Tone contour
Template:Short description Template:More citations needed Template:IPA notice A tone contour or contour tone is a tone in a tonal language which shifts from one pitch to another over the course of the syllable or word. Tone contours are especially common in East Asia, Southeast Asia, West Africa, Nilo-Saharan languages, Khoisan languages, Oto-Manguean languages and some languages of South America.
Contours
When the pitch descends, the contour is called a falling tone; when it ascends, a rising tone; when it descends and then returns, a dipping or falling-rising tone; and when it ascends and then returns, it is called a peaking or rising-falling tone. A tone in a contour-tone language which remains at approximately an even pitch is called a level tone. Tones which are too short to exhibit much of a contour, typically because of a final plosive consonant, may be called checked, abrupt, clipped, or stopped tones.
It has been theorized that the relative timing of a contour tone is not distinctive. That is, in some accents or languages a falling tone might fall at the end and in others it might fall at the beginning, but that such differences would not be distinctive. However, in Dinka it is reported that the phonemic falling tone falls late (impressionistically high level + fall, Script error: No such module "IPA".) while the falling allophone of the low tone starts early (impressionistically fall + low level, Script error: No such module "IPA".).[1]
Lexical tones more complex than dipping (falling–rising) or peaking (rising–falling) are quite rare, perhaps nonexistent, though prosody may produce such effects. The Old Xiang dialect of Qiyang is reported to have two "double contour" lexical tones, high and low fall–rise–fall, or perhaps high falling – low falling and low falling – high falling: Script error: No such module "IPA". and Script error: No such module "IPA". (4232 and 2142). The report did not determine if the final fall was lexical or merely the declination typically seen at the ends of prosodic units, so these may actually be dipping tones.[2]
Transcription
- Diacritics such as falling Template:Angbr IPA, rising Template:Angbr IPA, dipping Template:Angbr IPA, peaking Template:Angbr IPA, high falling Template:Angbr IPA, low falling Template:Angbr IPA, high rising Template:Angbr IPA and low rising Template:Angbr IPA. Or the simpler register tones, where diacritics such as high Template:Angbr, mid Template:Angbr, and low Template:Angbr are usually sufficient for transcription. (These are also used for high, mid, and low level contour tones.)
- Tone letters such as mid level Template:Angbr IPA, high falling Template:Angbr IPA, low falling Template:Angbr IPA, mid rising Template:Angbr IPA, low rising Template:Angbr IPA, dipping Template:Angbr IPA, and peaking Template:Angbr IPA.
- Numerical substitutions for tone letters. The seven tones above would be written Template:Angbr, Template:Angbr, Template:Angbr, Template:Angbr, Template:Angbr, Template:Angbr, Template:Angbr, for an Asian language, or Template:Angbr, Template:Angbr, Template:Angbr, Template:Angbr, Template:Angbr, Template:Angbr, Template:Angbr, for an African or American language. (The doubling of the numeral in Template:Angbr in the Asian example is used to disambiguate a mid level tone from a "tone 3" (3rd tone), which in general is not at pitch level 3.)
- Different spelling for the same vowel with different tones in systems like Latinxua Sin Wenz, Gwoyeu Romatzyh, Modern Literal Taiwanese etc. Compare Gwoyeu Romatzyh with Hanyu Pinyin (in parentheses): bai (bāi), bair (bái), bae (bǎi), bay (bài).