Namkhai Norbu

Namkhai Norbu (Tibetan: Template:Bo-textonly, Wylie: nam mkha’i nor bu; 8 December 1938 – 27 September 2018) was a Tibetan Buddhist master of DzogchenTemplate:Sfnp and a professor of Tibetan and Mongolian language and literature at Naples Eastern University.Template:Sfnp He was a leading authority on Tibetan culture, particularly in the fields of history, literature, traditional religions (Tibetan Buddhism and Bon), and Traditional Tibetan medicine, having written numerous books and scholarly articles on these subjects.Template:Sfnp

When he was two years old, Norbu was recognized as the mindstream emanation, a tulku, of the Dzogchen teacher Adzom Drugpa (1842–1924). At five, he was also recognized as a mindstream emanation of an emanation of Shabdrung Ngawang Namgyel (1594–1651). At the age of sixteen, he met master Rigdzin Changchub Dorje (1863–1963),Template:Sfnp who became his main Dzogchen teacher.Template:Sfnp

In 1960, he went to Italy at the invitation of Giuseppe Tucci and served as Professor of Tibetan and Mongolian Language and Literature from 1964 to 1992 at Naples Eastern University. In 1983, he hosted the first International Convention on Tibetan Medicine, held in Venice, Italy.Template:Sfnp

In 1976, Norbu began to give Dzogchen instruction in the West, first in Italy, then in numerous other countries. He became a respected spiritual authority among many practitioners, and created centers for the study of Dzogchen worldwide.Template:Sfnp Norbu taught Dzogchen for more than fifty years and was considered by the Tibetan government in exile as "the foremost living Dzogchen" teacher at the time of his death, in 2018.Template:Sfnp Norbu founded the Dzogchen Community, which today has centers around the world, including in the US, Mexico, Australia, Russia, and China.

Birth

File:Chögyal Namkhai Norbu Kunsangar North in the Moscow region 2013.07.04 18.45pm.jpg

Chögyal Namkhai Norbu at the Kunsangar North center (Moscow region) on 4 July 2013

Namkhai Norbu was born on 8 December 1938 in the village of Ge'u in Derge County. His name, Namkhai, means "sky", "space", and "aether", and has the possessive case ending, thus it may be rendered into English as "...of the sky". Norbu means "jewel", "crystal", "gem", "cintamani". Therefore, Namkhai Norbu may be rendered in English as "jewel of the sky".

Recognition as a reborn master

At birth, two of Norbu's uncles, the Dzogchen masters Palyul Karma Yangsid and Shechen Rabjam, believed him to be the reincarnation of their master, Adzom Drugpa Rinpoche (1841–1934). When Norbu was two years old, this was confirmed by a senior tulku of the Nyingma school.Template:Sfnp Adzom Drugpa was a disciple both of Jamyang Khyentse Wangpo (1820–92) and Patrul Rinpoche (1808–81).Template:Sfnp

Furthermore, when he was five years old, the sixteenth Gyalwa Karmapa and the Situ Rinpoche together recognized Norbu as the mind emanationTemplate:Efn of the mindstream of another well-known teacher, who was in turn the emanation of Shabdrung Ngawang Namgyel, the 17th-century Tibetan-born founder and spiritual leader of Bhutan.Template:Sfnp Because of this, Namkhai Norbu also bears the honorary title 'Chögyal' (Tibetan: Template:Bo-textonly, Wylie: chos rgyal), meaning 'Dharma King'.Template:EfnTemplate:Sfnp

Such recognitions conferred a great deal of attention and prestige upon him from a very young age, leading him in later life to remark: "As I grew up, I was thus given quite a few names and titles, many of which are very long and grand-sounding. But I have never used them, because I have always preferred the name my parents gave me at birth".Template:Sfnp

Tibet

In his early years, Norbu studied at the Derge Gonchen monastery.Template:Sfnp At the age of nine, he entered a Sakya college, where he studied Buddhist philosophy for many years with Khyenrab Chökyi Odzer. He also received numerous tantric and Dzogchen transmissions and teachings from many masters, including his paternal uncle Togden Ugyen Tendzin, his maternal uncle Khyentse Rinpoche Chökyi Wangchug, as well as Drubwang Rinpoche Kunga Palden, Negyab Rinpoche, Drugse Gyurmed Dorje, Dzongsar Khyentse Chökyi Lodrö, Dudjom Rinpoche Yeshe Dorje, and Bo Gongkar Rinpoche.Template:Sfnp He also received teachings at Dzogchen Monastery.Template:Sfnp In 1951, he received various teachings from the female yogi Ayu Khandro Dorje Paldrön (1838–1953).Template:Sfnp

Norbu was invited to China in 1953 as a representative of the Tibetan monasteries. After visiting Chengdu and Chungching, he accepted an invitation to teach Classical Tibetan in Menyag and also had the opportunity to learn Chinese there. During this time, he met Kangkar Rinpoche, from whom he received instruction on the Six Yogas of Naropa, and other teachings.Template:Sfnp

After having had a vision in a dream, Norbu returned to Derge. It was here that he met his root teacher, Rigdzin Changchub Dorje, in 1955 (when Norbu was sixteen). He stayed at Dorje's residence in Khamdogar for six months, and it was under this teacher that Norbu gained real experiential knowledge of Dzogchen.Template:Sfnp

Changchub Dorje was a disciple of Adzom Drugpa, Nyagla Padma Dündul, and Shardza Trashi Gyaltsen Rinpoche (1859–1935), and was the leader of a small community of lay practitioners, as well as a doctor of Tibetan medicine. From Changchub Dorje, Norbu received authentic transmissions of all three series of Dzogchen (Semde, Longde, and Menngagde).

Italy

File:Professor Professor Luciano Petech and Chögyal Namkhai Norbu, IsMEO, Roma 1961.jpg

From left: Lionello Lanciotti (professor of Chinese Studies), Geshe Jampel Singe, Lobsang Samten, Chögyal Namkhai Norbu, Luciano Petech, IsMEO, Rome, 1961

In the late 1950s, Norbu made a pilgrimage that took him to central Tibet, India, Bhutan, and Nepal. Because of the turmoil and aftermath of the 1959 Tibetan Rebellion, he could not return to Derge from Sikkim, so he stayed as a refugee in Gangtok, working as a writer and editor of Tibetan literature for the Chogyal government from 1958 to 1960. It was here that he met with the Italian Tibetologist Giuseppe Tucci.Template:Sfnp Also during his time in Sikkim, he met and received teachings from the XVI Gyalwa Karmapa.Template:Sfnp

Already recognized as a knowledgeable figure in all aspects of Tibetan culture at the age of 22, Norbu was invited to Italy by Giuseppe Tucci to work at the Institute for the Middle and Far East (Template:Ill) in Rome for two years.Template:Sfnp He collaborated with Tucci and Geshe Jempel Senghe on a catalogue and library of Tibetan texts.Template:Sfnp

In 1962, he took up a post in Naples at the Istituto Universitario Orientale, where he taught the Tibetan language and literature until 1992.Template:Sfnp Namkhai Norbu focused his research on the ancient history of Tibet, the Shang Shung kingdom, and the Bön tradition. His research included works on history, Tibetan medicine, astrology, Bön, and Tibetan folk traditions.Template:Sfnp

Norbu married Rosa Tolli in 1968. They had a son, Template:Ill (born in 1970), and a daughter, Yuchen Namkhai (born in 1971).Template:Sfnp

Teaching Dzogchen in the West

File:Chögyal Namkhai Norbu Kunsangar North in the Moscow region 2013.07.04 11.53am.jpg

Chögyal Namkhai Norbu in Moscow, 2013

In 1971, Norbu began to teach an ancient Tibetan form of physical yoga he called Yantra Yoga (Tibetan:Trul Khor). This system is based on the Dzogchen tantra called The Union of the Sun and Moon and uses physical postures, breathing, and visualization to harmonize one's energy and relax the mind. Starting in 1976, Norbu began to teach Dzogchen to a small group of Italian students.Template:Sfnp During this time, Dzogchen was barely known in the West, and Norbu worked to make it accessible to modern Western students.Template:Sfnp

As interest in his teachings grew, Norbu dedicated himself to teaching Dzogchen throughout the world through his growing "Dzogchen Community" (Wylie: rdzogs chen 'dus sde).Template:Sfnp The first "gar" (gathering, settlement) of the DC was established in 1981, near Arcidosso, in Tuscany. It was called Merigar ("Community of the Mountain-of-Fire").Template:Sfnp

File:Tsegyalgar East in 2018.jpg

Tsegyalgar East in 2018

The Dzogchen Community would eventually grow to include thousands of members in over forty countries, including in Europe, Australia, Asia, North America, and South America.Template:Sfnp The main DC Gars were: Merigar West in Italy and Merigar East in Romania; Tsegyalgar East in Massachusetts, USA and Tsegyalgar West in Baja California, Mexico; Tashigar North in Venezuela and Tashigar South in Argentina; Namgyalgar in New South Wales, Australia, and Kunsangar in Ukraine and Russia.Template:Sfnp

Norbu continued to travel around the world, giving Dzogchen teachings. He held over 600 Dzogchen retreats throughout his life. Since 2005, some of these teachings were also transmitted worldwide via the internet.Template:Sfnp Norbu also developed a system of study and contemplative training for his students, which he called Santi Maha Sangha.Template:Sfnp

In the 1980s, Norbu also began to reveal a new series of Dzogchen teachings (i.e., a terma cycle) called Longsal. These terma revelations have been translated and published in ten volumes.

In 2002, Norbu oversaw the establishment of the Ka-Ter translation project, which tasked experienced translators such as Adriano Clemente, Elio Guarisco, and Jim Valby with the translation from Tibetan of key texts, as well as the works of Norbu himself.

Other projects

In 1983, Norbu organized the First International Congress on Tibetan Medicine, which was held at Ca' Foscari University in Venice and the Cini Foundation, Arcidosso. Norbu also convened the first three International Conferences on Tibetan Language, held at various major universities.

Apart from his spiritual activity, he founded the International Shang-Shung Institute for Tibetan Studies in 1990 to preserve the cultural traditions of Tibet (including Tibetan medicine and language). The institute has a large collection of Tibetan books and manuscripts, and it also publishes the works of Namkhai Norbu. The institute was inaugurated by the XIV Dalai Lama in 1990. In 2005, the Shang Shung Medical Institute began to offer a four-year course in traditional Tibetan medicine.

Norbu also founded the NGO A.S.I.A (Association for International Solidarity in Asia), which works in Tibet, India, Nepal, Myanmar, Mongolia, and Sri Lanka. A.S.I.A. has worked on more than 200 projects, including building twenty schools, where 3,000 Tibetan children learn Tibetan language and culture.Template:Sfnp

Recognition and legacy

Chögyal Namkhai Norbu's teachings on the Dance of the Vajra and Khaita Joyful Dances (a program based on the study, singing, and dancing of traditional and modern Tibetan songs) have been recognized at UNESCO's International Dance Council (CID). The numerous cultural artifacts collected by Norbu, such as valuable Himalayan and Central Asian works of art, sacred objects, documents, and handicrafts, are now in the collection of the Museum of Asian Art and Culture in Arcidosso (2016).

In 2000, Norbu was invited to the UN's Millennium World Peace Conference of Religious and Spiritual Leaders in New York.Template:Sfnp

On 10 September 2018, the Italian government conferred upon him its highest award, Commander of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic; this was presented by President Sergio Mattarella.Template:Sfnp

Works

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Namkhai Norbu in 2006

Chögyal Namkhai Norbu wrote more than eighty works, which have been translated into numerous languages. His oeuvre includes books on Tibetan Buddhism, Tibetan history, poetry, biographies, and works on Tibetan culture and Tibetan medicine.

Contributions

• Introduction: Beyond Words: Dzogchen Made Easy (2003) (Element Books) Template:ISBN
• Introduction: Self-Liberation: Through Seeing with Naked Awareness (2000) (Station Hill Press) Template:ISBN
• Introduction: The Tibetan Book of the Dead: Awakening Upon Dying (2013) Template:ISBN
• Introduction: The Golden Letters (1996) (Snow Lion) Template:ISBN
• Introduction: Togden Shakya Shri. The Life and Liberation of a Tibetan Yogin (2009) (Shang Shung Edizioni) Template:ISBN
• Introduction: You Are the Eyes of the World (2011) (Shambhala ) Template:ISBN

Discography

• Chöd: Cutting Through Dualism (1995) CD (Amiata Records) ARNR-0193
• Purification of the Six Lokas (2001) CD (Shang Shung) 10020
• General Introduction to Dzogchen (2009) DVD
• Music for the Dance of the Vajra (2009) CD (Amiata Records) ARNR-0200
• My Reincarnation (2012) DVD (New York) Template:ISBN

See also

• Lucid dream
• My Reincarnation – a documentary film by Jennifer Fox
• Rimé movement
• Six realms
• Zhitro

External links

• Namkhai Norbu biography by Adriano Clemente on the Treasury of Lives
• International Dzogchen Community
• List of international gars–Dzogchen community centres
• Template:URL2 – newspaper of the International Dzogchen Community
• Official Yantra Yoga website