangaaypuwan and Wayilwan to describe themselves, whilst 'Wangaaypuwan' and 'Wayilwan' (meaning 'With Wangaay/Wayil' (for 'no') were used to distinguish both the language and the speakers from others who did not have wangaay or wayil for no.

Other names for Ngiyambaa are: Giamba, Narran, Noongaburrah, Ngampah, Ngemba, Ngeumba, Ngiamba, Ngjamba, Ngiyampaa and Ngumbarr; Wangaibon is also called Wangaaybuwan and Wongaibon, and Weilwan is also called Wailwan, Wayilwan, or Wailwun.

Their language consisted of varieties of Ngiyampaa,Template:EfnTemplate:Sfn which was composed of two dialects, Ngiyampaa Wangaaypuwan and Ngiyambaa Wayilwan.Template:Sfn Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn The Wangaaypuwan (with wangaay) people are so called because they use wangaay to say "no", as opposed to the Ngiyampaa in the Macquarie Marshes and towards Walgett, who were historically defined separately by colonial ethnographers as Wayilwan, so-called because their word for "no" was wayil.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn The distinction between Ngiyampaa, Wangaaypuwan, and Wayilwan traditionally drawn, and sanctioned by the classification of Norman Tindale, may rest upon a flawed assumption of marked "tribal" differences based on Ngiyampaa linguistic discriminations between internal groups or clans whose word for "no" varied.Template:Sfn

Phonology

Consonants

	Peripheral		Laminal		Apical
	Labial	Velar	Dental	Palatal	Alveolar	Retroflex
Plosive	Template:IPA link Template:Angbr	Template:IPA link Template:Angbr	Template:IPA link Template:Angbr	Template:IPA link Template:Angbr	Template:IPA link Template:Angbr
Nasal	Template:IPA link Template:Angbr	Template:IPA link Template:Angbr	Template:IPA link Template:Angbr	Template:IPA link Template:Angbr	Template:IPA link Template:Angbr
Lateral					Template:IPA link Template:Angbr
Rhotic					Template:IPA link Template:Angbr
Approximant	Template:IPA link Template:Angbr			Template:IPA link Template:Angbr		Template:IPA link Template:Angbr

Wangaaypuwan orthography uses p, t, k while Wayilwan uses b, d, g.

Vowels

	Front	Central	Back
Close	Template:IPA link Template:Angbr Template:IPA link Template:Angbr		Template:IPA link Template:Angbr Template:IPA link Template:Angbr
Open		Template:IPA link Template:Angbr Template:IPA link Template:Angbr

Phonemes	Allophones
/i/, /iː/	Template:IPAblink, Template:IPAblink, Template:IPAblink, Template:IPAblink
/a/	Template:IPAblink, Template:IPAblink, Template:IPAblink, Template:IPAblink, Template:IPAblink, Template:IPAblink, Template:IPAblink
/u/, /uː/	Template:IPAblink, Template:IPAblink, Template:IPAblink, Template:IPAblink, Template:IPAblink, Template:IPAblink

Sources

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