Luoyang dialect

The Luoyang dialect is a dialect of Zhongyuan Mandarin spoken in Luoyang and nearby parts of Henan province.

The old Luoyang dialect served as one of historical standards of Chinese from the Warring States period into the Ming Dynasty, which distinguish from the modern Luoyang dialect.Template:Sfnm It is because Luoyang switched from Southern to Northern Mandarin over history. According to Lü Shuxiang (1985), "In Northern Song dynasty, the dialects at the Central Plains are still in the southern variety [of Mandarin]; the predecessor of modern Northern Mandarin began as a tiny regional dialect near Khanbaliq".Template:NoteTag

Phonology

Initials

	Labial	Alveolar	Retroflex	Alveolo- palatal	Velar
Nasal	Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link
Plosive	Template:IPA link Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link Template:IPA link			Template:IPA link Template:IPA link
Affricate		Template:IPA link Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link Template:IPA link
Fricative	Template:IPA link Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link Template:IPA link
Lateral		Template:IPA link

Template:IPA link	Labio-velar approximant
Template:IPA link	Labio-palatal approximant
Template:IPA link	Palatal approximant

Features

• The Middle Chinese entering tone has a different distribution in the Luoyang dialect than in Standard Mandarin. (See entering tone for more.)
• Tone contours are different from those in Standard Mandarin.
• The retroflex and alveolar fricatives are found in different distributions: retroflex fricatives in Standard are often fronted to alveolar fricatives in Luoyang.
• The distinction between Template:IPAslink and Template:IPAslink, lost in Standard, is maintained in Luoyang.
• The retroflex series is less retroflexed than in Standard Mandarin and slightly further forward.
• The alveolo-palatal series is slightly further back than in Standard Mandarin.
• Standard final and are often backed to in Luoyang. For example, Template:Zh (Standard /Template:IPAc-cmn, to learn) is , and Template:Zh (Standard /Template:IPAc-cmn, horn) is .
• Standard final is pronounced or in certain environments in Luoyang.
• Standard final nasalizes the preceding vowel in the Luoyang Dialect.
• The -儿 suffix is pronounced .