List of volcanoes in Indonesia

A brown volcano in the centre with white smoke emanating from its peak, a cloudy sky fading from blue at the top through yellow in the middle to red at the horizon, and brown mountains in the foreground.

Mahameru (Semeru) above Mount Bromo, East Java.

File:East Indonesia Island Chain from ISS.jpg

East Indonesia Islands from ISS. Seven active volcanoes are visible: 5 in East Java, Agung in Bali and Rinjani in Lombok.

The geography of Indonesia is dominated by volcanoes that are formed due to subduction zones between the Eurasian plate and the Indo-Australian plate. Some of the volcanoes are notable for their eruptions, for instance, Krakatoa for its global effects in 1883, the Lake Toba Caldera for its supervolcanic eruption estimated to have occurred 74,000 years before present which was responsible for six years of volcanic winter, and Mount Tambora for the most violent eruption in recorded history in 1815.

Volcanoes in Indonesia are part of the alpida belt and Pacific Ring of Fire. The 150 entries in the list below are grouped into six geographical regions, four of which belong to the volcanoes of the Sunda Arc trench system. The remaining two groups are volcanoes of Halmahera, including its surrounding volcanic islands, and volcanoes of Sulawesi and the Sangihe Islands. The latter group is in one volcanic arc together with the Philippine volcanoes.

The most active volcano is Mount Merapi on Java. Since AD 1000, Kelut has erupted more than 30 times, of which the largest eruption was at scale 5 on the volcanic explosivity index (VEI), while Mount Merapi has erupted more than 80 times. The International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior has named Mount Merapi as a Decade Volcano since 1995 because of its high volcanic activity.

As of 2012, Indonesia has 127 active volcanoes and about 5 million people live within the danger zones. It has been conjectured that the earthquake and tsunami event of 26 December 2004 could trigger eruptions, with Mount Sinabung (dormant since the 1600s) erupting in 2010 as a possible example.

The word for Mount in Indonesian and many regional languages of the country is Gunung. Thus, Mount Merapi may be referred to as Gunung Merapi. Template:Side box

Scope

A chart with the heading "Major Volcanoes of Indonesia (with eruptions since 1900 A.D.)". Depicted below the heading is an overhead view of a cluster of islands.

Major volcanoes in Indonesia

There is no single standard definition of a volcano. It can be defined as individual vents, volcanic edifices, or volcanic fields. The interior of ancient volcanoes may have been eroded, creating a new subsurface magma chamber as a separate volcano. Many contemporary active volcanoes rise as young parasitic cones from flank vents or at a central crater. Some volcanic cones are grouped into one volcano name, for instance, the Tengger caldera complex, whereas, individual vents are named by local people. The status of a volcano, either active or dormant, cannot be defined precisely. An indication of a volcano is determined by either its historical records, radiocarbon dating, or geothermal activities.

The primary source of the list below is taken from the Volcanoes of the World book, compiled by two volcanologists Tom Simkin and Lee Siebert,Template:Efn in which active volcanoes in the past 10,000 years (Holocene) are listed. Particularly for Indonesia, Simkin and Siebert used a catalogue of active volcanoes from the International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior publication series.Template:Efn The Simkin and Siebert list is the most complete list of volcanoes in Indonesia, but the accuracy of the record varies from one region to another in terms of contemporary activities and fatalities in recent eruptions. Complementary sources for the latest volcanic data are taken from the Volcanological Survey of Indonesia, a governmental institution which is responsible for volcanic activities and geological hazard mitigation in Indonesia, and some academic resources.

Geographical groups

Sumatra

Drawing of an overhead view of an elongated island stretching from the top left corner to the bottom right corner and labelled with names of locations.

Map showing the location of volcanoes and geological fault lines of Sumatra

The geography of Sumatra is dominated by a mountain range called Bukit Barisan (lit: "a row of hills"). The mountain range spans nearly from the north to the south of the island, and it was formed by movement of the Australian tectonic plate. The plate moves with a convergence rate of 5.5 cm/year which has created major earthquakes on the western side of Sumatra including the 2004 Sumatra–Andaman earthquake. The tectonic movement has been responsible not only for earthquakes, but also for the formation of magma chambers beneath the island.

Only one of the 35 active volcanoes, Weh, is separated from the Sumatran mainland. The separation was caused by a large eruption that filled the lowland between Weh and the rest of the mainland with sea water in the Pleistocene epoch. The largest volcano of Sumatra is the supervolcano Toba within the × Lake Toba, which was created after a caldera collapse (est. in 74,000 Before Present). The eruption is estimated to have been at level eight on the VEI scale, the highest level for a volcanic eruption. The highest peak of the mountain range is Mount Kerinci with an elevation of 3,800 m (12,467 ft).

Name	Shape	Elevation	Last eruption (VEI)	Coordinates
Weh	stratovolcano		Template:DtsPleistocene
Seulawah Agam	stratovolcano		Template:Dts (2)
Peuet Sague	complex volcano		Template:Dts (2)
Geureudong	stratovolcano		Template:Dts
Kembar	shield volcano		Template:DtsPleistocene
Sibayak	stratovolcano		1881
Sinabung	stratovolcano		2 March 2021 (4)
Toba	supervolcano		75000 BC (8)
Helatoba-Tarutung	fumarole field		Template:DtsPleistocene
Imun	unknown		unknown
Sibualbuali	stratovolcano		unknown
Lubukraya	stratovolcano		unknown
Sorikmarapi	stratovolcano		Template:Dts
Talakmau	complex volcano		unknown
Sarik-Gajah	volcanic cone	unknown	unknown
Marapi	complex volcano		2025 (continuing)
Tandikat	stratovolcano		Template:Dts (1)
Talang	stratovolcano		Template:Dts (2)
Kerinci	stratovolcano		Template:Dts (on going)
Hutapanjang	stratovolcano		unknown
Sumbing	stratovolcano		Template:Dts (2)
Masurai	stratovolcano		Pleistocene
Kunyit	stratovolcano		unknown
Pendan	unknown	unknown	unknown
Belirang-Beriti	complex volcano		unknown
Bukit Daun	stratovolcano		unknown
Kaba	stratovolcano		Template:Dts (1)
Dempo	stratovolcano		2025
Patah	unknown		unknown
Bukit Lumut Balai	stratovolcano		unknown
Besar	stratovolcano		Template:Dts (1)
Ranau	caldera		unknown
Sekincau Belirang	caldera		unknown
Suoh	caldera		Template:Dts
Hulubelu	caldera		Template:Dts
Rajabasa	stratovolcano		Template:Dts

Sunda Strait and Java

The Sunda Strait separates the islands of Sumatra and Java with the volcanic island Krakatoa lying between them. Krakatau erupted violently in 1883, destroying two-thirds of the island and leaving a large caldera under the sea. This cataclysmic explosion was heard as far away as the island of Rodrigues near Mauritius (approx. away). A new parasitic cone, called Anak Krakatau (or the child of Krakatau), rose from the sea at the centre of the caldera in 1930. The other Krakatau islets from the 1883 eruptions are known as Sertung, Panjang and Rakata.

Java is a relatively small island compared to Sumatra, but it has a higher concentration of active volcanoes. There are 45 active volcanoes on the island excluding 20 small craters and cones in the Dieng volcanic complex and the young cones in the Tengger caldera complex. Some volcanoes are grouped together in the list below because of their close location. Mount Merapi, Semeru and Kelud are the most active volcanoes in Java. Mount Semeru has been continuously erupting since 1967. Mount Merapi has been named as one of the Decade Volcanoes since 1995. Ijen has a unique colourful caldera lake which is an extremely acidic natural reservoir (pH<0.3). There are sulfur mining activities at Ijen, where miners collect highly concentrated sulfur rocks by hand.

Name	Shape	Elevation	Last eruption (VEI)	Coordinates
Krakatau	caldera		2023
Pulosari	stratovolcano		unknown
Gunung Karang	stratovolcano		unknown
Salak	stratovolcano		Template:Dts (2)
Kiaraberes-Gagak	stratovolcano		Template:Dts (1)
Perbakti	stratovolcano		unknown
Kendeng	stratovolcano		Pleistocene
Gede	stratovolcano		Template:Dts (2)
Pangrango	stratovolcano		unknown
Patuha	stratovolcano		unknown
Wayang-Windu	lava dome		unknown
Malabar	stratovolcano		unknown
Tangkuban Perahu	stratovolcano		Template:Dts (1)
Papandayan	stratovolcano		Template:Dts (2)
Kendang	stratovolcano		unknown
Kamojang	stratovolcano		Template:DtsPleistocene
Guntur	complex volcano		Template:Dts (2)
Tampomas	stratovolcano		unknown
Galunggung	stratovolcano		Template:Dts (1)
Talagabodas	stratovolcano		unknown
Karaha	fumarole		unknown
Cereme	stratovolcano		Template:Dts
Slamet	stratovolcano		Template:Dts
Dieng	complex volcano		2025
Sundoro	stratovolcano		Template:Dts (2)
Sumbing	stratovolcano		Template:Dts (?)
Ungaran	stratovolcano		unknown
Telomoyo	stratovolcano		unknown
Merbabu	stratovolcano		Template:Dts (2)
Merapi	stratovolcano		2025 (ongoing)
Muria	stratovolcano		Template:Dts ± 30 years
Lawu	stratovolcano		Template:Dts (1)
Wilis	stratovolcano		unknown
Kelud	stratovolcano		Template:Dts (4)
Kawi–Butak	stratovolcano		unknown
Arjuno–Welirang	stratovolcano		Template:Dts (0)
Penanggungan	stratovolcano		unknown
Malang Plain	maar		unknown
Semeru	stratovolcano		2025 (ongoing)
Bromo	stratovolcano		2023
Lamongan	stratovolcano		Template:Dts (2)
Lurus	complex volcano		unknown
Iyang-Argapura	complex volcano		unknown
Raung	stratovolcano		2025 (-)
Ijen	stratovolcano		Template:Dts (1)
Baluran	stratovolcano		unknown

Note: Height of Krakatau is of Rakata, not of the active Anak Krakatau

Lesser Sunda Islands

The Lesser Sunda Islands is a small archipelago which, from west to east, consists of Bali, Lombok, Sumbawa, Flores, Sumba and the Timor islands; all are located at the edge of the Australian continental shelf. Volcanoes in the area are formed because of oceanic crusts and the movement of the shelf itself. Some volcanoes completely form an island, for instance, the Sangeang Api island. Mount Tambora, on Sumbawa island, erupted on 5 April 1815, with a scale 7 on the VEI and is considered the most violent eruption in recorded history.

Name	Island	Shape	Elevation	Last eruption (VEI)	Coordinates
Merbuk	Bali	unknown		unknown
Bratan	Bali	caldera		unknown
Batur	Bali	caldera		2000 (1)
Agung	Bali	stratovolcano		2019 (3)
Samalas	Lombok	stratovolcano		Template:Dts (7)
Rinjani	Lombok	stratovolcano		2016 (2)
Tambora	Sumbawa	stratovolcano		Template:Dts ± 20 years (0)
Sangeang Api	Sangeang	complex volcano		2019
Wai Sano	Flores	caldera		unknown
Poco Leok	Flores	unknown		unknown
Ranakah	Flores	lava dome		Template:Dts (1)
Inierie	Flores	stratovolcano		Template:Dts
Inielika	Flores	complex volcano		Template:Dts (2)
Ebulobo	Flores	stratovolcano		Template:Dts (2)
Iya	Flores	stratovolcano		Template:Dts (3)
Sukaria	Flores	caldera		unknown
Ndete Napu	Flores	fumarole		unknown
Kelimutu	Flores	complex volcano		Template:Dts (1)
Paluweh	Palu'e	stratovolcano		Template:Dts (1)
Egon	Flores	stratovolcano		2008
Ilimuda	Flores	stratovolcano		unknown
Lewotobi	Flores	stratovolcano		2025 (ongoing) (3)
Leroboleng	Flores	complex volcano		Template:Dts (3)
Riang Kotang	Flores	fumarole		unknown
Iliboleng	Adonara Island	stratovolcano		Template:Dts (1)
Lewotolo	Lembata	stratovolcano		2025 (ongoing)
Ililabalekan	Lembata	stratovolcano		unknown
Iliwerung	Lembata	complex volcano		29 November 2021
Batu Tara	Komba island	stratovolcano		2007–2015 (2)
Sirung	Pantar Island	complex volcano		2021
Yersey	–	submarine		unknown

Banda Sea

The Banda Sea in the south of the Molucca archipelago includes a small group of islands. Three major tectonic plates beneath the sea, the Eurasian plate, Pacific plate and Indo-Australian plate, have been converging since the Mesozoic epoch. Volcanoes in the Banda Sea are mainly islands, but some are submarine volcanoes.

Name	Shape	Elevation	Last eruption (VEI)	Coordinates
Emperor of China	submarine		unknown
Nieuwerkerk	submarine		unknown
Gunungapi Wetar	stratovolcano		Template:Dts (3)
Wurlali	stratovolcano		Template:Dts (2)
Teon	stratovolcano		Template:Dts (2)
Nila	stratovolcano		Template:Dts (1)
Serua	stratovolcano		Template:Dts (2)
Manuk	stratovolcano		unknown
Banda Api	caldera		Template:Dts (3)

Sulawesi and Sangihe Islands

Four peninsulas dominate the shape of Sulawesi island (formerly known as Celebes). The central part is a high mountainous area, but mostly non-volcanic. Active volcanoes are found in the northern peninsula and continuously stretch to the north to Sangihe Islands. The Sangihe Islands mark the border with the Philippines.

Name	Shape	Elevation	Last eruption (VEI)	Coordinates
Colo	stratovolcano		Template:Dts (4)
Ambang	complex volcano		Template:Dts ± 5 years
Soputan	stratovolcano		april 2020
Sempu	caldera		unknown
Tondano	caldera		unknown
Lokon–Empung	stratovolcano		2019
Mahawu	stratovolcano		Template:Dts (0)
Klabat	stratovolcano		unknown
Tongkoko	stratovolcano		Template:Dts (1)
Ruang	stratovolcano		April 2024
Karangetang	stratovolcano		2023
Banua Wuhu	submarine		Template:Dts (3)
Awu	stratovolcano		Template:Dts (2)
Submarine 1922	submarine		unknown

File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Kustgezicht met vissersboot met op de achtergrond de Vuurberg Bandanaira TMnr 10021959.jpg

Vuurberg (Dutch: fire mountain, Gunung Api) in Bandanaira

Halmahera

Halmahera island in the north of Molucca archipelago has been formed by the movement of three tectonic plates resulting in two intersecting mountain ranges, which form four rocky peninsulas separated by three deep bays. A volcanic arc stretches from north to south in the west side of Halmahera, some of which are volcanic islands, for instance, Gamalama and Tidore. Gamalama's island name is Ternate and it has been the centre for spice trading since the Portuguese Empire opened a fort in 1512. Due to its location as the centre for spice trading during the Age of Discovery, historical records of volcanic eruptions in Halmahera have been available as far back as the early 16th century.

Name	Shape	Elevation	Last eruption (VEI)	Coordinates
Tarakan	pyroclastic cone		unknown
Dukono	complex volcano		1933–2025 (ongoing)
Tobaru	unknown		unknown
Ibu	stratovolcano		2008-2025
Gamkonora	stratovolcano		Template:Dts (?)
Todoko-Ranu	caldera		unknown
Jailolo	stratovolcano		unknown
Hiri	stratovolcano		unknown
Gamalama	stratovolcano		2018
Tidore	stratovolcano		unknown
Mare	stratovolcano		unknown
Moti	stratovolcano		unknown
Makian	stratovolcano		Template:Dts (3)
Tigalalu	stratovolcano		unknown
Amasing	stratovolcano		unknown
Bibinoi	stratovolcano		unknown

A drawing of a volcano erupting orange lava and black smoke into the air with a body of water in the foreground and ships sailing in it.

Depiction of Gamalama erupting in the early 1700s with a Portuguese fort shown

Major eruptions

Below is a list of selected major eruptions of volcanoes in Indonesia, sorted chronologically by the starting date of the eruption. Only eruptions with scale 3 or above on VEI are given with known sources and fatalities, except if smaller scale eruptions resulted in some fatalities.

Eruption date	Volcano	Cessation date	VEI	Characteristics	Tsunami	Tephra volume	Fatality	Sources
Template:Dts	Lewotobi Laki-laki	Template:Dts	3	cv,pf,fa,lm	no	N/A	10
Template:Dts	Marapi	Template:Dts	3	cv,pf,fa,lm	no	N/A	24
Template:Dts	Semeru	Template:Dts	4	cv,pf,fa,lm	no	N/A	69
Template:Dts	Anak Krakatoa	Template:Dts	3	cv,se,pf,fa,lm,cc	1–2 m	N/A	437
Template:Dts	Kelut	Template:Dts	4	cv,cl,pf,ph,ld,lm	no	0.16 km3	4
Template:Dts	Merapi	Template:Dts	4	cv,pf,ld,lm	no	N/A	353
Template:Dts	Kelut	Template:Dts	4	cv,cl,pf,ph,ld,lm	no	0.13 km3	35
Template:Dts	Colo	Template:Dts	4	cv,pf,ph	no	N/A	0
Template:Dts	Galunggung	Template:Dts	4	cv,pf,lf,lm	no	0.37 km3 +	68
Template:Dts	Merapi	Template:Dts	2	cv,pf,lf,ld,lm	no	0.021 km3	29
Template:Dts	Kelut	Template:Dts	4	cv,cl,pf,lm	no	0.089 km3	212
Template:Dts	Agung	Template:Dts	5	cv,pf,lf,lm	no	1 km3	1,148
Template:Dts	Kelut	Template:Dts	4	cv,cl,pf,lm	no	0.2 km3	7
Template:Dts	Merapi	Template:Dts	3	cv,rf,pf,lf,ld,lm	no	0.0017 km3	1,369
Template:Dts	Kelut	Template:Dts	4	cv,cl,pf,lm	no	0.19 km3	5,110
Template:Dts	Awu	Template:Dts	3	cv,pf,lm	yes	N/A	1,532
Template:Dts	Krakatoa	Template:Dts	6	cv,se,pf,fa,lm,cc	15–42 m	5–8.5 km3	36,600
Template:Dts	Merapi	Template:Dts	4	cv,pf	no	0.33 km3	200
Template:Dts	Awu	Template:Dts	3	cv,pf,lm	yes	0.51±0.50 km3	2,806
Template:Dts	Galunggung	Template:Dts	5	cv,pf,ld,lm	no	1 km3 +	4,011
Template:Dts	Mount Tambora	Template:Dts	7	cv,pf,cc	1–2 m	160 km3	71,000+
Template:Dts	Awu	Template:Dts	4	cv,pf,lm	no	0.55±0.50 km3	963
Template:Dts	Papandayan	Template:Dts	3	cv,ph	no	N/A	2,957
Template:Dts	Merapi	Template:Dtsunknown	3	cv,pf,lm	no	N/A	3,000
Template:Dts	Kelut	Template:Dtsunknown	5	cf,cl,lm	no	1 km3 +	10,000
Template:Dts	Samalas	Template:Dtsunknown	7
Template:Dts≈ 74,000 BP	Toba	Template:Dtsunknown	9	pf,lf,cc	likely	2,800 km3	Possible near extinction of all the human population

Notes: cv=central vent eruption, pf=pyroclastic flows, lf=lava flows, lm=lahar mudflows, cl=crater lake eruption, ph=phreatic eruption, ld=lava dome extrusion, cc=caldera collapse, se=submarine eruption, fa=fumarole activity, rf=radial fissure eruption.

See also

• List of disasters in Indonesia
• List of earthquakes in Indonesia
• List of ultras of the Malay Archipelago
• Lists of volcanoes
• Volcanism of Indonesia
• Volcanism of Java

External links

• Volcanological Survey Indonesia
• Indonesian Volcanoes and mountains of IndonesiaTemplate:Category handler