Mansi languages
Template:Short description Template:Refimprove Script error: No such module "Distinguish". Script error: No such module "Infobox".Template:Template otherTemplate:Main other The Mansi languages are spoken by the Mansi people in Siberia, Russia along the Ob River and its tributaries, in the Khanty–Mansi Autonomous Okrug, and Sverdlovsk Oblast. Traditionally considered a single language, they constitute a branch of the Ugric languages, within the broader Uralic language family. They are often considered most closely related to neighbouring Khanty and then to Hungarian.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".
The base dialect of the Mansi literary language is the Sosva dialect, a representative of the northern language. Fixed word order is typical in Mansi. Adverbials and participles play an important role in sentence construction.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".
In the 2020–2021 census, 2229 people claimed to speak Mansi natively.[1] All current speakers use Northern Mansi, as the other variants have become extinct.[2]
Dialects
Mansi is subdivided into four main dialect groups which are to a large degree mutually unintelligible, and therefore best considered four languages. A primary split can be set up between the Southern variety and the remainder. Several features are also shared between the Western and Eastern varieties, while certain later sound changes have diffused between Eastern and Northern (and are also found in some neighboring dialects of Northern Khanty to the east).
Individual dialects are known according to the rivers their speakers live(d) on:[3]
Template:Clade All of the sub-dialects given above are those which were still spoken in the late 19th and early 20th century and have been documented in linguistic sources on Mansi, except for certain varieties of Western and Southern Mansi, spoken further west; the Tagil, Tura and Chusovaya dialects of Southern[4] and the Vishera dialect of Western,[5] found in pre-scientific records from the 18th and early 19th centuries.
The two dialects last mentioned were hence spoken on the western slopes of the Urals, where also several early Russian sources document Mansi settlements. Placename evidence has been used to suggest Mansi presence reaching still much further west in earlier times,[6] though this has been criticized as poorly substantiated.[7]
Northern Mansi has strong Russian, Komi, Nenets, and Northern Khanty influence, and it forms the base of the literary Mansi language. There is no accusative case; that is, both the nominative and accusative roles are unmarked on the noun. Script error: No such module "IPA". and Script error: No such module "IPA". have been backed to Script error: No such module "IPA". and Script error: No such module "IPA"..
Western Mansi was described as "probably extinct" already in 1988. Although the last speaker is not known, it is considered certain that none were left at the end of the 20th century.[2] It had strong Russian and Komi influences; dialect differences were also considerable.[8] Long vowels were diphthongized.
Eastern Mansi became extinct in 2018, when its last speaker Maksim Šivtorov (Максим Семенович Шивторов) died.[2] It has Khanty and Siberian Tatar influence. There is vowel harmony, and for Script error: No such module "IPA". it has Template:IPAblink, frequently diphthongized.
Southern (Tavda) Mansi was recorded from area isolated from the other Mansi varieties. Around 1900, a couple hundred speakers existed; in the 1960s, it was spoken only by a few elderly speakers,Template:Sfn and it has since then become extinct. It had strong Tatar influence and displayed several archaisms such as vowel harmony, retention of Script error: No such module "IPA". (elsewhere merged with Script error: No such module "IPA".), Script error: No such module "IPA". (elsewhere deaffricated to Script error: No such module "IPA".), Script error: No such module "IPA". (elsewhere fronted to Script error: No such module "IPA". or diphthongized) and Script error: No such module "IPA". (elsewhere raised to Script error: No such module "IPA".).
Comparision
| English | Northern [9] | Eastern [10] | Western [11] | Southern [11][12] | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sosva | U. Lozva [13] | Sygva | Ob [14] | Jukonda | Upper Konda | M. Lozva | L. Lozva | Ust'-Uls [15] | Verho-Tur [16] | Tavda | |
| I, me | ам (am) | ам (am) | ам (am) | ам (am) | а̊̄м (åm) | ом, ам (om, am) | (äm) | (äm) | ам (am) | амь (ам') | (äm) |
| you | наӈ (naŋ) | наӈ (naŋ) | наӈ (naŋ) | наӈ (naŋ) | нэй (näj) | нӓг (näγ) | (näu) | (näi) | наи (nai) | (nøu, nū) | |
| water | вит (wit) | вит (wit) | вит (wit) | вит (wit) | вить (wiť) | вить (wiť) | (wüť) | (üť) | уйт (ujt) | уть (uť) | (uť) |
| to go | минуӈкве (minuŋkwe) | минуӈкв (minuŋkw) | минуӈкве (minuŋkwe) | миныӈке, минынке (minəŋke) | меных, менх (menəχ) | менх (menχ) | минух (minuχ) | минух (minuχ) | минг (minəγ) | (mińəŋ) | |
| woman | нэ̄ (nē) | нэ̄ (nē) | нэ̄ (nē) | нэ̄ (nē) | нэ̄ (nē) | нэ (ne) | (nē) | (nē) | не, нэ (n'e, ne) | (nī) | |
| man | хум (χum) | хум (χum) | хум (χum) | хум (χum) | ха̊м (χåm) | ком (kom) | (khum) | (khum) | ком (kom) | ||
| boy | пыг (piγ) | пый (pij) | пыг (piγ) | пыг (piγ) | пӧв, пӱ̄в (pöw, pǖw) | пуу, пуув | (pūγ) | (pǖ) | (pū, pøw) | ||
| pine (Pinus sylvestris) | тарыг (tarəγ) | тарый (tarəj) | тарыг (tarəγ) | тарыг (tarəγ) | тӓрей (tärej) | (täri) | (tøri) | тари (tari) | (tǟru ~ tøru ~ tāru, å̄nu) | ||
| word | ла̄тыӈ (lātəŋ) | ла̄тыӈ (lātəŋ) | ла̄тыӈ (lātəŋ) | ла̄тыӈ (lātəŋ) | ляӈх, лях (läŋχ, ľaŋχ/χ) | лах, лех (laχ, ľeχ) | (lātėχ ~ lātėŋ) | (ľēk) | |||
| good | ёмас (jomas) | ёмас (jomas) | ёмас (jomas) | ёмас (jomas) | ёмс, ёмщ (joms, jomś) | ямс (jams) | (jämės) | (jämės) | ямас (jamas) | (jumås, lǟk) | |
| two | кит, китыг (kit, kitiγ) | кит, китый (kit, kitij) | кит, китыг (kit, kitiγ) | кит, китыг (kit, kitiγ) | кӣт, кӣтэй (kīt, kītej) | китэй (kitej) | кита (kita) | (kiťi) | |||
Phonology
Consonants
| Labial | Alveolar | (Alveolo-) Palatal |
Velar | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PlainScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | LabializedScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | |||||
| Nasal | Template:IPAslink | Template:IPAslink | Template:IPAslink | Template:IPAslink | Template:IPAslink | |
| Stop | Template:IPAslink | Template:IPAslink | Template:IPAslink | Template:IPAslink | Template:IPAslink | |
| Affricate | Template:IPAslink1 ~ Template:IPAslink |
|||||
| Fricative | voiceless | Template:IPAslink | Template:IPAslink2 | Template:IPAslink3 | ||
| voiced | Template:IPAslink | *Template:IPAslink4 | ||||
| Semivowel | Template:IPAslink | Template:IPAslink | ||||
| Lateral | Template:IPAslink | Template:IPAslink | ||||
| Trill | Template:IPAslink | |||||
The inventory presented here is a maximal collection of segments found across the Mansi varieties. Some remarks:
- /ɕ/ is an allophone of /sʲ/.[17]
- The voiceless velar fricatives /x/, /xʷ/ are only found in the Northern group and the Lower Konda dialect of the Eastern group, resulting from spirantization of *k, *kʷ adjacent to original back vowels.
- According to Honti, a contrast between *w and *ɣʷ can be reconstructed, but this does not surface in any of the attested varieties.
- The labialization contrast among the velars dates back to Proto-Mansi, but was in several varieties strengthened by labialization of velars adjacent to rounded vowels. In particular, Proto-Mansi *yK → Core Mansi *æKʷ (a form of transphonologization).
Vowels
The vowel systems across Mansi show great variety. As typical across the Uralic languages, many more vowel distinctions were possible in the initial, stressed syllable than in unstressed ones. Up to 18–19 stressed vowel contrasts may be found in the Western and Eastern dialects, while Northern Mansi has a much reduced, largely symmetric system of 8 vowels, though lacking short **Script error: No such module "IPA". and having a very rare long Script error: No such module "IPA".:
References
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Template:Cite-book
- ↑ Template:Cite-book
- ↑ a b Mansi Dictionary of Munkácsi and Kálmán, 2012 [1]
- ↑ Tavda Mansi Language, the analysed corpora of an extinct dialect of Mansi language by Norbert Szilágyi [2]
- ↑ Template:Cite-book
- ↑ Dictionary of Middle-Ob dialect Mansi (И.А.Стенин, Ю.В.Норманская) [3]
- ↑ Dictionary of Ust'-Uls dialect of Mansi language (Cyrillic), collected by major Karpin and complied by M.A.Castren in XVIII cent. [4]
- ↑ Dictionary of Verho-Tur dialects of the Mansi language (from the archive of A. J. Sjögren rewritten from materials of P. S. Pallas)[5]
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
Template:Sister project Template:Sister project Script error: No such module "Navbox". Template:Languages of Russia