Mueang

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File:Ang Thong (2024) - ที่ว่าการอำเภอเมืองอ่างทอง.jpg
Capital districts of provinces in Thailand are referred to as "mueang district". Pictured here is the office of Mueang Ang Thong district, i.e., the capital district of Ang Thong.
File:芒市广场-迎宾门傣语.jpg
The ethnic Tai Nuea name of Mangshi (pictured) in Yunnan, China is Mueang Khon

Mueang (Ahom: 𑜉𑜢𑜤𑜂𑜫;Template:Langx mɯ̄ang, Script error: No such module "IPA". Template:ErrorTemplate:Category handler), Muang (Template:Langx mɯ́ang, Script error: No such module "IPA".), Möng (Tai Nuea: ᥛᥫᥒᥰ möeng; Template:Langx móeng, Script error: No such module "IPA".), Meng (Template:Lang-zh) or Mường (Vietnamese) were pre-modern semi-independent city-states or principalities in mainland Southeast Asia, adjacent regions of Northeast India and Southern China, including what is now Thailand, Laos, Burma, Cambodia, parts of northern Vietnam, southern Yunnan, western Guangxi and Assam.

Mueang was originally a term in the Tai languages for a town having a defensive wall and a ruler with at least the Thai noble rank of khun (Script error: No such module "Lang".), together with its dependent villages.[1][2][3] The mandala model of political organisation organised states in collective hierarchy such that smaller mueang were subordinate to more powerful neighboring ones, which in turn were subordinate to a central king or other leader. The more powerful mueang (generally designated as Template:Wikt-lang, Template:Wikt-lang, Template:Wikt-lang, or Template:Wikt-lang – with Bangkok as Krung Thep Maha Nakhon) occasionally tried to liberate themselves from their suzerain and could enjoy periods of relative independence. Mueang large and small often shifted allegiance, and frequently paid tribute to more than one powerful neighbor – the most powerful of the period being Ming China.

Following Kublai Khan's defeat of the Dali Kingdom of the Bai people in 1253 and its establishment as a tutelary state, new mueang were founded widely throughout the Shan States and adjoining regions – though the common description of this as a "mass migration" is disputed.[4] Following historical Chinese practice, tribal leaders principally in Yunnan were recognized by the Yuan as imperial officials, in an arrangement generally known as the Tusi ("Native Chieftain") system. Ming and Qing-era dynasties gradually replaced native chieftains with non-native Chinese government officials.

In the 19th century, Thailand's Chakri dynasty and Burma's colonial and subsequent military rulers did much the same with their lesser mueang, but, while the petty kingdoms are gone, the place names remain.

Place names

Script error: No such module "Unsubst". Place names in Southwestern Tai languages

Cambodia

In Khmer, "moeang" (មឿង) is a word borrowed from the Thai language meaning "small city" or "small town."[5] Usually used as a place name for villages.

China

The placename "mueang" is written in Chinese characters as Template:Lang-zh, which is equivalent to Template:Langx and Template:Langx, both of which are spoken in China.

Script in English Name in Tai Nuea Name in Tai Lue Script in Chinese Common used name
Muang Mao[6] ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥛᥣᥝᥰ[7] 勐卯 Ruili
Muang Khon[6] ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥑᥩᥢᥴ[7] ᦵᦙᦲᧂ ᦃᦸᧃ[8] 勐焕 Mangshi
Muang Wan[6] ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥝᥢᥰ[7] 勐宛 Longchuan
Muang Ti[6] ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥖᥤᥰ[7] 勐底 Lianghe
Muang La[6] ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥘᥣᥲ[7] 勐腊 Yingjiang
Meng La ᦵᦙᦲᧂ ᦟᦱ 勐拉 Simao
Meng La ᦵᦙᦲᧂ ᦟᦱᧉ 勐腊 Mengla
Meng Hai ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥞᥣᥭᥰ[7] ᦵᦙᦲᧂ ᦣᦻ[8] 勐海 Menghai
Meng Lem ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥘᥥᥛᥰ[7] 孟连 Menglian
Meng Keng ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥐᥪᥒ[7] 勐耿 Gengma
Meng Long ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥘᥨᥒ[9]Template:Rp Longling
Meng Meng ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥛᥫᥒᥰ[7] 勐勐 Shuangjiang
Meng Lam ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥘᥣᥛᥰ[7] 勐朗 Lancang
Meng Thong ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥗᥨᥒᥴ[7] 勐统 Changning
Meng Tsung ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥓᥧᥒᥰ[7] Yuanjiang
Meng Then ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥗᥦᥢᥴ[7] Fengqing
Meng Men ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥛᥦᥢᥰ[7] 勐缅 Tengchong or Lincang
Mongsee[10] ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥔᥥᥴ[7] ᦵᦙᦲᧂ ᦵᦉ[8] Kunming
Meng Ha ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥑᥣᥰ[7] Template:Ill
Meng Ha ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥑᥣᥴ[7] Template:Ill
Meng Khe ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥑᥫᥰ[7] Template:Ill
Meng Yueng ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥒᥤᥛᥰ[7] 勐允 Template:Ill
Meng Tse ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥓᥥ[7] ᦵᦙᦲᧂ ᦵᦵᦋᧈ 勐遮 Template:Ill
Meng Hsa ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥔᥣᥴ[7] 勐撒 Template:Ill
Meng Yang ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥕᥣᥒᥰ[7] 勐养 Template:Ill
Meng Tung ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥖᥧᥛᥰ[7] 勐董 Mengdong
Meng Ten ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥖᥦᥢᥰ[7] 勐典 Mengdian (a place in Yingjiang County)
Meng Ting ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥖᥤᥒ[7] 孟定 Template:Ill
Meng Lim ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥘᥤᥛᥴ[7] Huangcao-Ba (Template:Lang-zh, a place in Longling County)
Meng Long ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥘᥨᥒ[7] ᦵᦙᦲᧂ ᦷᦟᧂ[8] 勐龙 Template:Ill
Meng Loong ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥘᥩᥒᥴ[7] 勐弄 Template:Ill
Meng Mo ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥛᥨᥝᥱ[7] 勐磨 Jiucheng Township
Meng Ham ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥞᥛᥰ[7] ᦵᦙᦲᧂ ᦣᧄ[8] 勐罕 Template:Ill
Meng Heu ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥞᥥᥝᥰ[11] 勐秀 Mengxiu Township
Meng Ka ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥐᥣ 勐戛 Mengga
Meng Yue 勐约 Template:Ill
Meng Peng ᦵᦙᦲᧂ ᦘᦳᧂ 勐捧 Template:Ill
Meng Dui 勐堆 Template:Ill
Meng Ku 勐库 Template:Ill
Meng Yoong ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥕᥩᥒᥰ[12] 勐永 Template:Ill
Meng Keng ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥐᥦᥒᥰ[12] 勐简 Template:Ill
Meng Seng ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥔᥫᥒᥴ[12] 勐省 Mengsheng
Meng Jiao 勐角 Mengjiao Dai, Yi and Lahu People Township
Meng Nuo 勐糯 Template:Ill
Meng Xian 勐先 Template:Ill
Meng Nong 孟弄 Template:Ill
Meng Ban 勐班 Mengban Township
Meng Da 勐大 Template:Ill
Meng Lie 勐烈 Template:Ill
Meng Ma 勐马 Template:Ill
Meng Suo 勐梭 Template:Ill
Meng Ka 勐卡 Template:Ill
Meng La 勐拉 Template:Ill
Meng Qiao 勐桥 Template:Ill
Meng Wang 勐旺 Template:Ill
Meng Hun 勐混 Template:Ill
Meng Man 勐满 Template:Ill
Meng A 勐阿 Template:Ill
Meng Song 勐宋 Template:Ill
Meng Wang 勐往 Template:Ill
Meng Lun 勐仑 Template:Ill
Meng Ban 勐伴 Template:Ill

Laos

Laos is colloquially known as Muang Lao, but for Lao people, the word conveys more than mere administrative district. The usage is of special historic interest for the Lao; in particular for their traditional socio-political and administrative organisation, and the formation of their early (power) states,[13] described by later scholars as Mandala (Southeast Asian political model). Provinces of Laos are now subdivided into what are commonly translated as districts of Laos, with some retaining Muang as part of the name:

Myanmar

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File:ႁူင်းယႃ ဝဵင်းမိူင်းၼၢႆး - panoramio.jpg
A hospital in Mong Nai

Northeast India

Thailand

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File:หอนาฬิกาเชียงราย Chiang Rai Clock Tower.jpg
The Mueang Chiang Rai Clock Tower

Thailand is colloquially known as Mueang Thai. After the Thesaphiban reforms of Prince Damrong Rajanubhab, city-states under Siam were organized into monthon (Script error: No such module "Lang"., Thai translation of mandala), which was changed to changwat (Script error: No such module "Lang".) in 1916.[15] Mueang still can be found as the term for the capital districts of the provinces (amphoe mueang), as well as for a municipal status equivalent to town (thesaban mueang). In standard Thai, the term for the country of Thailand is ประเทศไทย, rtgs: Prathet Thai.

Mueang toponyms

Mueang still forms part of the placenames of a few places, notably Don Mueang District, home to Don Mueang International Airport; and in the Royal Thai General System of Transcription Mueang Phatthaya (Script error: No such module "Lang".) for the self-governing municipality of Pattaya.

Nakhon mueang

Nakhon (Script error: No such module "Lang".) as meaning "city" has been modified to thesaban nakhon (Script error: No such module "Lang".), usually translated as "city municipality". It still forms part of the name of some places.

Buri mueang

Sung Noen District is noted for having been the site of two ancient cities: Mueang Sema and Khorakhapura. Pali púra became Sanskrit puri, hence Thai Script error: No such module "Lang".,[16] (buri) all connoting the same as Thai mueang: city with defensive wall.[17] "Khorakhapura" was nicknamed "Nakhon Raj," which as a portmanteau with Sema, became Nakhon Ratchasima.[18] Though dropped from the name of this mueang, Sanskrit buri persists in the names of others.

Vietnam

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File:Lai Châu Town Square Monument (2014).jpg
Mường Lay town square

Etymology

NB: Luo et al. employ /ü/ which may erroneously scan as /ii/.

Müang Fai irrigation system

Müang Fai is a term reconstructed from Proto-Tai, the common ancestor of all Tai languages. In the Guangxi-Guizhou of Southern China region, the term described what was then a unique type of irrigation engineering for wet-rice cultivation. Müang meaning 'irrigation channel, ditch, canal' and Fai, 'dike, weir, dam.' together referred to gravitational irrigation systems for directing water from streams and rivers.[19] The Proto-Tai language is not directly attested by any surviving texts, but has been reconstructed using the comparative method. This term has Proto-Tai-tone A1. All A1 words are rising tone in modern Thai and Lao, following rules determined for tone origin. Accordingly, the term is:

in modern Template:Langx[20]
in modern Template:Langx.[21] (NB: SEAlang Library's Lao entry omits tonal marking – a typographical error.)

Different linguistic tones give different meanings; scholarship has not established a link between this term and any of the terms which differ in tone.

Origin of mueang

Mueang conveys many meanings, all having to do with administrative, social, political and religious orientation on wet-rice cultivation. The origin of the word mueang yet remains obscure. In October 2007, The National Library of Laos, in collaboration with the Berlin State Library and the University of Passau, started a project to produce the Digital Library of Lao Manuscripts. Papers presented at the Literary Heritage of Laos Conference, held in Vientiane in 2005, have also been made available. Many of the mss. illuminate the administrative, social, political, and religious demands put on communities in the same watershed area that insured a high degree of cooperation to create and maintain irrigation systems (müang-faai) – which probably was the primary reason for founding mueang.[22]

Kham Mueang

File:Wat Ming Mueang, Chiang Rai - 2017-06-27 (001).jpg
A signage in Tai Tham script, traditionally used for written kham mueang

Kham Mueang (Template:Langx) is the modern spoken form of the old Northern Thai language that was the language of the kingdom of Lan Na (Million Fields). Central Thai may call northern Thai people and their language Thai Yuan. They call their language Kham Mueang in which Kham means language or word; mueang; town, hence the meaning of "town language," specifically in contrast to those of the many hill tribe peoples in the surrounding mountainous areas.[23]

See also

References

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  1. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  2. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  3. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  4. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  5. ↑ Headley, Robert K. "SEAlang Library Khmer", SEAlang Library, 05/14/2018
  6. ↑ a b c d e Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  7. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  8. ↑ a b c d e Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  9. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  10. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  11. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  12. ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  13. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  14. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  15. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  16. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  17. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  18. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  19. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  20. ↑ เหมืองฝาย;
  21. ↑ http://sealang.net/lao/dictionary.htm ເຫມືອງຝາຽ
  22. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  23. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

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External links

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